Yves CartonFrench National Centre for Scientific Research | CNRS · Institut écologie et environnement (INEE)
Yves Carton
web site : http://www.egce.cnrs-gif.fr/?p=664
Geneticist and historian in biology
About
190
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Introduction
I investigated the determinism of resistance and virulence in the Drosophila-parasitoid system, the biochemical and genetic aspects. This research was successfully developed from fruitful cooperations with Professor A. Nappi † (Loyola University) and Professor M. Poirié (Nice Sophia Univ).
As emeritus, I was interested by history of biological sciences. I has been firstly interested by the relation between Darwinism and Entomolology, with 2 books edited on 2008 and 2011.On year 2017, was edited my book on the history of cooperation between French and American entomologists (1830-1940). The project giving an overview of the researches on innate immunity, from Louis Pasteur to Jules Hoffmann, Nobel prize (1865-2011)is now complete, by a book (french and english versions) edited .
Additional affiliations
October 2002 - present
CNRS France,
Position
- Professor Emeritus
Description
- History of sciences : Darwinism; Biological control;The Phylloxera plague of vines French-American scientific cooperation; history of innate immunity
January 1995 - December 2005
January 1989 - January 1994
Education
October 1964 - December 1968
University of Paris
Field of study
September 1957 - July 1961
Publications
Publications (190)
In 1865, at the request of the government, Louis Pasteur was led to investigate the causes of a disease, the “pebrine”, which struck the silkworm farms, especially in the south of France, and to provide a remedy. He devoted 5 years of his life (1865–1870) to it, years in which he discovered biology, which represented for him a real epistemological...
In 1865, at the request of the government, Louis Pasteur was led to investigate the causes
of a disease, the “pebrine”, which struck the silkworm farms, especially in the south of France, and to provide a remedy. He devoted 5 years of his life (1865–1870) to it, years in which he discovered biology, which represented for him a real epistemological...
Molecular identification is increasingly used to speed up biodiversity surveys and laboratory experiments. However, many groups of organisms cannot be reliably identified using standard databases such as GenBank or BOLD due to lack of sequenced voucher specimens identified by experts. Sometimes a large number of sequences are available, but with to...
Molecular identification is increasingly used to speed up biodiversity surveys and laboratory experiments. However, many groups of organisms cannot be reliably identified using standard databases such as GenBank or BOLD due to lack of sequenced voucher specimens identified by experts. Sometimes a large number of sequences are available, but with to...
My presentation documents the exemplary partnership between the American entomologist Charles Valentine Riley and French entomologists and vintners in the control of the grape phylloxera that threatened the French vineyards during the second half of the nineteenth century. He was a major scientist in answering central questions in the origin, life...
Innate immunity is a new branch of immunology, confirmed by three Nobel Prize winners in 2011. It is the first line of defense against pathogens and is in a way the preliminary step of adaptive immunity which occurs later, and only present in vertebrates.
This book examines the way in which innate immunity was discovered in invertebrates. As a star...
L’étude de l’immunité innée chez les vertébrés est récente, en témoigne l’attribution de 3 prix Nobel en 2011, qui ont véritablement consacré cette nouvelle discipline, actuellement en plein développement. L’immunité innée est la première ligne de défense contre les agents pathogènes, qui intervient dans les premières heures de l’infection, ceci ch...
La question peut concerner le droit à l’erreur du chercheur ? Pour traiter cette question, nous avons choisi le cas précis du laboratoire de Photobiologie de Gif, créé sur décision des instances scientifiques du CNRS, suite à la présentation par le Professeur J. Benoit (1896-1982) d’un résultat surprenant obtenus en 1956. De jeunes canards de la ra...
A la suite de la publication de mon livre "Histoire de l'Entomologie. Relations entre biologistes français et maéricains (1830 -1940)", j'ai été interrogé sur mon parcours scientifique
C’est l’histoire des relations tissées entre entomologistes français et américains sur plus d’un siècle qu’Yves Carton nous dévoile ici. La biologie française a bénéficiée de ces premiers contacts et échanges, sans aucun esprit de compétition à l’époque, mais au contraire avec le plaisir d’apporter au collègue son aide et ses connaissances. Ponctué...
OPENING LECTURE
C.V. Riley (1843-1895) was born and reared in England; he made his career as an agricultural entomologist in the United States. Nevertheless, his tenure at a boarding school in Dieppe, France (1855-1857) established Francophile patterns that persisted throughout his life. Most important, Riley's early French contact prepared him, as...
Some insects can develop immune resistance to koinobiont parasitoids. Reciprocally, adaptation to host immunology is critical for parasitoid success. Phylogenetic inertia and correlations between virulence against different hosts can act as constraints preventing these adaptations. Insights on these constraints may be obtained from the analysis of...
Description
Phylogenic relationships and virulence rates of leptopilina strains and species against different selected Drosophila strains. (In the pies, black represents encapsulation (resistance) and white represents parasitoid larvae without capsule (virulence). Percentage values representvirulence levels. The leptopilina phylogenetic tree was ob...
This Chapter reports the bio/ecology of several invasive pests in Agriculture.
It is dedicated to Claire Vidal who disapeared during the book editing process.
L'entomologie française et le Muséum, face au transformisme (1832-1900)
PRESENTATION
Charles Darwin (1809-1882) est peu reconnu pour son activité scientifique d’entomologiste. Or, l’entomologie a tenu un rôle essentiel dans l’élaboration de sa théorie. C’est cet aspect du travail de Darwin qu’Yves Carton nous dévoile ici. Ponctuée d’observations originales, sur les abeilles et les bourdons par exemple, la première par...
In 1868, the scourge of phylloxera fell on the French vineyards with the riots and economic and social consequences that we know. Scientists will deliver throughout the second half of the 19th century, a merciless struggle against that aphid and its misdeeds. French and American Entomologists -mainly the botanist Jules Émile Planchon, professor at...
In this chapter, we describe the geographically widespread genetic fixation of traits involved in Drosophila–parasitoid immune interactions and the situations where such fixation is not observed. We then discuss how the three classes of coevolutionary dynamics that can occur at the local scale (coevolutionary escalation, coevolutionary alternation...
The cellular innate immune response of several species of Drosophila terminates with the encasement of large foreign objects within melanotic capsules comprised of several layers of adhering blood cells or hemocytes. This reaction is manifested by various Drosophila hosts in response to infection by endoparasitic wasps (i.e., parasitoids). Creditab...
Interactions between Drosophila hosts and parasitoid wasps are among the few examples in which occurrence of intraspecific variation of parasite success has been studied in natural populations. Such variations can originate from three categories of factors: environmental, host and parasitoid factors. Under controlled laboratory conditions, it is po...
Novembre 1859, publication à Londres de De
l’origine des espèces de Charles Darwin. Cet
ouvrage propose une véritable révolution dans
l’approche scientifique, mais aussi spirituelle et
philosophique de l’évolution. L’accueil est favorable
en Angleterre mais aussi dans les autres
pays européens. Et en France ? Ce pays va être
peu réceptif à cette no...
Pour la Science
À la fin du XIXe siècle, alors que les scientifiques français rejettent les idées de Charles Darwin,un biologiste, Henry de Varigny, qui est aussi journaliste, se bat pour les diffuser.
In larvae of Drosophila paramelanica, eggs and larvae of the endoparasitic wasp Leptopilina heterotoma succumb to an effective host reaction that does not involve blood cell–mediated melanotic encapsulation, a response that characterizes cellular immunity in various species of Drosophila and in many insects and other arthropods. A significant incre...
Parasitoids are mostly insects that develop at the expense of other arthropods, which will die as a result of the interaction. Their reproductive success thus totally depends on their ability to successfully infest their host whose reproductive success relies on its own ability to avoid or overcome parasitism. Such intense selective pressures have...
Interactions between Drosophila hosts and parasitoid wasps are among the few examples in which occurrence of intraspecific variation of parasite success has been studied in natural populations. Such variations can originate from three categories of factors: environmental, host and parasitoid factors. Under controlled laboratory conditions, it is po...
In this chapter, we describe the geographically widespread genetic fixation of traits involved in Drosophila-parasitoid immune interactions and the situations where such fixation is not observed. We then discuss how the three classes of coevolutionary dynamics that can occur at the local scale (coevolutionary escalation, coevolutionary alternation...
Interactions between Drosophila hosts and parasitoid wasps are among the few examples in which occurrence of intraspecific variation of parasite success has been studied in natural populations. Such variations can originate from three categories of factors: environmental, host and parasitoid factors. Under controlled laboratory conditions, it is po...
ABSTRACT: In this paper, the authors examine Charles V. Riley's relationship with France and French scientists (1855-1895), with special reference to Riley's role in the Phylloxera campaign (ca. 1869-1885). Riley's French connections represent a significant aspect of a projected full-length Riley biography. Riley was born and reared in England; he...
Insect host-parasitoid interactions involve complex physiological, biochemical and genetic interactions. Against endoparasitoids, immune competent hosts initiate a blood cell-mediated response that quickly destroys the intruders and envelops them in a multilayered melanotic capsule. During the past decade considerable progress has been made in iden...
In this paper, the authors examine Charles V. Riley's relationship with France and French scientists (1855-1895), with special reference to Riley's role in the Phylloxera campaign (ca. 1869-1885). Riley's French connections represent a significant aspect of a projected full-length Riley biography. Riley was born and reared in England; he made his c...
Insect host-parasitoid interactions involve complex physiological, biochemical and genetic interactions. Against endoparasitoids, immune competent hosts initiate a blood cell-mediated response that quickly destroys the intruders and envelops them in a multilayered melanotic capsule. During the past decade considerable progress has been made in iden...
Despite an increasing knowledge of insect immune defences and virulence strategies used by parasitoids to escape them, the mechanisms underlying variation of success between parasitoid strains are still poorly understood. We have investigated this point using two lines of the parasitoid wasp Leptopilina boulardi that differ in virulence towards Dro...
2009, année Darwin: bicentenaire de sa naissance, 150ème anniversaire de la publication de son plus célèbre ouvrage, L'Origine des espèces. En cette année 1859, la communauté scientifique française s'avère peu réceptive à cette nouvelle vision de l'évolution proposée dans cet ouvrage. Elle se complait encore avec les idées fixistes de Georges Cuvie...
Insect host-parasitoid interactions involve complex physiological, biochemical and genetic interactions. Against endoparasitoids, immune competent hosts initiate a blood cell-mediated response that quickly destroys the intruders and envelops them in a multilayered melanotic capsule. During the past decade considerable progress has been made in iden...
Georges-Louis Leclerc, comte de Buffon (1707-1788) est connu du grand public comme un vulgarisateur des sciences naturelles, mais son
influence dans d’autres domaines a été aussi considérable, comme l’industrie du bois et des forges. La rédaction de son ouvrage « Histoire
Naturelle » en 36 volumes reste son oeuvre principale mais son rôle dans le d...
> Georges-Louis Leclerc, comte de Buffon (17071788) est connu du grand public comme un vulgarisateur des sciences naturelles, mais son influence dans d’autres domaines a été aussi considérable, comme l’industrie du bois et des forges. La rédaction de son ouvrage « Histoire Naturelle » en 36 volumes reste son œuvre principale mais son rôle dans le d...
In insects, eukaryotic endoparasites encounter a series of innate immune effector responses mediated in large part by circulating blood cells (hemocytes) that rapidly form multilayer capsules around foreign organisms. Critical components of the encapsulation response are chemical and enzyme-catalyzed oxidations involving phenolic and catecholic sub...
Coevolutionary arms races between hosts and parasites would not occur without genetic variation for traits involved in the outcome of parasitism. Genetic variations in resistance and virulence have only rarely been described in pairwise host-parasitoid interactions and have never been analysed in multi-species interactions, in contrast to well-char...
An exemplary partnership of American entomologist (C. V. Riley) with French entomologists in control of the Grape Phylloxera in France (1868–1895). This essay documents the exemplary partnership between the American entomologist Charles V. Riley and French entomologists and vintners in the control of the vine louse Phylloxera that threatened the Fr...
This essay documents the exemplary partnership between the American entomologist Charles V. Riley and French entomologists and vintners in the control of the vine louse Phylloxera that threatened the French vineyards during the second half of the nineteenth century. Riley's entomological research was crucial in answering central questions in the or...
Drosophila melanogaster resistance against the parasitoid wasp Leptopilina boulardi is under the control of a single gene (Rlb), with two alleles, the resistant one being dominant. Using strains bearing deletions, we previously demonstrated that the 55E2-E6; 55F3 region on chromosome 2R is involved in the resistance phenomenon. In this paper, we fi...
The discovery of Phylloxera in France : a subject of controversy. The archives talk (Hemiptera, Chermesidae). In virtually all reports dealing with the Phylloxéra disease, it has been widely accepted that J.- E. Planchon, a Professor at Montpellier University, identified on July 15, 1868, the grape louse as the causative agent. A critical analysis...
Avirulent strains of the endoparasitoid Leptopilina boulardi succumb to a blood cell-mediated melanotic encapsulation response in host larvae of Drosophila melanogaster. Virulent wasp strains effectively abrogate the cellular response with substances introduced into the host that specifically target and effectively suppress one or more immune signa...
This review summarizes and compares available data on genetic and molecular aspects of resistance in four well-described invertebrate host-parasite systems: snail-schistosome, mosquito-malaria, mosquito-filarial worm, and Drosophila-wasp associations. It underlies that the major components of the immune reaction, such as hemocyte proliferation and/...
Early French discoveries of insect parasitoids and various aspects of their life cycle are discussed in this paper. Parasitism in insects first attracted the attention of French scientists in the 18th century, despite indifference of the famous encyclopedists of “the Age of Enlightenment” to this group of animals. Fortunately, a distinguished scien...
This review summarizes and compares available data on genetic and molecular aspects of resistance in four well-described invertebrate host-parasite systems: snail-schistosome, mosquito-malaria, mosquito-filarial worm, and Drosophila-wasp associations. It underlies that the major components of the immune reaction, such as hemocyte proliferation and/...
Immune-suppressive factors (ISFs) introduced into larvae of Drosophila melanogaster during infection by virulent endoparasitic wasps effectively block the innate immune response mediated by blood cells (hemocytes) but have little influence on the autoimmune response made by a tumor strain in which the blood cells manifest a similar response but ins...
In larvae of Drosophila paramelanica, eggs and larvae of the endoparasitic wasp Leptopilina heterotoma succumb to an effective host reaction that does not involve blood cell-mediated melanotic encapsulation, a response that characterizes cellular immunity in various species of Drosophila and in many insects and other arthropods. A significant incre...
Drosophila species are attacked by a number of parasitoid wasps, which constitute an important factor of population regulation. Since Drosophila melanogaster and Drosophila simulans share common parasitoid species, their ecology and evolution can hardly be understood without considering parasitoids. After a short review of data available on Drosoph...
To develop inside their insect hosts, endoparasitoid wasps must either evade or overcome the host's immune system. Several ichneumonid and braconid wasps inject polydnaviruses that display well-studied immune suppressive effects. However, little is known about the strategies of immunoevasion used by other parasitoid families, such as figitid wasps....
Variations observed in parasite virulence and host resistance may be the outcome of coevolutionary processes. Recent theoretical developments have led to a 'geographic mosaic theory' of coevolution according to which there are some localities where reciprocal selection occurs (hot spots) and others where it is strongly reduced (cold spots). Studies...
Species of the genus Leptopilina are larval parasitoids of Drosophilidae, mainly species of the genus Drosophila. We provide four lines of evidence (i.e. morphological descriptions, crossing experiments, ITS2 sequences and RFLP's) to show that at least six species of Leptopilina occur in Africa, of which three previously unidentified species are de...
Abstract This study aims to investigate the genetic variability of olfactory responses to odours from the host habitat, involved in host selection by insect parasitoids. The probing response of females to fruit and non-fruit odours was studied in Leptopilina boulardi Barbotin et al. (Hymenoptera, Figitidae), a parasitoid of the frugivorous Drosophi...
Host larvae of Drosophila melanogaster injected with the eicosanoid biosynthesis inhibitor, dexamethasone, prior to parasitization by the wasp Leptopilina boulardi, exhibited significantly reduced rates of melanotic encapsulation in comparison with control and saline-injected larvae. The results of this investigation suggest that prostaglandins and...
The mechanisms by which an organism becomes immune competent during its development are largely unknown. When infected by eggs of parasitic wasps, Drosophila larvae mount a complex cellular immune reaction in which specialized host blood cells, lamellocytes and crystal cells, are activated and recruited to build a capsule around the parasite egg to...
Two strains of Drosophila melanogaster (resistant and susceptible) were parasitized by a virulent or avirulent strain of the parasitoid wasp Leptopilina boulardi. The success of encapsulation depends on both the genetic status of the host strain and the genetic status of the parasitoid strain: the immune cellular reaction (capsule) is observed only...
Host-parasite relationships represent integrating adaptations of considerable complexity involving the host's immune capacity to both recognize and destroy the parasite, and the latter's ability to successfully invade the host and to circumvent its immune response. Compatibility in Drosophila-parasitic wasp (parasitoid) associations has been shown...
The augmented production of nitric oxide (NO) was observed during the hemocyte-mediated melanotic encapsulation responses of Drosophila melanogaster and D. teissieri. When introduced into the hemocoel of D. melanogaster larvae, NO activated the gene encoding the antimicrobial peptide Diptericin. These observations, together with previous studies do...
Insect hosts can survive infection by parasitoids using the encapsulation phenomenon. In Drosophila melanogaster the abilities to encapsulate the wasp species Leptopilina boulardi and Asobara tabida each involve one major gene. Both resistance genes have been precisely localized on the second chromosome, 35 centimorgans apart. This result clearly d...
We have used a parasitoid wasp Drosophila melanogaster system to investigate the relationship between the humoral and cellular immune responses in insects. Expression of the gene encoding diptericin, an antibacterial peptide in various D. melanogaster strains parasitized by several species of parasitoid wasps, was studied by Northern blot. These st...
Drosophila melanogaster larvae usually react against eggs of the parasitoid wasp Leptopilina boulardi by surrounding them with a multicellular melanotic capsule. The genetic determinism of this response has been studied previously using susceptible (non-capsule-forming) and resistant (capsule-forming) strains. The results suggest that differences i...
Encapsulation has evolved as an efficient mechanism whereby an insect host can survive infection by parasitoids This ability is controlled by a major gene in Drosophila melanogaster hosts. The parasitoid Leptopilina boulardi (Hymenoptera Eucoilidae) can suppress the Drosophila immune reaction by injecting viruslike particles. Analysis of Mendelian...
