Zareen Zaidi

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• M.D., Ph.D.
• Professor at George Washington University

Background While electronic health records (EHRs) are a critical tool for clinical care in academic medical centers, there is a gap in the literature regarding utilization of EHRs for teaching and learning, outside of descriptions on EHR training or use for quality improvement projects. The research question for this scoping review is: How is the E...

By adopting a holistic perspective that looks ‘upstream’ at the underlying determinants of health, physicians can develop more effective strategies for promoting wellness and reducing health inequities in an increasingly diverse and complex society. Public health focuses on disease prevention and promotion of health through organized efforts by ind...

This book aims to provide a practical, easy-to-read guide on medical education for doctors and healthcare professionals. Starting as an educator can be daunting and this book can act as a resource for those who are beginning their journey within medical education, as well as those who are more experienced and seeking to develop their educational sk...

Despite recent calls to engage in scholarship with attention to anti-racism, equity, and social justice at a global level in Health Professions Education (HPE), the field has made few significant advances in incorporating the views of the so-called "Other" in understanding the nature, origin, and scope of knowledge as well as the epistemic justific...

Purpose The Arab experience is understudied because Arabs are categorized as White on the U.S. Census, leading to diminished documentation of their personal experiences. There is also little understanding of the Arab experience and its intersectionality with gender, being an international medical graduate (IMG), and working in academia. The authors...

Contemporary research practices link to colonial and imperialist knowledge creation and production and may promote harmful perspectives on marginalized and oppressed groups. We present a framework for a decolonial approach to research in global health and health promotion applicable across research settings. This framework is aimed at anticipating...

This article suggests how competency-based medical education should robustly integrate health equity by focusing on physicians' responsibilities to (1) know why and how underlying structural mechanisms contribute to health equity and then (2) take action to achieve health equity in their practice. This article first canvasses currently available fr...

Issue: Asians have experienced a rise in racialized hate crimes due to the anti-Asian rhetoric that has accompanied the COVID-19 pandemic. However, there has been little acknowledgement of anti-Asian discrimination within the medical education community. While anti-Asian hate is not new or unfamiliar to us, four authors of Asian descent, it has gi...

Purpose: Journals have begun to expand the racial diversity of editors as a first step to countering institutional racism. Given the power editors hold as gatekeepers, a diverse team helps ensure that minoritized scholars have equal opportunity to contribute. In 2021, Teaching and Learning in Medicine (TLM) created an editorial internship for raci...

Context: The theory of whiteness in medical education has largely been ignored, yet its power continues to influence learners within our medical curricula and our patients and trainees within our health systems. Its influence is even more powerful given the fact that society maintains a 'possessive investment' in its presence. In combination, thes...

Meaningful Equity, Diversity, and Inclusion (EDI) efforts may be stymied by concerns about whether proposed initiatives are performative or tokenistic. The purpose of this project was to analyze discussions by the Research in Medical Education (RIME) Program Planning committee about how best to recognize and support underrepresented in medicine (UR...

Intersectionality theory examines how matrices of power and interlocking structures of oppression shape and influence people’s multiple identities. It reminds us that people’s lives cannot be explained by taking into account single categories, such as gender, race, sexuality, or socio-economic status. Rather, human lives are multi-dimensional and c...

Zaidi uses neoliberalism to analyze Du et al.'s, discussion of faculty agency, posing the question of whether we actually have agency in medical education

Background As medical education grapples with larger issues of race and racism, researchers will need new tools to capture society's complex issues. One promising approach is bricolage, a methodological and theoretical approach that allows researchers to bend analytical tools to meet their needs. Bricolage is both a metaphor and an activity to desc...

This year marks the 60th Anniversary (1961-2021) of Research in Medical Education (RIME). Over the past 6 decades RIME has selected medical education research to be presented each year at the AAMC Annual Meeting: Learn Serve Lead (LSL) and published in a supplement of Academic Medicine. In this article the authors surveyed RIME chairs from the past...

Issue Practices of systemic and structural racism that advantage some groups over others are embedded in American society. Institutions of higher learning are increasingly being pressured to develop strategies that effectively address these inequities. This article examines medical education’s diversity reforms and inclusion practices, arguing that...

Context Medical educators hold and encounter different beliefs and values on politically charged health-related topics such as reproductive rights and immigration. Their views on these topics have implications for how they approach them with learners, yet little work has explored medical educators’ views and pedagogical approaches. In this study, w...

In this article the authors review the current-day definition of professionalism through the lens of the two ongoing pandemics: COVID-19 and racism. The pandemics have led to contemporary practice-related questions, such as: does professionalism entail that health care providers (HCP) be compelled to treat patients without PPE or if patients refuse...

To analyze educators’ experiences of facilitating cultural discussions in two global health professions education programs and what these experiences had taught them about critical consciousness. Method A multicultural research team conducted in-depth interviews with 16 faculty who had extensive experience facilitating cultural discussions. They an...

Background Current estimates of sexual harassment across the academic hierarchy are subject to recall bias and have limited comparability between studies due to inconsistent time frames queried for each stage of training. No studies have surveyed medical students, residents/fellows, and faculty collectively and many studies exclude a wide range of...

Background Adverse events associated with antimicrobials range from mild to severe and may cause distress or harm to patients, and anxiety for prescribers. The basic tenets of prescribing antimicrobials are based on knowledge of the disease, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of the prescribed agent, and effectiveness of the therapy. Inappropri...

Abdominal pain can arise from numerous sources, including those extra‐abdominal. It is important to obtain additional imaging in the setting of clinical suspicion for malignancy.

International medical school graduates (IMGs) play a vital role in the health care system of the United States. They constitute roughly one-quarter of the physician workforce, comprising a significant proportion of the primary care providers in high-need rural and urban areas, where they provide equal and, in some instances, better care than U.S. g...

In this Commentary, the authors seek to build on prior RIME Commentaries by considering how researchers transition from worldviews, focal lengths, and research goals, to research directions and methodological choices. The authors use the analogy of a hiker to illustrate how different researchers studying a similar phenomenon can choose among differ...

Purpose: We aimed to study the impact of a combined faculty-student book club to education and medical practice as a part of the informal curriculum at the University of Florida College of Medicine in the United States. Methods: Sixteen medical students and 7 faculties who participated in the book club were interviewed through phone and recorded...

Introduction Professional identity formation (PIF) is a growing area of research in medical education. However, it is unclear whether this research base is suitable for understanding PIF for physicians considered under‐represented in medicine (URM). This meta‐ethnography examined the qualitative PIF literature from 2012‐2019 to assess its capacity...

Introduction: The social impact of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) on student transition to college is significant, yet poorly understood. Methods: Two 90-min focus groups (FGs) were conducted with eight student-patients with IBD. Reflective journals were used to corroborate, elaborate, or challenge emergent FG findings. Results: Six themes emerge...

This article was migrated. The article was marked as recommended. Self-promotion can be challenging for physicians who are looking to advance their careers. While they want to make their successes in the workplace known, they are afraid of coming off as aggressive and turning off the people that they are trying to impress with their accomplishments...

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Background. There is a notable lack of education on nutrition and physical activity guidelines in medical schools and postgraduate training. The purpose of this study is to assess the nutrition and exercise knowledge and personal health behaviors of physicians in the Department of Medicine at a large academic center. Methods. We conducted a survey...

Objectives: The number of deaths from gun violence continues to increase in the United States. Despite multiple studies demonstrating that counseling patients leads to safer gun storage, it is not routinely practiced by physicians. There are multiple barriers to discussing firearms with patients. A barrier in Florida, until recently, was a law pre...

Purpose: Peer assisted learning (PAL) promotes the development of communication, facilitates improvement of clinical skills, and provides feedback to learners. We utilized PAL as a conceptual framework to explore the feasibility of peer-assisted feedback (PAF) to improve note writing skills without requiring faculty time. The aim was to assess if...

Introduction Microaggressions and their impact have been documented in minority college students; however, little is known about the experience of medical students. This study reports the prevalence and understanding of microaggressions among medical students at the University of Florida College of Medicine (UFCOM), while gaining insights into expe...

While medical schools usually emphasize the teaching of advanced scientific fundamentals through a carefully planned, formal curriculum, few focus on the equally crucial "hidden curriculum" of professional attitudes, skills, and behaviors. This concise and practical guide helps teachers effectively prepare students for seldom-taught issues that ari...

Objectives: Low socioeconomic income has been associated with poor nutrition. Medical students often volunteer at clinics providing free or subsidized care to patients with low socioeconomic status. This study reports the results of a survey distributed to medical students volunteering at an academic medical center's free clinic. The study aims to...

Purpose Traditionally, the morbidity and mortality conference (M&MC) is a forum where possible medical errors are discussed. Although M&MCs can facilitate identification of opportunities for systemwide improvements, few studies have described their use for this purpose, particularly in residency training programs. This paper describes the use of M&...

Supplement 2. Audio recording of the abstract.

This supplement includes 11 research papers accepted by the 2018 Research in Medical Education Committee. In this Commentary, the authors draw the attention of medical educators and researchers to questions about the researcher's philosophical paradigm. Such questions fundamentally guide research-the choice of conceptual frameworks, methods, and me...

A number of different methods of assessment based on observation, each known by an increasing bewildering array of acronyms, have been used in the setting of clinical training. The methods cluster into one of three common varieties: direct observation of practice (e.g. mini‐clinical evaluation exercise); chart‐stimulated recall (e.g. case‐based dis...

A 31-year-old male patient with severe, migratory arthralgias presented to our academic medical centre after being erroneously diagnosed and treated for rheumatoid arthritis for over 1 year. Multiple immunomodulatory therapies for rheumatoid arthritis were attempted with no relief of symptoms. Eventually, the pain was so bothersome that the patient...

Objectives: Team-based learning (TBL) is an active learning strategy that is used increasingly in medical education to promote critical thinking, knowledge application, teamwork, and collaboration. The aim of this study was to assess the students' perspective on the utility of TBL compared with traditional lectures. Methods: We used a validated...

We live in a globalized world with a widening and growing impact of worldwide interconnectedness, which has a direct impact on education. This brings many opportunities, but also threats, including educational cultural hegemony. This dissertation explores how educators in health professions education programs can foster discussions about culture an...

Purpose To analyze educators’ experiences of facilitating cultural discussions in two global health professions education programs and what these experiences had taught them about critical consciousness. Method A multicultural research team conducted in-depth interviews with 16 faculty who had extensive experience facilitating cultural discussions...

Health profession educators face the challenge of simultaneously providing clinical care and undertaking scholarly activities. New models are needed to help faculty achieve their goals. Community of practice is an approach that can help busy faculty engage in scholarship collaboratively. This is a process that moves through stages of inquiry, desig...

Collaborative learning groups have evolved into learning communities at the University of Florida College of Medicine (UF COM) as part of a new integrated curriculum. The article provides an outline of how to develop and use a learning community as a multipurpose longitudinal intervention. The structure of the learning community, including leadersh...

We present a patient who developed black esophagus secondary to hypovolemic shock and was placed on total parenteral nutrition for three weeks after hospital discharge. The area of interest is the multimodal approach used in treatment of this noncompliant patient. Even with a high mortality rate, this case illustrates a successful outcome of a pati...

Background We live in an age when education is being internationalized. This can confront students with ‘cultural hegemony’ that can result from the unequal distribution of power and privilege in global society. The name that is given to awareness of social inequality is ‘critical consciousness’. Cross-cultural dialogue provides an opportunity for...

Background Sociocultural theories state that learning results from people participating in contexts where social interaction is facilitated. There is a need to create such facilitated pedagogical spaces where participants can share their ways of knowing and doing. The aim of this exploratory study was to introduce pedagogical space for sociocultura...

Purpose: There have been critiques that competency training, which defines the roles of a physician by simple, discrete tasks or measurable competencies, can cause students to compartmentalize and focus mainly on being assessed without understanding how the interconnected competencies help shape their role as future physicians. Losing the meaning...

Audio recording of abstract

Raw data of the research

Introduction Over the past decade, portfolios have gained popularity in medical education as tools to evaluate and provide feedback about learning and completion of professionally authentic tasks. Though faculty development has been noted to be key for successful portfolios, there are few available resources. As part of an interinstitutional collab...

A. All Modules B. Sample Questions - Small-Group Discussion.docx C. Sample Questions - Portfolio Development.docx D. User Instructions Guide.docx E. Feedback Form.docx

Background: We live in an age when education is being internationalized. This can confront students with 'cultural hegemony' that can result from the unequal distribution of power and privilege in global society. The name that is given to awareness of social inequality is 'critical consciousness'. Cross-cultural dialogue provides an opportunity for...

Aim: We sought to investigate the number of US medical schools utilizing portfolios, the format of portfolios, information technology (IT) innovations, purpose of portfolios and their ability to engage faculty and students. Methods: A 21-question survey regarding portfolios was sent to the 141 LCME-accredited, US medical schools. The response ra...

Cross-cultural education is thought to develop critical consciousness of how unequal distributions of power and privilege affect people's health. Learners in different sociopolitical settings can join together in developing critical consciousness-awareness of power and privilege dynamics in society-by means of communication technology. The aim of t...

This chapter provides an overview of the assessment strategies used in postgraduate education. Assessment methodologies commonly used like the mini-clinical evaluation exercise (mini-CEX), direct observation of procedural skills (DOPS), objective structured clinical examination (OSCE), and portfolios are discussed. No single assessment methodology...

At our medical college many students have lower ratings in their clinical performance once they start their clinical years (third year). This is contrary to their results in other written exams. Some students demonstrate better clinical performance. We used the six-step Positive Deviance (PD) Conceptual Framework to identify and disseminate the str...

Problem-based learning (PBL) has over the years become a learning strategy established for teaching students in medicine. In order to use PBL as a teaching tool, faculty must be familiar with PBL and comfortable with the role transition from 'teacher' to 'facilitator'. This transition is critical for the success of PBL. This article describes the f...

To demonstrate that evidence-based medicine (EBM) training can be imparted in developing countries using minimal resources. Development of a minimal cost workshop with validation of gain in EBM skills using the Berlin questionnaire. Teaching hospital in Pakistan. Multidisciplinary faculty from The Shifa College of Medicine and Nursing, Pakistan. A...

The objective structured clinical examination (OSCE) has not been used extensively in undergraduate medical education in resource-constrained locations, including Pakistan. The Shifa College of Medicine (SCM) in Islamabad modified an end-of-clerkship OSCE assessment in internal medicine for final year medical students from a previous static, patter...

To combine clinical skills and medical informatics learning by offering a combined 'SCIL' rotation to third year medical students and to determine its long-term impact. A combined clinical skills and medical informatics laboratory (SCIL) was set up at our institution with international collaboration. Nine months to one year after formal third year...

Evidence-based Medicine (EBM) is the process of systematically reviewing, appraising and using clinical research findings to aid the delivery of optimal clinical care to patients. EBM has become popular due to: the need for valid information about diagnosis, prognosis, therapy and prevention during patient care; traditional sources such as textbook...

Migraine pathophysiology is associated with a dural inflammation. Recent evidence suggests that the primary inflammation occurs in a maxillary nerve segment, accessible intraorally. Local tenderness, related to symptom laterality, has been palpated consistently in asymptomatic migraine patients, and significant migraine relief has been obtained fro...