Yoo-Hun Suh

• MD&PhD
• Seoul National University

The number of young adult patients with major depression, one of the most common mental disorders, is gradually increasing in modern society. Stressful experiences in early life are considered one of the risk factors for chronic depressive symptoms, along with an abnormal inflammatory response in later life. Although increased inflammatory activity...

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder resulting in cognitive decline or dementia, the number of patients with AD is continuously increasing. Although a lot of great progress has been made in research and development of AD therapeutics, there is no fundamental cure for this disease yet. This study demonstrated the memo...

Background Hyposmia in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a typical early symptom according to numerous previous clinical studies. Although amyloid-β (Aβ), which is one of the toxic factors upregulated early in AD, has been identified in many studies, even in the peripheral areas of the olfactory system, the pathology involving olfactory sensory neurons (...

Background: Hyposmia in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a typical early symptom according to numerous previous clinical studies. Although the causes of damage have been proposed in every olfactory system including olfactory epithelium, olfactory bulb and olfactory cortex, the main causes of AD- related hyposmia are largely unknown. Methods: We here foc...

Background: Hyposmia in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a typical early symptom according to numerous previous clinical studies. Although amyloid-β (Aβ), which is one of the toxic factors upregulated early in AD, has been identified in many studies, even in the peripheral areas. The pathology involving olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) remains poorly un...

Background: Hyposmia in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a typical early symptom according to numerous previous clinical studies. Although amyloid-β (Aβ), which is one of the toxic factors upregulated early in AD, has been identified in many studies, even in the peripheral areas. The pathology involving olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) remains poorly un...

Despite clinical evidence indicating a close relationship between olfactory dysfunction and Alzheimer’s disease (AD), further investigations are warranted to determine the diagnostic potential of nasal surrogate biomarkers for AD. In this study, we first identified soluble amyloid-β (Aβ), the key biomarker of AD, in patient nasal discharge using pr...

Alzheimer’s disease (AD), a progressive neurodegenerative disorder, is characterized clinically by cognitive decline and pathologically by the development of amyloid plaques. AD is the most common cause of dementia among older people. However, there is currently no cure for AD. In this study, we aimed to elucidate the therapeutic effects of human a...

Polygala tenuifolia Willdenow is a herb known for its therapeutic effects in insomnia, depression, disorientation, and memory impairment. In Alzheimer’s disease (AD) animal model, there has been no report on the effects of memory and cognitive impairment. PSM-04, an extract from the root of P. tenuifolia Willdenow, was developed with improved bioab...

Carboxy-dehydroevodiamine·HCl (cx-DHED) is a derivative of DHED, which improves memory impairment. Carboxyl modification increases solubility in water, indicating that its bioavailability is higher than that of DHED. Cx-DHED is expected to have better therapeutic effects on Alzheimer's disease (AD) than DHED. In this study, we investigated the ther...

Schematic diagram of the chemical structure of cx-DHED.

Effects of cx-DHED on phosphorylated tau in 5xFAD mice. (A) Phosphorylated tau (p-Tau) and total tau from whole brain lysates of mice were subjected to western blotting with the AT8 monoclonal antibody. Levels of total tau by immunoblotting with the H150 antibody were examined. (B) Quantification of immunoreactivity on AT8 shows elevated tau phosph...

Effects of cx-DHED on learning and memory deficits in 5xFAD mice during the probe test of Morris water maze. (A) Schematic drawing of MWM test. Four visual cues were used, and the pool was divided into four quadrants (zone). Plat form marked as PF. (B) We did not observe any difference in velocity (swim speed) during the acquisition training. (C) I...

Effects of cx-DHED on synaptic proteins. Synaptosome fractions of cortical lysates were used to detect loss of synaptic proteins in mice. (A) Western blot analysis of GluN1, GluN2B, Rph3A, and RAB3A from cortical synaptosome fractions. (B–E) The bar shows the percentage of GAPDH normalized to the density of GluN1 (B), GluN2B (C), Rph3A (D), and RAB...

Multiple reaction monitoring parameters for cx-DHED analysis.

Processing of amyloid precursor protein (APP) occurs through sequential cleavages first by β-secretase and then by the γ-secretase complex. However, abnormal processing of APP leads to excessive production of β-amyloid (Aβ) in the central nervous system (CNS), an event which is regarded as a primary cause of Alzheimer's disease (AD). In particular,...

Progressive memory impairment such as that associated with depression, stroke, and Alzheimer's disease (AD) can interfere with daily life. In particular, AD, which is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder, prominently features a memory and learning impairment that is related to changes in acetylcholine and abnormal β-amyloid (Aβ) deposition in t...

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by impairments in social interaction and communication, and patients often display repetitive behaviors. Although the global prevalence of ASD has increased over time, the etiology and treatments for ASD are poorly understood. Recently, some researchers have sugge...

The S100A9 protein is an important proinflammatory factor of innate immunity that has been proposed to participate in inflammation associated with the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Here, we provide insights into the potential roles of extracellular S100A9 in the interaction with the immune response in human THP-1 monocytic cells that have be...

Neuregulin-1 (NRG-1) is a ligand of the epidermal growth factor receptor (erbB), and its interaction involves activation of the glutamatergic N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor, which increases the expression of the β2 subunit of the γ-aminobutyric acid receptor and subunits of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. In the dentate gyrus of 14-month-old T...

We previously demonstrated that dehydroevodiamine•HCl (DHED), which was purified from Evodia rutaecarpa Bentham (Rutaceae), has beneficial effects on memory impairment and neuronal damage in three disease models. To investigate the preventive action of DHED in Alzheimer's disease (AD), a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by memor...

To identify some apparent biomarker candidates for the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology, we investigated whether there would be a significant difference between the levels of the plasma proteins of AD patients and healthy people. A total of 115 subjects were enrolled, 60 individuals with AD and 55 healthy controls. There was a statis...

Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is an important anti-inflammatory cytokine that is produced primarily by macrophages. We investigated mechanisms by which the timing of IL-10 production was controlled in macrophages and found that cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (CDK5) activity was markedly increased in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)â€" stimulated macrophages through th...

The treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD) using stem cells has long been the focus of many researchers, but the ideal therapeutic strategy has not yet been developed. The consistency and high reliability of the experimental results confirmed by animal models are considered to be a critical factor in the stability of stem cell transplantation for PD...

14-3-3 proteins act as adapters that exert their function by interacting with their various protein partners. 14-3-3 proteins have been implicated in a variety of human diseases including neurodegenerative diseases. 14-3-3 proteins have recently been reported to be abundant in the neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) observed inside the neurons of brains...

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by neuronal loss in several regions of the brain. Recent studies have suggested that stem cell transplantation could serve as a potential therapeutic strategy to halt or ameliorate the inexorable disease progression. However, the optimal stage of the disease for stem cell transplantation to have a therapeut...

The present invention relates to a method for the prevention or treatment of degenerative neurological brain disorders and, more specifically, relates to a method for the prevention or treatment of degenerative neurological brain disorders, such as Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's dementia (senile dementia), stroke, Lou Gehrig's disease, Pick's dis...

Stem cell therapy has been noted as a novel strategy to various diseases including neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, stroke, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and Huntington's disease that have no effective treatment available to date. The adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs), mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) isolated...

β-Catenin has been widely implicated in the regulation of mammalian development and cellular homeostasis. However, the mechanisms by which Wnt/β-catenin signaling components regulate physiological events during brain development remain undetermined. Inactivation of glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3β leads to β-catenin accumulation in the nucleus, wh...

Stem cell therapy is a promising tool for the treatment of diverse conditions, including neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). To understand transplanted stem cell biology, in vivo imaging is necessary. Nanomaterial has great potential for in vivo imaging and several noninvasive methods are used, such as magnetic resonance im...

α-Synuclein oligomers can induce neurotoxicity and are implicated in Parkinson's disease etiology and disease progression. Many studies have reported α-synuclein oligomerization by dopamine (DA) and transition metal ions, but few studies provide insight into joint influences of DA and Cu(2+) . In this study, DA and Cu(2+) were coadministered aerobi...

Our previous study presented evidence that the inflammation-related S100A9 gene is significantly upregulated in the brains of Alzheimer's disease (AD) animal models and human AD patients. In addition, experiments have shown that knockdown of S100A9 expression improves cognition function in AD model mice (Tg2576), and these animals exhibit reduced a...

Dehydroevodiamine·HCl (DHED) has been reported to prevent memory impairment and neuronal cell loss in a rat model with cognitive disturbance. We investigated the effect of DHED on memory impairment and behavioral abnormality caused by stress. We demonstrated that DHED can improve stress-induced memory impairments and depression-like behaviors by us...

The dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2) is a key receptor that mediates dopamine-associated brain functions such as mood, reward, and emotion. Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) is a proline-directed serine/threonine kinase whose function has been implicated in the brain reward circuit. In this study, we revealed that the serine 321 residue (S321) in the thi...

Herein, a new method for preparing phosphorylated proteins at specific sites has been applied to α-synuclein (α-Syn). Three different α-Syn species phosphorylated at Serine 87 (S87p-α-Syn), Serine 129 (S129p-α-Syn) and Serine 87/129 (S87p,129p-α-Syn) were prepared through the 'stop codon' method and verified by LC/MS/MS and immunoblotting. Each typ...

Circadian rhythm is a biological rhythm governing physiology and behavior with a period of ∼24 h. At the molecular level, circadian output is controlled by a molecular clock composed of positive and negative feedback loops in transcriptional and post-translational processes. CLOCK is a transcription factor known as a central component of the molecu...

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an irreversible neurodegenerative disease, still lacking proper clinical treatment. Therefore, many researchers have focused on the possibility of therapeutic use of stem cells for AD. Adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs), mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) isolated from adipose tissue, are well known for their pluripotency and...

The activities of CDK5 and p35 are thought to be important in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). We studied the effect of p35 deletion in Tg2576 mice, which is an AD animal model. To obtain the desired mice, we crossed p35-/- with Tg2576 mice. The resulting p35-/-/Tg2576 (KO/Tg) mice displayed higher...

Background S100A9 protein (myeloid-related protein MRP14, also referred to as calgranulin B) is a reliable marker of inflammation, an important proinflammatory factor of innate immunity and acts as an additional antimicrobial peptide in the innate immune system. Evidence indicates that S100A9 contributes to Alzheimer’s disease (AD) pathology, altho...

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressively debilitating neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the presence of proteinaceous deposits in the brain. AD often results in olfactory dysfunction and impaired olfactory perceptual acuity may be a potential biomarker for early diagnosis of AD. Until recently, there is no Alzheimer’s nanoscope or any...

Stem cell therapy is a promising tool for the treatment of diverse conditions including neurodegenerative diseases. To understand transplanted stem cell biology, in vivo imaging is necessary. Nano material has great potential for in vivo imaging and several noninvasive methods are used such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), positron emission tom...

a b s t r a c t Three novel molecular probes have been synthesized which can be used as a probe for selective detection of Fe 3+ . Also, H 2 O 2 can be detected in Fenton-like conversions by a Fe 2+ probe ensemble fluorescence "turn-on" responses that is operational in neuronal cells with multiple chemical inputs.

New fluorescein-based H 2 O 2 probe derivatization involves the simple dimethyl-thiocarbamoyl (DMTC) protecting group allowing for high aqueous ROS "turn-on" responses in the presence of Hg 2+ concentration. Novel selective and sensitive modes of detection for Hg 2+ and reactive oxygen species (ROS) are important molecular recog-nition issues becau...

Highly specific and sensitive fluorescence detection of hypochlorite in nonbiotic pure water (rapid "turn-on", ∼400 fold, λem ∼ 560 nm) as well as in living neuronal cell cultures (neutral pH) involves oxidation of a 2-sulfide-2-benzoic acid pendent group in a new meso-thienyl-BODIPY donor-acceptor probe.

Novel, high "turn-on" Hg(2+) and O(2)(-) fluorescence behaviour (∼25-fold) with probes bearing [S(thi)N(py)] and [S(thi)N(py)N(py)] binding receptors, joined by oxidizable sulphides, may involve S-bound transient ROS species; such optical O(2)(-) behaviour operates moderately in neuroblastoma.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder of unknown etiology. Considerable evidence suggests that free radical formation and oxidative stress might play an important role in the pathogenesis of PD. In the present investigation we evaluated the therapeutic potential of methylparaben (MP) a well known pharmaceutical preser...

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by the accumulation of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles accompanied by cognitive dysfunction. The aim of the present study was to elucidate preventive and therapeutic potential of stem cells for AD. Among stem cells, autologous human adipose-derived stem cells (hASCs) elicit no immune rejection r...

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-induced inflammation, and its consequences within the central nervous system (CNS), must be countered by multiple pharmacologic agents, and 15-deoxy-Δ(12,14) -prostaglandin J(2) (15d-PGJ2) may hold promise in the treatment of pathologies associated with this inflammatory response. 15d-PGJ2 can repress the inflamma...

Indigofera tinctoria Linn. (I. tinctoria, Fabaceae) has been widely used for several years in the traditional Indian and Chinese system of Medicine for the treatment of epilepsy, nervous and brain disorders. The effect of SF-6, a compound isolated from I. tinctoria to exhibit neuroprotection in in vitro and in vivo models of Parkinson's disease (PD...

α-Synuclein can be degraded by both the ubiquitin-proteasomal system and the chaperone-lysosomal system. However, the switching mechanism between the two pathways is not clearly understood. In our study, we investigated the mutual association between the binding of α-synuclein to heat shock cognate 70 and the lysosomal translocation of α-synuclein....

Bis-arylsulfide BODIPY systems were prepared and studied for multiple O-atom sensing (at 522 nm); 2- and 3-atom loading was optimal (50-fold, "turn on"). Neuronal studies showed greater H(2)O(2) sensitivity than 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate. The novel 1,3,6-trimethyl BODIPY formed as a biproduct under Lindsey conditions.

Evidence indicates that norepinephrine (NE) has antiinflammatory activities and plays a neuroprotective role where inflammatory events contribute to Alzheimer's disease pathology. Here, we evaluated the effects of NE on amyloid beta 1-42 (Aβ1-42)-induced cytotoxicity and proinflammatory cytokine/chemokine secretion, and determined the mechanisms th...

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have recently come to be viewed as critical players that modulate a number of cellular features in various biological systems including the mature CNS by exerting regulatory control over the stability and translation of mRNAs. Despite considerable evidence for the regulatory functions of miRNAs, the identities of the miRNA specie...

Recent studies have proposed that chronic treatment with antidepressants increases neurogenesis in the adult hippocampus. However, the effect of antidepressants on fetal neural stem cells (NSCs) has not been well defined. Our study shows the dose-dependent effects of fluoxetine on the proliferation and neural differentiation of NSCs. Fluoxetine, ev...

Primers used for qPCR. (TIF)

Primary cultured microglia obtained from mouse brain. The purity of microglia used in this study was approximately 98.5% as determined by staining with rabbit anti-Iba-1 antibody. (TIF)

The passive avoidance test was used to confirm the effect of T. gondii infection on memory and behavior in wild type and Tg2576 mice. Time to enter the dark chamber was measured for 300 sec (retention trial). The time taken for T. gondii-infected Tg2576 mice (TG+ME49) was greater than that taken by uninfected Tg2576 mice (TG+PBS). (TIF)

Several studies found that FE65, a cytoplasmic adaptor protein, interacts with APP and LRP1, altering the trafficking and processing of APP. We have previously shown that FE65 interacts with the ApoE receptor, ApoER2, altering its trafficking and processing. Interestingly, it has been shown that FE65 can act as a linker between APP and LRP1 or ApoE...

Figure S1. The FE65 PTB2 domain does not interact with VLDLR. A. Constructs of FE65 with C-terminal GFP tags containing only PTB2 (construct #1) and full length FE65 (construct # 2). B. COS7 cells were transfected with VLDLR-myc and GFP, FE65 PTB2-GFP or full length FE65-GFP. Cell lysates (100 ug) were immunoprecipitated with 5F3 antibody (for VLDL...

Figure S2. FE65 Knockout mice have increased APP processing. 13 month old FE65 knockout mice or wild-type littermates were immunoblotted with FE65, C1/6.1 (for APP), and β-actin. FE65 knockout mice had increased levels of full length APP and APP CTF compared to wild type littermates.

Immunosuppression is a characteristic feature of Toxoplasma gondii-infected murine hosts. The present study aimed to determine the effect of the immunosuppression induced by T. gondii infection on the pathogenesis and progression of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) in Tg2576 AD mice. Mice were infected with a cyst-forming strain (ME49) of T. gondii, and le...

Neuroinflammation is one of the important pathogenic features of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Recently, S100a9 was found to be increased within neuritic plaques and reactive glia and was proposed to participate in the inflammation associated with the pathogenesis of AD. Our study showed that S100a9 expression was increased in the brains of AD mice and...

Neuregulin-1 (NRG1) plays an important role in the development and plasticity of the brain and exhibits potent neuroprotective properties. However, little information on its role in Alzheimer's disease (AD) is known. The neuroprotective effect and mechanisms of NRG1 in SH-SY5Y cells overexpressing the Swedish mutant form of amyloid precursor protei...

Amyloid precursor protein binding protein-1 (APP-BP1) was first identified as an interacting protein of APP. In this study, we explored whether APP-BP1 plays a role in neuronal differentiation of fetal neural stem cells. APP-BP1 knockdown by small interfering RNA treatment was found to downregulate neuronal differentiation and to upregulate APP int...

J. Neurochem. (2011) 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2011.07514.x Various environmental factors are known to influence the onset and progression of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Environmental enrichment was reported to improve cognitive performance in various Alzheimer’s transgenic mice via an amyloid-related or unrelated mechanism. However, stress has been found...

The extracts of earth worms, Eisenia andrei, have been used as a therapeutic agent for stroke in the traditional medicine. It is also reported that the protease fraction separated from the extracts has strong anti-thrombotic activity. Besides anti-thrombotic actions, we found that SP-8203, N-[3-(2,4-dioxo-1,4-dihydro-2H-quinazolin-3-yl)propyl]-N-{4...

In this study, α-synuclein was treated in vitro with salicylaldehyde (SA), lysine (lys) and M(n+) (Cu(2+) or Zn(2+)) in various ratios. SA induced aggregation of α-syn in the ratio of 1:500 (α-syn:SA) after incubation (pH 7.4, PBS buffer, 16-24h). Free lys can thus scavenge SA, inhibiting the aggregation of α-syn up to ∼63% (α-syn:SA:lys=1:1000:500...

A novel one-pot in situ templating method of synthesizing micro- and mesoporous carbon (spheres) in oxygenic conditions is reported. The mesoporous carbon has an extremely high surface area (over 1600 m(2) g(-1)). We also introduce, for the first time, lactate as a source of carbon, which is relatively inexpensive and bio-friendly. To achieve this,...

[This corrects the article on p. e18738 in vol. 6.].

The effects of BEC on the neuronal populations during 4 days of differentiation. The stem cells were stimulated at 100 Hz with a magnitude of 4, 8, 16 or 32 µA/cm2 and duration of 50 or 200 µs. (A) A phase contrast micrograph of neurospheres after 4 days of electrical stimulation with grid of 100 µm. (B) Counts of neurospheres greater than 100 µm i...

The effects of BEC on the neuronal populations during 4 days of differentiation. After 4 days of exposure to electrical stimulation at 100 Hz with a magnitude of 1.33 µA/cm2 and duration of 50 or 200 µs, NeuN or MAP2 immunopositive neurons were counted for all differentiated cells. (A&B) Left panel: The differentiated NSCs were immunostained with a...

The effects of BEC on the neuronal populations during 7 days of differentiation. The differentiated NSCs at DIV-7 were immunostained with anti-Tuj1 (A; red) or anti-MAP2 (B; red) and anti-GFAP (green) antibodies and counterstained with DAPI (blue). (C) The proportions for each cell marker of NeuN, MAP2, Tuj1, and GFAP. (EPS)

The use of non-chemical methods to differentiate stem cells has attracted researchers from multiple disciplines, including the engineering and the biomedical fields. No doubt, growth factor based methods are still the most dominant of achieving some level of proliferation and differentiation control--however, chemical based methods are still limite...

Both oxidative stress and excessive activation of glutamate receptors are implicated as major causes of ischemic brain injury. However, the existing N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists have not exerted good clinical outcome, most likely because they do not protect neurons against oxidative stress. Thus, more effective glutamate antagon...

Amyloid precursor protein binding protein-1 (APP-BP1) binds to the carboxyl terminus of APP. In this study, we explored whether APP-BP1 expression is affected by focal transient cerebral ischemia induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion in Wistar rats. APP-BP1 expression was increased in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus and in the subventric...

Amyloid precursor protein binding protein-1 (APP-BP1) binds to the carboxyl terminus of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) and serves as the bipartite activation enzyme for the ubiquitin-like protein, NEDD8. In the present study, we explored the physiological role of APP-BP1 in the cell cycle progression of fetal neural stem cells. Our results sho...

Amyloid precursor protein (APP), which is critically involved in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD), is cleaved by gamma/epsilon-secretase activity and results in the generation of different lengths of the APP Intracellular C-terminal Domain (AICD). In spite of its small size and short half-life, AICD has become the focus of studies on AD...

N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) are glutamate receptors implicated in synaptic plasticity and memory function. The specific functions of NMDA receptor subunits NR2A and NR2B have not yet been fully determined in the different types of memory. Nine Wistar rats (8-weeks-old) were subjected to the Morris water maze task to evaluate the memory...

Amyloid precursor protein binding protein-1 (APP-BP1) binds to the carboxyl terminus of amyloid precursor protein and serves as a bipartite activation enzyme for the ubiquitin-like protein, NEDD8. Previously, it has been reported that APP-BP1 rescues the cell cycle S-M checkpoint defect in Ts41 hamster cells, that this rescue is dependent on the in...

Inflammation, insoluble protein deposition and neuronal cell loss are important features in the Alzheimer's disease (AD) brain. To investigate the regulatory genes responsible for the neuropathology in AD, we performed microarray analysis with APP(V717I)-CT100 transgenic mice, an animal model of AD, and isolated the S100a9 gene, which encodes an in...

Expression of calcium binding proteins in Tg2576 mouse brains. At 2 months after lentiviral infection, western blot analysis was performed with total lysates from the cortical region of the brains in each group using anti-Calbindin D-28K, anti-S100a8 and anti-S100B antibody. The membrane was stripped and reprobed with GAPDH to confirm equal loading...

S100a9 induced by Aβ increased [Ca2+]i level in BV2 cells. (A) [Ca2+]i mages obtained by Fluo3 AM at 48 h after treatment with 10 µM Aβ and 20 nM si-S100a9 in BV2 cells. Scale bars represent 50µm. si-CTL is a control containing the scrambled sequence of S100a9 (B) The histogram shows the ratio of [Ca2+]i levels to NC group. [Ca2+]i levels in BV2 ce...

S100a9 was induced in the brains of Human AD patients. (A) The level of S100a9 protein was examined in the hippocampus of AD patients' brains. Tubulin was used as a loading control. This is a representative blot (n = 10). (B) We quantified the density of S100a9 with gel doc and normalized it to that of Tubulin (n = 10). *P<0.05 by Student's t-test....

S100a9 knockdown reduced the number of eosinophilic cells in Tg2576 mice brains. At 2 months after lentiviral infection, Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) straining was performed in hippocampus and cortex. Scale bars indicate 100 µm in large square box and 20 µm in small square box. (2.42 MB EPS)

[Ca2+]i level induced by Aβ or CT in a dose-dependent manner. (A) BV2 cells grown on glass coverslip for 48 h were treated with 0.1, 1, or 10 µM CT and 1 or 10 µM Aβ and then [Ca2+]i level was measured by Fluo3 AM. Scale bars represent 50µm. (B) Graph shows the fold-change of relative fluorescence intensity versus that of control. (n = 10). Results...

Background: Stress and depression shows possible links to neuronal death in hippocampus. Subiculum plays a prominent role in limbic stress integration and direct effect of corticosteroids on subicular neurons needs to be defined to assess its subsequent impact on hippocampal plasticity. Aim: This study was intended to assess apoptosis in subicul...

Roots of Polygala tenuifolia Willdenow have been used in humans for centuries because of its sedative effects. We previously reported that BT-11, extracted from the roots of the plant, improved memory impairments in rats, enhanced memory in normal humans, and inhibited acetylcholinesterase activities in vitro. The present study was a randomized, do...

The first Seoul international symposium on Alzheimer's disease and related disorders was held in celebration of the newly established telemedicine center and center of registry and information service for dementia patients in Korea. The meeting covered both the clinical aspects of dementia and the molecular pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease(AD)....