Yining Ding

• Dr.Dr. Dipl.-Ing.
• Professor (Full) at Dalian University of Technology

Column means a member with its sections acted upon by axial compressive force, and the main vertical load-carrying members in buildings are columns [6–7]. Reference [7] defines the column as a member used primarily to support axial compressive loads and with a height at least three times its least lateral dimension.

It is already clear that there are two basic aspects of behavior that must be dealt with in design.

The typical bending elements in the structure are beam and panel; generally, there are beams as follows: the rectangular beam.

Prestressed concrete may be defined as concrete in which internal stresses of such magnitude and distribution have been introduced that the stresses resulting from the given applied loading are counteracted to a desired degree.

Figure 11.3 shows the typical cast-in-place RC girder–beam–slab system. The four sides of the integral ribbed slab are supported on the beams or wall. The load on the slab is transferred to the beam or wall.

Chapter 4 dealt with the flexural behavior and strength of beams. Beams must also have an adequate safety margin against other types of failure, some of which may be more dangerous than flexural failure.

A structure should be designed to serve a certain purpose [6]. An adequately designed structure should meet two requirements: (i) It must be safe under the service load and (ii) it should perform well for the purpose it was designed for.

The steel reinforcement will resist the tension and the concrete will resist the compression. Reinforced concrete is the result of the combination of steel and concrete. In some cases, steel reinforcement and concrete are positioned in members so that they both resist compression.

When an element section is subjected to an axial tensile force N, the section is called “a tension member section”. Just as in the column section, when there is a moment M acting together with the axial tensile force, it is an eccentric tension member section with an eccentricity e0 = M/N.

In order to endow concrete an ability of sensing cracks, conductive materials (carbon fiber, steel fiber and carbon black) are added into concrete. The effect of the conductive materials on the post crack performance of concrete subjected to bending is studied. In order to localize the crack, multiple sections of a concrete beam under bending are m...

In order to localize the crack and to sense the crack widening of concrete, an alternative method is proposed in this study. The basic element of this method consists of six electrodes. To verify the validity of this method, four-point bending test is carried out on six types of fiber reinforced concrete beams with different fiber types. The voltag...

This paper describes the steel fiber effect on the crack permeability and crack surface topography of concrete subjected to freeze-thaw damage. The sequential crack permeability of steel fiber reinforced concrete are investigated by a vacuum permeability set-up. The topographical analysis is applied on the crack surface by an invented 3-D laser sca...

This paper presents a fundamental investigation on the alkali resistance of basalt fiber and its textile in different alkaline solutions. C-glass fiber and AR-glass fiber are explored as references. The morphology, element and phase composition of fibers before and after etching in alkaline solution are studied via scanning electron microscopy (SEM...

This paper presents an experimental study on the two-way concrete slabs with steel-free reinforcements. These include basalt fiber textile, macro polypropylene (PP) fiber and a combination of both. The plain concrete (PC) slab and steel reinforced concrete (RC) slab are studied as references. Furthermore, a comparative analysis on load bearing capa...

In this paper, the radial deformation of fiber reinforced self‐compacting concrete (SCC) pipes under cyclic fire conditions is studied. A series of experimental study on the temperature fields and radial deformation properties of steel mesh, polypropylene fiber (PP fiber), and macro steel fiber (SF) reinforced SCC pipes subjected to fire is carried...

In this paper, the effect of macro nonmetallic fibers (i.e., polypropylene fibers and basalt fibers) on the impact response of basalt fiber‐reinforced polymer‐reinforced concrete (FRP‐RC) discs is experimentally investigated using a self‐developed drop‐weight impact test device. The plain concrete and conventional steel‐reinforced concrete samples...

Macro fibers reinforcement is considered to be an effective way to improve the flexural toughness of the concrete. With growing public interest in wide-spread use of fiber reinforced concrete (FRC), the need for understanding and evaluating micro fiber reinforcement mechanism is on the rise. In this study, concretes were reinforced by various dopan...

The multiphasic conductive admixtures like macro steel fiber (SF), nano carbon black (NCB) and carbon fiber (CF) are incorporated into concrete to improve the conductivity and mechanical properties. In this study, the mechanical and conductive properties of the concrete beam are explored by the hybrid use of different conductive admixtures. The def...

This work explores the mechanical and self monitoring performance of concrete beams containing steel fiber (SF), carbon black (CB) and carbon fiber (CF), when subjected to bending. The effect of the utilization of multiphase conductive materials on the compressive strength of the concrete and the load-deflection-fractional change in impedance (FCI)...

Twelve post-fire self-consolidating concrete (SCC) symmetric inclination beams containing steel fibre, macroscopic polypropylene fibre, microscopic polypropylene fibre and their hybridisations were studied under the combined loading of flexure and axial compression to evaluate the effect of hybrid fibres on the flexural performance of tunnel segmen...

Textile mesh-reinforced concrete (TRC) and mortar have been studied in recent years. However, current testing methods are focused on simply supported members under uniaxial bending; these are inadequate for analysis of a biaxially tensioned fibre mesh and incapable of revealing the biaxial behaviour of a TRC panel. Moreover, the fibres can be damag...

In this work, the water permeability of the cracked concrete has been investigated. Three types of cylindrical specimens with different fiber content were pre-cracked by the feedback controlled splitting test, and the specimens without any fiber reinforcement were also studied as reference. The water permeability of the specimens with different cra...

In this study, the impact behavior of ten types of high performance self-compacting concrete (HPSCC) was explored using the drop-weight method. The HPSCC specimens were reinforced with steel rebars and different fibers for comparison with plain concrete. The reinforcement mechanism of the influences of steel rebars and different fibers on failure i...

Based on a four-point bending test of nine steel fiber reinforced self-consolidating concrete (SFRSCC) beams, the influencing factors, such as the volume fraction of steel fibers and reinforcement ratio, on the crack pattern, crack width and crack spacing were investigated. The results showed that adding steel fiber into reinforced SCC beams could...

In order to study the mechanical properties of steel fiber reinforced shotcrete at early age, plates with different fiber use levels were tested in accordance with European specification for sprayed concrete (EFNARC), and the steel mesh reinforced concrete plates were also tested as comparison. The specimens were tested at the age of 10, 30, 48 h,...

In order to investigate the hybrid effect of steel rebar and macro polypropylene fiber on the impact resistance of concrete, a series of drop-weight tests were carried out on different kinds of reinforced concrete specimens. The effects of steel rebar and macro polypropylene fiber on the concrete impact performance was analyzed, and the theory of W...

According to the splitting testing, controllable cracks are brought into the specimen for studying effects of fibers on permeability of cracked concrete. Crack patterns are analyzed by Supereyes digital microscope and IPP software. To study the permeability of cracked specimens, the water permeability experiment is implemented under a varied water...

This study proposes a theoretical approach based on modified compression field theory to predict the shear strength of steel fiber-reinforced concrete (SFRC) beams without stirrups. The tensile contribution of the steel fibers is considered in the tensile stress–strain constitutive equations, which take into account the distribution of the fibers....

In order to study the spatial distribution of steel fibers in concrete matrix, the concrete cube specimens with different contents of steel fiber (20, 35, 50kg/m³) were prepared and the spatial distribution was investigated using Barcelona(BCN) test. For analyzing the effect of the fibers distribution, the whole load-displacement curves of cube spe...

The focus of this paper is given to investigate the effect of different fibers on the pore pressure of fiber reinforced self-consolidating concrete under fire. The investigation on the pore pressure-time and temperature relationships at different depths of fiber reinforced self-consolidating concrete beams was carried out. The results indicated tha...

In recent years, the building fire occurs very frequently. With the widely use of self-consolidating concrete (SCC) in construction engineering, studying the fire resistance of SCC and fiber reinforced SCC has become particularly important. Focusing on the fire resistance property, the influence of steel fiber, macro PP fiber and micro PP fiber on...

Infrastructure rehabilitation represents a multitrillion dollar opportunity for the construction industry. In the United States alone, the rehabilitation needs are estimated to exceed 1.6 trillion dollars over the next five years. Since the majority of the existing infrastructure is concrete based, this means that concrete infrastructure rehabilita...

The effect of freeze-thaw cycles on concrete is of great importance for durability evaluation of concrete structures in cold regions. In this paper, damage accumulation was studied by following the fractional change of impedance (FCI) with number of freeze-thaw cycles (N). The nano-carbon black (NCB), carbon fiber (CF) and steel fiber (SF) were add...

In this study, the macro steel fiber (SF), carbon fiber (CF) and nano carbon black (NCB) as triphasic conductive materials were added into concrete, in order to improve the conductivity and ductility of concrete. The influence of NCB, SF and CF on the post crack behavior and conductivity of concrete was explored. The effect of the triphasic conduct...

The effect of structural fibers on the bond behavior between glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) rebars and a concrete matrix was studied by conducting 36 put-out tests. The main test parameters were fiber contents and embedment lengths. Considering the improvement effect of structural fibers on the bond behaviour between GFRP rebars and the conc...

Bending tests under four point loading were conducted on steel rebar-reinforced steel fiber-reinforced self-compacting concrete (SFRSCC) beams, and the corresponding loading-mid-span deflection curve, longitudinal reinforcement strain-longitudinal reinforcement strain curve and failure mode were obtained. The flexural bearing capacity of the beams...

Based on the Weibull distribution and the hypothesis of strain equivalence, a damage model for steel fiber reinforced concrete(SFRC) was proposed. To describe the influence of fiber on the concrete compressive damage model better, a fiber factor considering the fiber volume fraction and fiber geometrical characteristic was introduced to the damage...

The aim of present work is to further investigate the flexural behavior of FRC with four types of hooked end steel fibers. The flexural toughness of FRC beams was tested under a three point bending system, and the data of experiments were analyzed according to the standard JGJ/T221-2010 and RILEM recommendation. The results showed equal dosage of d...

In order to evaluate the fibre effect and the synergetic effect of fibres and stirrups on the flexural shear resistance and diagonal cracking behaviour of a tunnel segment, a series of experiments is conducted. Different from the conventional testing method, inclined supported beams subjected to combined action of flexure, shear and axial compressi...

The main objective of this paper is to investigate the composite effect of steel rebars and macro steel fibers on the flexural resistance of full-scale self-consolidating concrete beams. An experimental program was carried out on six full-scale beams of distinct longitudinal reinforcement ratio (ρ s) and various fiber contents, subjected to four po...

Most studies related to concrete made with recycled aggregates (RA) use uncontaminated aggregates produced in the laboratory, revealing the potential to re-use as much as 100%. However, industrially produced RA contain a certain level of impurities that can be deleterious for Portland cement concrete, thus making it difficult for the concrete indus...

A series of experiments have been undertaken to investigate the effects, on compressive strength, of variable sand/cement ratios and cement grade. Ten mixtures of different s/c ratios used two kinds of cement were cast and the compressive strength at different curing ages was tested. The results indicate that the compressive strength gets lower as...

The free deformation of cellular ceramisite concrete at early-age was measured with untouched micro-displacement sensor. The results showed foam lacking stability led to shrinkage immediately after casting. Then the concrete presented expansion. After that it would shrink except thermal expansion. The change of ambient temperature led to the deform...

The nano-carbon black (NCB) and carbon fiber (CF) as electric conductive materials were added into the concrete. The effect of the NCB and CF on the mechanical properties and on the fractional change in resistance (FCR) of concrete was investigated. The relationships among the FCR, the strain of initial geometrical neutral axis (IGNA) and the beam...

Conductive concrete containing nano carbon black (NCB) and carbon fibre (CF) to enable the self-diagnosis of strain and damage was studied. The effect of NCB and CF on workability, mechanical properties and fractional change in resistance (FCR) in fresh and hardened concrete was analysed. The relationship between the FCR, the strain of initial geom...

According to the 2011 ERMCO statistics, only 11% of the production of ready-mixed concrete relates to the high performance concrete (HPC) target. This percentage has remained unchanged since at least 2001 and appears a strange choice on the part of the construction industry, as HPC offers several advantages over normal-strength concrete, specifical...

The volume of polymeric wastes such as tyre rubber and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles is increasing at a fast rate. An estimated 1000 million tyres reach the end of their useful lives every year and 5000 million more are expected to be discarded in a regular basis by the year 2030. Only a small part is currently recycled and millions of t...

The civil engineering sector accounts for a significant percentage of global material and energy consumption and is a major contributor of waste material. The ability to recycle and reuse concrete and demolition waste is critical to reducing environmental impacts in meeting national, regional and global environmental targets. Handbook of recycled c...

A series of steel fibre reinforced self-consolidating concrete (SFRSCC) beams have been tested to investigate the influence of steel fibres and the combined effect of fibres and stirrups on the deflection and cracking, ultimate loads and failure pattern. The experiment indicates that the shear strength increases clearly with the increasing of fibre...

The alkali activation of alumino-silicate materials is a complex chemical process evolving dissolution of raw materials, transportation or orientation and polycondensation of the reaction products. Publications on the field of alkali-activated binders, state that this new material is likely to have high potential to become an alternative to Portlan...

The volume of polymeric wastes like tyre rubber and polyethylene terephthalate bottles (PET) is increasing at a fast rate. An estimated 1000 million tyres reach the end of their useful lives every year and 5000 millions more are expected to be discarded in a regular basis by the year 2030. Up to now a small part is recycled and millions of tyres ar...

This paper analyzed the effect of different fibres on the residual compressive strength, the ultimate load and flexural toughness, the failure pattern and the fracture energy of self compacting high performance concrete (SCHPC) after exposure to various high temperature. The micro polypropylene fibre (PP fibre) could mitigate the spalling of SCHPC...

In this work, both carbon fiber and nano carbon black were used as conductive phases to produce the diphasic electric conductive concrete. Electric conductive concrete beams subjected to flexural load were investigated to study the relationship between the strain of geometrical neutral axis and the fractional change in resistance of conductive conc...

In order to study the damage after concrete cracking, the influence of the combined use of steel fiber and carbon fiber on the conductivity and crack resistance of concrete beam under flexural loading were investigated. Carbon fiber and steel fiber were added as diphasic conductive materials to produce the electric conductive and ductile concrete....

The impact properties of normal concrete (NC) and reinforced concrete (RC) specimens, steel fibre reinforced concrete (SFRC) specimens and RC+SFRC specimens with different steel fibre dosages were investigated with the drop-weight impact test recommended by ACI Committee 544. The results indicate that the number of blows to final failure is greatly...

This study has investigated the joint effect of several factors on the workability and mechanical strength of alkali-activated metakaolin based mortars. The factors analysed through a laboratory experiment of 432 specimens, pertaining to 48 different mortar mixes were, sodium hydroxide concentration (10M, 12M, 14M, 16M), the superplasticizer conten...

This paper deals with the tensile behaviour of steel fiber reinforced concrete with respect to fibers content. A series of experimental tests were conducted to investigate uniaxial tensile ductility by using epoxy adhesive method. The specimen dimension was 100×100×200mm3 and the content of steel fiber was 20kg/m3, 40 kg/m3, 60 kg/m3 and 80 kg/m3,...

Currently there are only few research results for predicting the relationship between deflection and the crack mouth opening displacement (CMOD) of steel fibre reinforced concrete (SFRC) beams. A series of bending beam tests on SFRC, with different fibre contents and fibre types have been carried out. Based on the experimental results a model for p...

The main objective of this paper is to investigate the composite effect of macro steel fiber and steel rebar on the mechanical behaviour of tunnel segment with fiber reinforced high-performance concrete (FRHPC). A new experimental method is used for simulating the loading state of the tunnel segment. The experiment including several symmetric-incli...

Based on the investigation of the influence of steel fibre on the workability of fresh self-consolidating concrete (SCC), this paper presents the experimental results carried out on a series of simply supported SCC rectangular beams, using steel fiber reinforcement with and without stirrups, and subjected to four-point symmetrically placed vertical...

Based on the experiment of 18 pull-out samples, the influence of different types of fibers (macro steel fibers, macro PP-fibers and micro PP-fibers) on the bond behavior between GFRP bars and matrix was analyzed. In order to improve the bond behavior, a new method of using the equivalent bending strength and deformation energy to evaluate the bond...

Based on the investigation of fiber influence on workability of self-compacting concrete (SCC), tests were carried out on two series of SCC rectangular simply supported beams, which were made of hooked steel fibers reinforced concrete with or without stirrups, subjected to four-point symmetrically placed vertical loads. The major test variables are...

Based on different direct tensile test methods of concrete in the present studies, the effects of specimen shape and grip method on the stress distribution in specimen were discussed and a series of tests were carried out by using epoxy adhesive method. Influences of fiber content and fiber type on tensile strength, tensile strain and residual stre...

In this paper, a newly developed method of evaluating the shear toughness of fiber reinforced RC beams in terms of its post-peak nominal average equivalent shear strength was investigated. This method is simple and the advantages are significant.Based on the investigation on the workability of hybrid fiber reinforced self-compacting concrete (HFRSC...

In order to study the relationship between concrete damage and the electric resistance change of electric conductive concrete, concrete beams containing nano-meter carbon black or carbon fiber subjected to loading were investigated. The relationship between the resistance change rate of concrete beams and the strain of geometrical neutral axis was...

The effect of different fibres on the residual load-bearing capacity and the failure pattern of high-performance self consolidating concrete (HPSCC) after exposure to high temperature has been studied in this work. The polypropylene fibers mitigate the spalling of HPSCC element clearly, but did not show clear effect on the mechanic properties of co...

Metamorphic waste can cause much damage to the environment and so the partial substitution of Portland cement with metamorphic rock waste to produce environmentally-friendly cement/concrete has been suggested. In the present study, the pozzolanic reactivity of metamorphic rock waste was investigated and the possibility of the partial replacement of...

Co-based catalysts 15%Co/AC1 and 15%Co/AC2 supported on activated carbon from coconut shell (AC1) and almond shell (AC2) were prepared by the vacuum impregnation method, and their catalytic performance was tested by CO hydrogenation. The results showed that the two carbon carriers had similar porous texture but different types and amounts of surfac...

Numerous investigations have been conducted on self-compacting concrete (SCC) and lightweight aggregate concrete (LWAC), but there are relatively very few studies on self-compacting lightweight concrete (SCLC). This paper deals mainly with the mix proportion design for SCLC and its workability. By considering the water absorption of lightweight agg...

Based on the experimental results of the workability, the suitable fibre types (steel fibres, PP-fibres and fibre cocktail) and fibre dosages for fibre-reinforced-self-compacting-high-performance-concrete (FRSCHPC) were selected. To assess the influences of different fibres on the compressive strength, flexural toughness and failure patterns of bea...

The focus of this paper is given to investigating the testing and evaluation method of stress and deformation behaviour of clay pipe elements like chimneys under cyclic high temperature. The experimental study on the temperature–time curves and on the radial deformation–temperature curves of a series of fire-resistant clay pipes was carried out. Th...

Spalling and mechanical properties of FRHPC subjected to fire were tested on notched beams. The results confirm that the internal vapor pressure is the leading reason for spalling of high-performance concrete (HPC). At the same time, the temperature-increasing velocity and constrained conditions of concrete element also play significant roles in sp...

The compressive strength and flexural toughness as well as fracture energy of fiber reinforced high-performance concrete (FRHPC) subjected to different high temperatures were studied. The results showed that after exposure at 300, 600 and 900°C, the concrete mixes retained 88.1%, 41.3% and 10.2% of the original compressive strength on average, resp...

The workability, the strength and the toughness are the significant factors for self-compacting-high performance concrete (SCHPC). The workability is a significant precondition for application of the Fibre Reinforced SCHPC. This paper presents research results on the workability of Monofibre and Fibre Cocktail (hybrid steel-polypropylene fibre) Rei...

Performance of ZrO2 modified Co/activated carbon (Zr-Co/AC) catalysts in Fischer-Tropsch synthesis and effects of reaction conditions were studied using a slurry reactor. A suitable amount of ZrO2 promoter can remarkably increase catalyst activity, decrease methane selectivity and improve C5+ fraction selectivity. When mass fraction of Zr in Zr-Co/...

This paper presents the results of experimental investigations for repair materials of Fibre Reinforced Self - Compacting High Performance Concrete (FRSCHPC), which are significant for subsequent structural properties of repaired bridge members. Up to now, many research reports of the bridge repair have paid much focus on the compressive strength o...

According to different international guidelines, the tests of workability, strength and toughness of the fibre reinforced self-compacting high-performance concrete (FRSCHPC) were completed. Based on the test results, the application of FRSCHPC as the repair material of the concrete structure was investigated and the working behavior of different re...

Fibers are added to concrete/shotcrete to enhance the ductility, energy absorption ability and crack resistance, and prevent the crack development. In order to estimate the toughness of fiber reinforced concrete (FRC) and establish Chinese Guideline of FRC, many experiments of flexural toughness for SFRC beams were done according to different natio...

Based on the investigation on the workability of fiber reinforced self-compacted concrete (FRSCC), this paper analysed the influence of the types of fibers, including steel fiber, polypropylene fiber and hybrid fiber, on the compressive strength and flexural toughness according to different international guidelines. The effect of hybrid fiber on th...

This article presents some comparative results from a continuing study of the properties of steel fibre-reinforced concrete/shotcrete (SFRC/S) at early age. The overall aim of the investigation is to develop the SFRC for applications in tunnels and in other underground constructions.The impact and bending properties both for beams and for panels of...

Die Bemessungsrichtlinien für Stahlfaserbeton folgen je nach Land unterschiedlichen Ansätzen. Generell kann festgehalten werden, daß das Niveau dieser Bemessungsrichtlinien i. d. R. nicht mit den entsprechenden Normen für Stahlbeton vergleichbar ist. Die Richtlinien erreichen oft nur den Stand von Empfehlungen. Da die Bemessungstheorie des Stahlfas...

Recently it has become more and more common to replace steel reinforcement with steel-fibre reinforced concrete/shotcrete in underground constructions. It is therefore of great importance to compare the behaviour of steel-fibre reinforced concrete and conventional steel-reinforced concrete. In cases of shotcrete at the tunnel face, it is important...

Trotz des großen Einflusses von Fasern auf die Betoneigenschaften gibt es z. Z. kaum Untersuchungsergebnisse über die Faserbetoneigenschaft im jungen Alter, d. i. von 8 bis 72 Stunden. Diese Arbeit berichtet über Untersuchungen des Fasereinflusses auf 1. die Frischbetoneigenschaften 2. die Druckfestigkeitsentwicklung des Betons im jungen Alter 3. d...