Young Chun Kim

Chinju National University of Education · Department of Education

Transboundary learning cultures and schooling (TLCS) researchers are devoted to doing transcultural, transdisciplinary, and trans-paradigmatic research in each Asia-Pacific country and region. Glocalization and the COVID-19 pandemic initiated and have transformed learning and teaching spaces, integrating daytime schooling and shadow education, indi...

Shadow education has become a worldwide phenomenon and therefore must be considered when exploring student learning and the ecology of education. The phenomenon has mainly been studied in the fields of comparative education, sociology of education, education and policy, and lifelong education. Relatively few scholars in the field of curriculum stud...

In the digital age, education through the Internet becomes a new form of teaching and learning, which leaves many challenges as well as possibilities for teachers and students. In this study, we analyzed the effective practices for online learning comparing schools and private supplementary tutoring. South Korea is an appropriate country for this i...

In the digital age, education through the Internet becomes a new form of teaching and learning, which leaves many challenges as well as possibilities for teachers and students. In this study, we analyzed the effective practices for online learning comparing schools and private supplementary tutoring. South Korea is an appropriate country for this i...

Informed by Patti Lather’s notion of ‘research as praxis,’ the purpose of this article is to provide the meaning of teaching qualitative research in South Korea wherein whose academic culture has been highly influenced, if not dominated, by the West. In this respect, the authors conceptualize the experiences of teaching qualitative research to unde...

This volume tackles perceived myths surrounding the academic excellence of East Asian students, and moves beyond Western understandings to offer in-depth analysis of the crucial role that shadow education plays in students’ academic success. Offering pioneering insights into the growing phenomenon of shadow education, this text offers: • New Post-...

Shadow education or private supplementary tutoring has become an international phenomenon as increasing numbers of students seek help beyond traditional schooling for academic achievement. e positive relationship between students' academic achievement and participation in shadow education has been previously reported. However, the manner in which s...

Shadow education contributes to the learning and academic careers of Korean students. It benefits, in particular, gifted students who are strongly motivated and who outperform their peers academically. In this study, we explored the innovative characteristics of shadow education curricula for gifted students in terms of curricular programmes, metho...

“Young Chun Kim and Jung-Hung Jung’s volume is an impressive exegesis on ways to think alternatively within the decolonial path. It is undeniably one of most powerful and brilliant approaches on ‘decoloniality otherwise’ in East Asia, which helps better understand the challenges decolonial thinkers faced in the struggle to open the canon of modern...

Chapter 2 provides a summary of the landscape of shadow education globally. It traces the historical development of the concept of shadow education, and highlights the concept’s ambiguities. Through a review of the scholarship, it also presents contemporary discourses about shadow education and summarizes the distinctive features of shadow educatio...

This chapter explores in greater detail the various forms of shadow education that exist in many countries. Categorizing them into five forms, the authors discuss each form’s characteristics in terms of their purpose, popularity in different countries, and strengths and weakness. Drawing from qualitative data collected during their own fieldwork in...

This chapter focuses on shadow education for mathematics. The authors examine the global popularity of shadow education for mathematics, discussing how crucial mathematics is for students’ academic success, and the difficulties of meeting individual student needs at public school. Within this context, the authors deliberate on why many students see...

This chapter focuses on shadow education for gifted and highly motivated students. The authors explain that little research exists on the topic because existing research on shadow education tends to take an educational equality perspective. In their effort to understand how gifted and highly motivated learners learn in shadow education spaces, the...

This chapter explores potential inquiry perspectives for research about shadow education. The authors propose a form of ‘nomadic inquiry,’ in which research not characterized by fidelity to a master narrative, but by transformations of concepts, ideas, and representations that welcome difference. Invoking shadow education as a text of ‘difference,’...

This chapter focuses on how shadow education contributes to students’ academic success. Drawing from prior research and their fieldwork, the authors provide an in-depth analysis of the academic benefits of shadow education. Student narratives highlight effective approaches used by shadow education institutions and tutors, and the authors’ discussio...

This chapter discusses the eroding status of public schooling as students’ reliance on it for their learning declines. The authors conceive of this phenomenon as ‘post-schooling.’ This chapter provides the definition of post-schooling, and describes its characteristics in terms of the roles of schooling and school teachers. Taking the students’ poi...

This chapter theorizes ‘shadow curriculum’ as a new definition of curriculum. Highlighting the confusing character of the notion of shadow education, the authors provide conceptual discussions about the term. Then, they discuss its limitations for the field of curriculum studies. The authors also describe how shadow curriculum differs from school c...

This chapter offers a much-needed discussion about why shadow education should be considered an important topic within curriculum studies. It provides an overview of students’ learning beyond schooling to contextualize the phenomenon of shadow education within the curriculum discourse. The authors examine characteristics of various concepts of curr...

This article presents a new conceptualization of ‘shadow curriculum’, one component of the worldwide phenomenon of shadow education, i.e. learning outside of school. Traditional conceptions of curriculum are not applicable to shadow education, and so this article begins by exploring how shadow education practices qualify as a new focus of curriculu...

Shadow education has been studied in areas such as comparative education, educational policy, sociology of education, education and economics, and lifelong education, but mainstream Anglophone curriculum studies have largely ignored this phenomenon. We argue that shadow education should be considered as an emerging (and significant) focus of curric...

It seems that qualitative research has spread worldwide as a new research method beyond the Western world. Despite the fact that qualitative research in South Korea developed not only quantitatively but also qualitatively, there has not been enough effort to find out how the South Korean researcher grows into a qualitative researcher compared with...

Education and private tutoring activities particularly are under influence of state social policies. The paper uses term “social policy” to show macro social and political attitudes of each state toward education. This paper compares social policies concerning education and its shadow in six states of South Korea with their four counterparts in Ira...

This chapter describes Korean high school students’ hakwon experiences. As well we know, high school days are the most important period for Korean students not only for college admission, but also for their future. To compete with other students and to enter highly ranked colleges, what they learn at school is not enough and most high school studen...

An overall introduction to the kinds of hakwons in Korea will be helpful to better understand Korean students’ participation in hakwon education and its general features. This chapter discusses eight major kinds of hakwons in Korea: (1) English language hakwons; (2) mathematics hakwons; (3) logical writing hakwons; (4) comprehensive hakwons; (5) Sp...

Before discussing the hakwon experiences of Korean elementary school students in depth, we need to look at an elementary school student’s general daily routine, given that the after-school life of Korean elementary school students is closely related to their educational experiences in a hakwon. Consider what elementary school students in Korea do a...

Korea is well known internationally for its excellence in education: the high academic achievements of its students, Korean parents’ enthusiasm for their children’s education, its teachers’ high levels of commitment, and so on. Of these, Korean students’ notable levels of academic achievement in international tests such as the Program for Internati...

Since the 1950s, private tutoring for college admission exams has spread widely in Korea, raising social controversies and tension within society that the government has consistently implemented policies to reduce (Ko 2013). However, in spite of these policies, the place of hakwons in Korean education has increased sharply in numerous aspects, for...

This chapter discusses the effects of hakwon education on students, parents, and Korean society. Since most Korean students experience hakwon education, we need to know how it influences educational life, students’ learning, and society. In relation to this topic, Bray (Adverse effects of private supplementary tutoring: Dimensions, implications, an...

In previous chapters, we researched the various types of hakwons and the life of students in elementary hakwons to high school hakwons. Moreover, we reviewed the positive and negative aspects in hakwon education. In this chapter, I would like to present the possible theme dealing with hakwon education as a promising upcoming realm of curriculum stu...

This chapter, I would like to illustrate the experiences of Korean middle school students at hakwons. After primary school, Korean students also head to hakwons as they enter middle school. Moreover, middle school students spend more time and study harder at hakwons than they did as elementary school students. From now on, I will describe a prototy...

This book enables Western scholars and educators to recognize the roles and contributions of shadow education/hakwon education in an international context. The book allows readers to redefine the traditional and limited understanding of the background success behind Korean schooling and to expand their perspectives on Korean hakwon education, as we...

A photonic quantum ring (PQR) laser includes an active layer having a multi-quantum-well (MQW) structure and etched lateral face. The active layer is formed to be sandwiched between p-GaN and n-GaN layers epitaxially grown on a reflector disposed over a support substrate. A coating layer is formed over an outside of the lateral faces of the active...

There is provided a method of fabricating a lithography mask, the method including: forming a transparent polymer layer on a surface of a first substrate where a convex-concave pattern is formed; separating the transparent polymer layer from the first substrate, the transparent polymer layer having a convex-concave surface formed by the convex-conc...

South Korean educators and curriculum scholars have attempted to challenge Eurocentric points of view in history education. Despite these efforts, the dominant textbooks and teaching practices in South Korea continue to project colonial epistemologies. This article argues that postcolonial inquiry into knowledge production can help expand the debat...

Creating transnational spaces of curriculum inquiry calls for dialogic encounters between East and West. This article makes visible, both for Western and non-Western curriculum scholars, the historical development of curriculum studies in South Korea over the last 3 decades. Focusing on reconceptualist approaches to curriculum, the article argues f...

We report on the observation of LaGuerre-Gaussian (LG) beam profiles of photonic quantum ring (PQR) hole-type lasers. Naturally formed LG beams are highly valuable for optical tweezing applications, like transporting or manipulating DNA molecules. Various devices with different injection currents and hole diameters have been analyzed, some of which...

We investigated the effect of temperature, oxidant and catalyst loading on the performance of direct formic acid fuel cell (DFAFC). When oxidant was changed from air to oxygen, the power density was increased to 17.3 mW/ cm2 at 25 ‡C. The power density of DFAFC operated with oxygen showed a maximum value of 40.04 mW/cm2 with the temperature rise fr...

The purpose of this article is to explore the recent qualitative research movement in South Korea: its initiation, challenges and ultimate acceptance. Intellectual achievements are reviewed extensively to provide Western readers with a better understanding of Korean scholarship in qualitative studies. To prepare the manuscript, related literature w...

The full text of the dissertation is available as a Adobe Acrobat .pdf file (116 p.) ; Adobe Acrobat Reader required to view the file. Mode of access: World Wide Web. Thesis (Ph.D.)--Pennsylvania State University, 2006.