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January 1993 - September 2009
January 1993 - September 2009
January 1993 - July 2009
Publications
Publications (182)
Numerous dry-stone structures reveal-in part-settlement patterns, but very generally, the lightweight structures used by the former occupants of the SAhara have left no trace: rock art then constitutes the only available source of information. Here, we study some highly original images of settlements most likely built by sedentary populations in so...
This paper presents the results of a multi-year, interdisciplinary project that aimed to assess the holistic status of the khettara system in Morocco. The khettara (also known as qanat) is a traditional, earthen water management system. Historically the system was used for settlement in regions without access to reliable surface water. It is both a...
Lors de visites récentes dans la partie NE du plateau des Ajjer, nous avons pu traverser des zones pas ou peu connues et pour lesquelles la documentation est quasiment inexistante. Nous présentons ici quelques uns des panneaux observés. Nous mettons aussi l'ac-cent sur plusieurs particularités qui, d'une part, per-mettent de situer ces images dans...
Enclos, kompaβgräber et tombes cylindriques, constructions lithiques parmi les plus fréquentes au Tchad septentrional, se rencontrent essentiellement au Tibesti et au Borkou. La prise en compte des rares data-tions disponibles et des nombreux cas de superposition/ recyclage montre qu'elles correspondent à trois phases de peuplement distinctes. Les...
In the present article, we aim to describe a large part of the paintings adorning thirty-four shelters in Oummat Chegag. The surviving rock art of this massif, known mainly thanks to the freehand drawings of Captain Cauneille, has remained unfairly neglected. The vast number of images and their previously unsuspected archaeological interest constit...
ACommentaires sur le livre de J. Kunz associés à des données complémentaires et des informations chronologiques et culturelles.
Comments on the book by J. Kunz combined with additional data and chronological and cultural information.
This study examines paintings located in two previously undocumented shelters on the Yangara enneri, one of the trails leading to the Ouri plain. The best preserved images provide new information about the cultural group that produced the Karnasahi style paintings. These documents show that this group expressed itself by using two distinct techniqu...
Throughout its history, the Sahara has been a stage for
human evolution and cultural development, with human
habitation, movement and life ways shaped by a dynamic
environment of successive phases of relative humidity and
aridity driven by wider global climatic changes. Recently,
a large body of archaeological and environmental data
has been genera...
A recently discovered rock art site has revealed the presence of figures of fan palm (Borassus aethiopum), a species not recorded in the current flora of the Ennedi. Various evidences (style, superimpositions, themes represented, location in height, traces of erosion) make it possible to date them from the mid-Holocene and to attribute them to the...
Ces commentaires font suite à une série d’articles que nous
avons publiés depuis 2010 (voir ci-dessous) et constituent la réponse
apportée aux commentaires de Dupuy sur l’article de 2018.
En 2010, nous présentions une gravure qui, malheureusement pour lui,
détruit une hypothèse de Dupuy (2010), à savoir que les «nasses» avec
des cupules seraient de...
We are continuing the inventory of the Saharan chariots with field work. At the same time, we are taking a critical look at weird and fanciful ones, most of which are published only in the form of a survey. We propose to eliminate about a hundred of them, especially for the sites of Aouineght and el-Ghallaouyia. We present sixty-five new ones from...
During a recent visit to Ennedi, we saw some unusually crafted white solid paintings. The presence of a few figures of rooks (Borassus aethiopum), typical of a tropical climate, and several other aspects of these images, notably the fact that they are overloaded by paintings reputed to be archaic, invite us to review and complete the chronological...
Abstract : About forty new representations of Saharan chariots have been added to the existing list. These carvings and paintings from the central Sahara region and from the western coast countries provide valuable information. This concerns the construction of the chariots, the nature of the animals used and of the charioteers themselves. These im...
Alors que la chasse est bien illustrée dans l'art rupestre saharien, pêche et navigation sont rares voire absentes des parois. Ces deux activités ont existé sur les côtes, sur le Nil et dans les zones humides conti-nentales, plus fréquentes au Sahara méridional et sur-tout au Tchad. Les peintures montrent des poissons, des barques montées par des p...
Avec la récente mise à disposition des images satellite en haute résolution sur l’ensemble de la planète, l’archéologie a fait un bond qualitatif et quantitatif, et cela plus particulièrement pour les zones désertiques du fait de l’absence de couvert végétal. En effet, il est maintenant possible de détecter des structures en pierres sèches de 2 à 3...
De nombreux chars préhistoriques sahariens ont été répertoriés et des centaines sont maintenanL connus à travers tout le Sahara (Monod, 1951 ; Lhote, 1982 ; colloque de Sénanque, 1982). Une grande majorité d'entre eux est localisée en Mauritanie ou encore dans le sud oranais, le reste étant réparti de manière plus ou moins homogène sur les autrcs r...
The livelihoods of the Saharan populations in the Holocene have been the subject of numerous publications. However, if hunting and breeding are recurring themes, fishing is rarely mentioned, often for lack of evidence. The special situation of Chad and more specifically of Borkou, limited then on its southern fringe by the Mega-Chad and constellate...
We describe a set of engravings observed in a shelter situated close by to an ancient lac shore, approximately 100 km north-north-west of Faya-Largeau. The images display men equipped with shields, various weapons and accompanied by cattle. These engravings reveal to be quite original in the regional and saharan context.
Nous présentons un ensemble...
The visit of more than 1,300 rock art sites in Ennedi has established an unprecedented inventory of a large fraction of the region, especially in areas not covered by Gérard Bailloud during his expeditions in the 1950s Photographic materials that cover all phases, from the oldest to the newest, reveal aspects not suspected till now on the populatio...
Abstract : In a previous work, we discussed the distribution of more than 1 200 chariots identifi ed at that time. New fi eld research has made it possible to substantially enlarge the database, mainly for Morocco and Algeria. This is a good opportunity to review various technical points — with some novelties on the matter - their distribution — at...
We present here a stone pipe with vulvas engravings found in the southwest region of the Ennedi (Chad).
Nous présentons ici une pipe en pierre ornée de vulves gravées trouvée au sud-ouest de l’Ennedi (Tchad).
New documents complete our vision of the cultural group at the origin of the great anthropomor-phic engravings of Niola Doa. The repetition of various scenes in painted form and the analysis of the patinas of these engravings allow for a better understanding of the way of life of this social group and also allow us to determine the age of these ima...
Saharan dry-stone monuments are important cultural markers: not only do they highlight the boundaries of the areas occupied by different prehistoric populations, but they also reveal information about the rites and beliefs of Holocene Saharan populations. As climate deteriorated in the Middle Holocene, ways of life changed, with indirect impacts on...
The Messak plateau contains remarkable evidence of human occupation during prehistoric and historic times, such as rock art engravings, megalithic monuments, and scatters of stone tools. Since 1980 these remains have been heavily affected by oil extraction-related operations, and it has only been over the last decade that these operations were adeq...
Abstract
The Messak plateau contains remarkable evidence of
human occupation during prehistoric and historic times,
such as rock art engravings, megalithic monuments, and
scatters of stone tools. Since 1980 these remains have been
heavily affected by oil extraction-related operations, and
it has only been over the last decade that these operations...
Ultrathin MnPt films have been grown on Pt(001) single crystals by
alternate deposition of Mn and Pt and studied in situ by grazing
incidence x-ray diffraction. The growth mode and chemical order strongly
depend on the deposition conditions. At room temperature, a 3D growth
mode for Pt leads to a disordered and rough MnPt film. After annealing
at 7...
We present here the data available for selected Pt-based bimetallic alloys. Attention is paid to ordered or chemically disordered single crystal samples obtained by alloying Pt with six different metals and for which detailed information is known regarding the structural arrangement and the composition profile over the first few layers from vacuum....
Long range order (LRO) in ultrathin Pt–Co films was studied by surface X-ray diffraction (XRD). Several fcc alloys of nanometric thickness were grown in situ by annealing at 460°C Co layers deposited onto a Pt(111) single crystal. Superstructure reflections were observed, which agreed with the extinction rules of either the L12 or the L10 chemicall...
The morphology of epitaxial alloy nanostructures grown on a van der Waals-type WSe 2 (0001) surface was studied using grazing-incidence small-angle X-ray scattering (GISAXS). Assemblies of 111-oriented islands of (Co,Cr)Pt 3 and (Co,Fe)Pt alloys were grown at different deposition temperatures, with nominal thicknesses from 0.1 to 3 nm, resulting in...
« Le peuplement protohistorique du Sahara central » de A. Heddouche est un des articles du premier numéro de la nouvelle revue lancée en 2009 par l’Office du Parc National du Tassili, revue dont Jean-Loïc Le Quellec a commenté diverses contributions ci-dessus. Les propos de A. Heddouche appellent quelques commentaires en raison de nombreuses affirm...
En raison d’un problème technique lors de la mise en page des Cahiers n°14, 2010, l’article de Yves et Christine Gauthier a été publié dans une version intermédiaire. Le présent erratum comporte les passages et figures qui manquaient.
En relisant des numéros anciens du Saharien, alors que je m'intéressais aux lacs temporaires de la région de Fort-Polignac (TIIizi, Algérie), j'ai retrouvé une note de F. Nougarède, géologue, qui travaillait dans les années 1950-1960 pour les compagnies pétrolières. Les sujets centraux de cette note (Nougarède, 1993) sont les lacs de Fort-Saint, à...
Depuis une trentaine d'années, le patrimoine rupestre saharien s'est fortement enrichi de centaines de sites qui procurent une vue plus globale et plus dé-taillée des populations au cours de l'Holocène. Nous nous intéressons plus spécialement aux chars, dont le nombre (plus de 1200) a doublé depuis le recensement de Lhote en 1982, et aux inscriptio...
David J. Mattingly [ed.] 2010. The Archaeology of Fazzān, volume 3, Excavations of C. M. Daniels. Tripoli / London : Department of Antiquities / Society for Libyan Studies, 572 p.
Ce livre est le troisième d’une série de quatre volumes, édités par David J. Mattingly et consacrés à l’archéologie d’une partie du Fazzān. En effet contrairement à ce q...
We establish the first inventory of fishes in the Round Heads. With 25 images distributed over 12 sites of the Tassili-n-Ajjer, they reveal more numerous than expected. Some of them may be attributed to the Martiens Primitifs subgroup while the majority of them are classifiable in the late Round Heads.
Nous établissons le premier inventaire des po...
Located mid-way between the Illizi depression, where large wadis coming out from the Tassilin- Ajjer vanish, and the moutains of the libyan Tadrart, the algero-libyan border zone is probably one of the scientifically less known parts of Fezzān. Meanwhile, this is a key sector for understanding the peopling of south-eastern Fezzān, partly occupied b...
Grazing incidence X-ray diffraction was used to determine the structure of one monolayer of C60 on Pt(110)-(1×2) surface. The data reveal that a c(4×4) reconstruction was induced by fullerene on Pt with the creation of a regular array of nanopits. The partial refilling of the initial (1×2) missing row by Pt atoms involves long-range mass transport...
When deposited on metal surfaces, C60 creates nanoholes. Grazing incidence x-ray diffraction reveals a c(4×4) reconstruction induced by C60 on Pt(110)-(1×2). While the initial (1×2) missing row is partially deconstructed, under each fullerene we find double atomic vacancy involving two Pt layers. The resulting interface is deeply modified with a 75...
The Pd8Ni92(111) surface was studied using low-energy electron diffraction (LEED). IV spectra collected close to normal incidence were analysed by dynamical tensor LEED. Composition and interlayer spacings were determined for first four atomic layers. The surface slab is found to be enriched in Pd (30% in total against 8% in bulk) but this extra pa...
When deposited on metal surfaces, C60 creates nanoholes. Grazing incidence x-ray diffraction reveals a c(4×4) reconstruction induced by C60 on Pt(110)-(1×2). While the initial (1×2) missing row is partially deconstructed, under each fullerene we find double atomic vacancy involving two Pt layers. The resulting interface is deeply modified with a 75...
Abstract : We present here unpublished paintings from the Algero-Libyan borders, which can for the most part be attached to the Round Head style: a series of figures and, especially, two small boats, a very rare theme in rock art and more particularly in this stage. Alongside considerations on navigation in a Saharan environment, we come back to th...
Tazina style engravings are numerous and occur in a very large area – from Ténéré to the Atlantic ocean and from Aïr (Niger), in Southern Sahara, up to the Atlas mountains, with two major poles: a western one (Morocco, and Rio de Oro, Saharan Atlas) and an eastern one (Messak, Tassili-nAzjer, Djado). In between, Tazina style engravings are (almost)...
Nous présentons une nasse, objet emblématique et très fréquent sur les sites avec gravures en style
de Tazina. Cette figuration, relevée sur le bord du w. Gyérouriawen (Fezzan, Libye), est remarquable par sa dimension (145*135 cm), par les motifs géométriques qu'elle contient mais aussi par la technique de gravure employée et par le contexte local...
Stone monuments are important cultural markers and as such help to deciphers the population pattern and its variations through ages. Since it covers millions of square kilometres and very different geographic environments, various groups, with possibly different monuments and rites, are expected to have occupied the Sahara. The situation is quite d...
La prise en compte de documents inédits ou jusqu’alors négligés permet de préciser l’extension des oeuvres rapportables à la civilisation du Messak et de suggérer une nouvelle séquence d’évolution des monuments lithiques (MTS/corbeilles > “L” > MAV), avec élargissement des aires de distribution correspondantes.
les relevés ne sont que des aides à la lecture des documents rupestres, et ils ne devraient jamais être publiés sans les photos correspondantes. Critiquer les relevés d'autrui est vain si l'on ne respecte pas soi-même cette règle, ainsi qu'il est montré à partir de plusieurs publications récentes sur les peintures en style des « Têtes Rondes ».
Boulakouass est un lieu-dit, à l'origine de l'Assif (oued) Boulqous qui passe à Amtoudi, rejoint l'Oued Kelmt, lui-même affluent de l'Oued Eç Çayyad (carte de Taghjijt, Maroc, au 1/100 000). Toute la région d 'Amtoudi à Taghgjijt, est connue depuis longtemps pour la richesse et la diversité de ses sites rupestres (A. Simoneau, 1977). Sur un volumin...
The Sahara racer Platyceps saharicus is a poorly known species in the central Sahara context. The discovery of two new specimens, one in the Ennedi region (NE of Chad) and the other in the Im-midir massif (southern Algeria), extents slightly its known distribution, especially the second one as it represents the westernmost known record. The Sahara...
Cet article est une mise au point sur les Monuments à Alignement (MAA) qui occupent une aire très vaste, du Ténéré jusqu'à l'Atlantique. Suite à l'apparition des bandes à hautes résolution sur Google Earth, ces monuments (et d'autres) sont maintenant discernables. Leur nombre, plus de 400 au moment de la soumission, permet une approche statistique...
Dans plusieurs analyses récentes (Gauthier 1996, 1999, 2004, 2006, 2007a, b), nous avons étudié différentes régions du Sahara central et mis en évidence des relations entre deux types de manifestations anthropiques : des monuments funéraires et des étages de l’art rupestre. Ces travaux ont porté plus spécialement 1/ sur les peintures en style d’Ihe...
Monuments en trou de serrure, monuments à alignement, monuments en " V " et croissants : contribution à l'étude des populations sahariennes Nous présentons les cartes de distribution de trois types de monuments : croissants, monuments à antennes en «V» et monuments à alignement. Pour la première fois il est clairement établi que des monuments funér...
Low energy electron diffraction, grazing incidence X-ray diffraction and photoemission were used to decipher the detailed structural arrangement and chemical composition of the surface region of a transition metal carbide, VC0.8(1 1 0). In agreement with previous scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) studies, we find that the surface reconstructs wit...
We report on the precise location of Cl atoms chemisorbed on a Cu(0 0 1) surface and the interlayer relaxations of the metal surface. Previous studies have shown that chlorine dissociates on Cu(0 0 1) to form a c(2 × 2) chemisorbed layer with Cl atoms occupying four-fold hollow sites. A Cu–Cl interlayer spacing of 1.60 Å and a slightly expanded Cu–...
Calixarene molecules deposited on Au(110) self-organize giving rise to a (19×6) coincidence cell with the substrate. Using grazing incidence x-ray diffraction, the structure has been completely resolved: gold reconstructs with a (1×3) missing-row structure while the molecules form a (19∕6×6) surface cell containing two molecules. This study opens p...
The growth of a Mn submonolayer on Pt110-1 2 was studied by surface x-ray diffraction. At room temperature, Mn fills in the empty rows of the clean substrate's missing row structure. At a coverage of 0.5 ML monolayer, a 1 2 surface alloy is formed, with alternating Pt and Mn dense rows. Upon annealing or depositing at a substrate temperature of abo...
Saharan funeral monuments and cultural areas. Used as a supplement to field inventories, the high resolution films recently posted on Google provide information on the distribution zone of several types of Saharan funeral monuments. Their examination allows several hypotheses previously expressed concerning their distribution and cultural affinity...
l'image des autres zones couvrant le Sahara et l'Afrique du Nord, la zone 4 (Égypte, Libye, Soudan) est particulièrement riche en sites rupestres, sous diverses formes d'expressions : peintures, gravures, gravures peintes, géoglyphes. Les gravures peintes ou les peintures reprises en gravure sont quasiment inconnues sur l'ensemble de la zone sauf a...
A better knowledge of the Neolithic populations requires the different anthropic manifestations to be connected. Some 400 keyhole monuments (MTS) have been recorded, scattered over a vast area stretching from the Wa-n-Kaza erg to the eastern frontier of the Ahnet, and from south of the Ahaggar to north of the Immidir. Among the different cultural g...
En décembre 2005, l’un de nous (YG) a eu l’occasion de parcourir la région SW de l’Ennedi (ENE de Fada). L’itinéraire nous a amenés vers le gouffre de Koboué, un des deux objectifs principaux du trek. Sur le parcours, entre Nohi et Koboué, nous avons eu la chance de découvrir divers abris peints et des gravures qui viennent s’ajouter aux répertoire...
Nous présentons cinq monuments, observés récemment au Maroc, qui rentrent dans la catégorie des bazina/tumulus à alignement. Ils comportent une bazina centrale et une série de tourettes en nombre très variable, toujours placées à l'Est, et alignées sur un arc de cercle, une droite ou une ligne sinueuse. Les tours sont remplacées parfois par une ant...
Les sites présentés dans cette note sont tous localisés sur le plateau de Tadjelahin, non loin du centre de culture d'Iherir, Tassilin- Ajjer central (Algerie). Cette région est surtout connue depuis la mission Lhote en 1969 (Lhote, 1972, 1976) durant laquelle ont été effectués les relevés de divers sites dont les plus célèbres sont Iheren et Tahil...
Surface x-ray diffraction was used in order to study the c(2×2) structure obtained by deposition of about 0.5 ML of Mn on Ni(110). Deposited atoms substitute Ni ones in the outermost layer, leading to a two-dimensional surface alloy with a checkerboard arrangement. The noninteger diffraction spot intensities originate mainly from a rippling of the...
Dans un travail antérieur (Gauthier 1999), nous avons signalé un type de monument inhabituel en milieu saharien: un long tumulus ellipsoïdal allongé Nord-Sud, compartimenté en six alvéoles formant des "U" ouverts à l'est et associés à un ensemble de petites structures très basses, rondes ou sub-rectangulaires disposées en réseau assez régulier sur...
L'importance quantitative et historique des monuments du Fezzan nous incite à poursuivre nos investigations. Après une première analyse des monuments à antennes en "L" (Gauthier, 1996 et 2002), de ceux à deux antennes en "V" et des tumulus sur plate-forme avec une antenne à l'Est (Gauthier, 2000) ou des monuments en forme de "U" (2004), il nous a s...
En art rupestre, le bestiaire figuré présente une grande diver-sité mais également une grande hétérogénéité avec des sur-représentations en terme quantitatif et des absences notables. L'accent a souvent été mis sur les "gros" animaux et en premier lieu sur les plus imposants des mammifères : les bovidés (bovinés, aurochs, bufles, ovinés) et les ani...
Scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM) was used to study the (1 1 0) surface of a VC0.8 sample. The surface shows a missing-row reconstruction, i.e., a grating structure with ridges and valleys oriented along the [0 0 1] direction and (1 0 0) and (0 1 0) facets. We did not find unreconstructed (1 1 0) terraces. The regular spacing of the ridges corre...
The room temperature structure and composition of the clean Pt50Rh50(110) surface is investigated by low energy ion scattering (LEIS), scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), low energy electron diffraction (LEED) and grazing incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXRD). While Pt25Rh75(110) reconstructs with a (1×2) missing-row structure, Pt50Rh50(110) exhibit...
The structure and composition of a disordered Pt25Cu75(1 1 1) sample was studied by low energy electron diffraction. The r-factor, D1=0.096, illustrates a very good agreement between experimental and theoretical spectra. The Pt concentration versus depth oscillates around the bulk value . The most striking result is the quite large and unusual Pt e...
