Zaki Zainudin

Independent

The world is facing an unprecedented time owing to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. The research community is racing to find a solution to contain the outbreak, leading to the proposals of many possible routes of the virus transmission and its dynamics. The Indian sub-continent experiences the monsoon season that leads to heavy rainfall and flooding...

The world is facing an unprecedented time owing to the ongoing COVID 19 pandemic. The research community is racing to find a solution to contain the outbreak, leading to the proposals of many possible routes of the virus transmission and its dynamics. The Indian sub-continent is about to experience the monsoon season, which often leads to heavy rai...

Technical comment on Research opportunities in pandemic lockdown, Science 08 May 2020: Vol. 368, Issue 6491, pp. 594-595 https://science.sciencemag.org/content/368/6491/594/tab-e-letters

The bauxite or aluminum industry continues to play an important role in the global economy. However, efforts are still needed in the sector in order to meet the objective of the millennium for sustainability. Serious environmental and health concerns are raised at every stage of the industry starting from the bauxite preliminary exploration to the...

Fat oil and grease (FOG) deposition into sewer pipes can block the pipes and restrict the wastewater flow causing backflows and sanitary sewer overflows (SSOs). Understanding the wastewater flow and transport of FOG particles is a key step for predicting the particles deposition and blockage formation. ANSYS FLUENT was used for simulating the flow...

Fat oil and grease (FOG) deposition into sewer pipes can block the pipes and restrict the wastewater flow causing backflows and sanitary sewer overflows (SSOs). Understanding the wastewater flow and transport of FOG particles is a key step for predicting the particles deposition and blockage formation. ANSYS FLUENT was used for simulating the flow...

Ambient water quality is a prerequisite for the health and self purification capacity of riverine ecosystems. In order to understand the general water quality situation, the time series data of selected water quality parameters were analyzed in an urban river in Peninsular Malaysia. In this regard, the stations were selected from the main stem of t...

Bioprotein is one of the useful products obtained from biotechnology invention. It is a promising replacement for the commercial fish feed supplement. In this study, the enrichment of the bioprotein content after solid state fermentation using palm kernel cake and seaweed by the white rot fungus: Phanerochaete chrysoporium and yeast: Candida utilis...

One therapeutic approach for treating diabetes is to decrease the post-prandial hyperglycaemia. This is done by retarding the absorption of glucose through the inhibition of the carbohydrate hydrolyzing enzymes, α-amylase and α-glucosidase, in the digestive tract. Inhibition of both enzymes will help to reduce glucose level in the blood of diabetic...

Ambient water quality is a prerequisite for the health and self-purification capacity of riverine ecosystems. To understand the general water quality situation, the time series data of selected water quality parameters were analyzed in an urban river in Peninsular Malaysia. In this regard, the stations were selected from the main stem of the river...

The monsoon-dominated Mandovi estuary is located in Goa state – a global tourist destination along the centralwest coast of India. In addition to factor analyses of water quality data, the water quality index (WQI), trophic state index (TSI) and percentage of freshwater volume in the estuary are calculated in order to infer the general waste assimi...

The rising cost of imported fish feed ingredients have called for an intensive research towards the production of high nutritional fish feed using cheap and natural nutrient sources. In this study, seaweed and palm kernel cake were used as alternative protein ingredients in fish feed and the enrichment of its nutritional value was achieved by using...

Desaru is a popular tourist destination located on the east coast of the state of Johor. The area has been identified for further development to enhance tourism. This presents a pollution risk to its surrounding watercourses. The purpose of this study was to assess the potential risk of contamination towards rivers located in the crux of the develo...

Presence of fat, oil, and grease (FOG) in wastewater is an ever-growing concern to municipalities and solid-waste facility operators. FOG enters the sewer system from restaurants, residences, and industrial food facilities. Its release into the sewer system results in a continuous build-up that causes eventual blockage of sewer pipes. Several resea...

Sg. Pusu is a river that flows through the campus of the International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM). The river is murky in appearance, particularly after a rainfall event, which reflects elevated suspended solids (SS) levels. This study aims to characterize the water quality conditions of the river under high flow conditions, particularly in...

Microalgae lipid is a promising feedstock for biodiesel production. The objective of this work was to study growth factors affecting marine mutant Synechococcus sp. (PCC 7002) for high lipid production. Four growth factors were investigated; nitrogen-phosporus-potassium (NPK) concentration, light intensity, temperature and NaNO 3 concentration on m...

The primary study area is Sg. Gombak, a river that flows through the mostly urbanized state of Selangor and transcends the capital of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. The study aims to characterize E. coli, organics and nutrients on the main stem of the river and its tributaries of Sg. Batu and Sg. Kerayong. There were 28 identified spatial sampling station...

The primary objective of the study was to characterize non-point source pollution from a residential college within the International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM). Runoff from Mahallah Maryam was collected using the event mean concentration (EMC) approach. The residential college is about 10.8 ha in size and its surface runoff empties into th...

In order to ensure continued supply to ever-growing population, especially in developing and least developed countries, enough production of genetically modified agricultural crops are sine qua non. It is for this reason that agricultural biotechnology has been supplied priority and is getting all kinds of support from governments. But almost all G...

Fat, oil, and grease (FOG) released into sewer systems results in a continuous build-up and subsequent blockage of sewer pipes. Currently, scientist, authorities and wastewater municipalitieshave a lack of comprehensive understanding of the mechanism of FOG deposit formation and the factors influencing the deposition. In this study, the mechanism o...

Sg. Pusu is a river that flows through the campus of the International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM). The river is murky in appearance, particularly after a rainfall event, which reflects elevated suspended solids (SS) levels. This study aims to characterize the water quality conditions of the river under high flow conditions, particularly in...

One of the main contributing factors of riparian zone destruction in Malaysia is the encroachment of river reserves by oil palm plantations.Although there are conventional legal mechanisms that deal with the issue, much of the damage has already been incurred.Pollutants such as fertilizers, pesticides and total suspended solids (SS) are freely tran...

Coastal waters are the ultimate receivers of the organic waste materials generated by upstream cities and towns. This waste can cause dissolved oxygen depletion due to increased oxygen demand, affecting the natural ability of water bodies to withstand certain amount of pollution – the waste assimilative capacity. The pollution load (biochemical oxy...

The visual plumes model encompassing the DKHW (Davis, Kannberg, Hirst model for Windows) and Update Merge (UM3) sub-models were utilized in the modeling exercise. In theory, the dilution capacity of open waters, particularly coastal areas, straits and oceans are enormous. This means that for surface and sub-merged point source discharges, the efflu...

Amongst all the natural resources necessary to support human civilization, water plays the most critical role.Planning and development of water resources to meet a country's need for water supply, flood control, hydroelectric power, irrigation, and navigation need to be evaluated with reference to the environmental needs and regulations. One such m...

Central composite design (CCD) under Response surface methodology (RSM) was used in the present study to optimize the extraction parameters for assessing, maximum yield of bio-disinfectant content from Neem leaves extract (NLE). The range of the independent variables, namely solid-solvents ratio (0.05-0.1 w/v), extraction time (1-5 hrs), agitation...

Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) contribution in the Sg. Kalumpang Basin results in serious water quality degradation due to the high organic (BOD) load that enters the water column which depletes the instream oxygen levels. The objective of this study was to assess the organic load contribution via a water quality modeling approach. The exercise show...

All living organisms on this planet are dependent on water either as a place of habitat or for drinking. Humans are not excluded from this rule, where the body, depending on size is said to consist of between 55% to 68% water. To maintain proper hydration, the human body needs approximately one to two liters of water per day, which is more or less...

Issues pertaining to environmental awareness amongst the Malaysian public have gained tremendous ground in the past decade, with participation from the media, authorities and non-governmental organi- zations (NGOs ), pushing the subject matter forward. The exposure covers a wide array of topics in- cluding air, land and river pollution. However, fo...

Tebrau River starts in Senai and ends in the Straits of Johor and has been categorized as most polluted river in Malaysia. It has been classified as class III river water quality based on the Interim National Water Quality Standard (INWQS) with the average value of Water Quality Index (WQI) of 59. This study was focussed on simulating the effect of...

Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) is a typical parameter used in assessing organic pollution strength in surface waters and is normally tested over a 5-day period at an incubation temperature of 20°C (BOD 5). The accuracy of this constituent, in assessing organic contamination under brackish conditions has always been known to be somewhat limited as...

THE water quality status of rivers in Malaysia has always been a cause for concern for various local authorities, government agencies as well as the public at large. Rivers in Malaysia are generally considered to be polluted with coherent examples such as Sg. Klang in Selangor (shown in Figure 1.1), Sg. Juru in Penang and Sg. Segget in Johor. From...

Water quality modelling is an important tool used in various water quality management proceedings throughout the world. There are many types of models available, both commercially and as freeware for application in various hydrologic environments. The accuracy of a model in representing the myriad of physico- chemical and biological processes is en...

Project Outline Historically, populations across Malaysia settled next to rivers in order to provide and safeguard essential goods and services such as a source of drinking water, protein food resources, areas for washing, sanitation and transportation. Settlements along the Lupar and Ai rivers (Figure 1) are no exception, and have retained a high...

QUAL2E is a widely used and accepted model in Malaysia in relation to impact assessments, discharge permit allocations and river rehabilitation studies. The use of the model for point-source evaluation is relatively straightforward, as the model has the in-built provisions for these types of applications. Non-point source pollution (NPSP) modeling...

The concept of Integrated River Basin Management (IRBM) was first introduced in Malaysia in the 1990s. IRBM propagates a unified approach towards surface water resource management encompassing various scopes of collaboration and integration among authorities, stakeholders and the general public. It is viewed as the ultimate solution in ensuring a s...

M any engineers who are involved in effluent compliance, wastewater treatment and water quality assessment have heard of the term BOD or Biochemical Oxygen Demand. However, unless the engineer is from technically specific branches of engineering, many delicate intricacies involved with BOD may elude them. In fact, the BOD 5 test (five days incubati...

Current concentration based environmental regulations are insufficient in dealing with the pollution of various water bodies, particularly issues pertaining to effluent discharge. It is no longer a question of effective implementation, but rather effective legislation. Concentration based standards fail to take into account critical factors such as...