Yi Su

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Verified

Yi verified their affiliation via an institutional email.

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• PhD
• Director of Computational Image Analysis at Banner Alzheimer’s Institute

Introduction: Multiple positron emission tomography (PET) tracers are available for amyloid imaging, posing a significant challenge to consensus interpretation and quantitative analysis. We accordingly developed and validated a deep learning model as a harmonization strategy. Method: A Residual Inception Encoder-Decoder Neural Network was develo...

Brain tissue gene expression from donors with and without Alzheimer’s disease (AD) have been used to help inform the molecular changes associated with the development and potential treatment of this disorder. Here, we use a deep learning method to analyze RNA-seq data from 1,114 brain donors from the Accelerating Medicines Project for Alzheimer’s D...

Biomarker assisted preclinical/early detection and intervention in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) may be the key to therapeutic breakthroughs. One of the presymptomatic hallmarks of AD is the accumulation of beta-amyloid (Aβ) plaques in the human brain. However, current methods to detect Aβ pathology are either invasive (lumbar puncture) or quite costly...

Each additional copy of the apolipoprotein E4 (APOE4) allele is associated with a higher risk of Alzheimer's dementia, while the APOE2 allele is associated with a lower risk of Alzheimer's dementia, it is not yet known whether APOE2 homozygotes have a particularly low risk. We generated Alzheimer's dementia odds ratios and other findings in more th...

Importance There are limitations in current diagnostic testing approaches for Alzheimer disease (AD). Objective To examine plasma tau phosphorylated at threonine 217 (P-tau217) as a diagnostic biomarker for AD. Design, Setting, and Participants Three cross-sectional cohorts: an Arizona-based neuropathology cohort (cohort 1), including 34 particip...

Medical question answering (QA) is a reasoning-intensive task that remains challenging for large language models (LLMs) due to hallucinations and outdated domain knowledge. Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) provides a promising post-training solution by leveraging external knowledge. However, existing medical RAG systems suffer from two key limi...

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a major neurodegenerative condition that affects millions around the world. As one of the main biomarkers in the AD diagnosis procedure, brain amyloid positivity is typically identified by positron emission tomography (PET), which is costly and invasive. Brain structural magnetic resonance imaging (sMRI) may provide a sa...

Recently, Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have gained significant attention for their remarkable ability to process and analyze non-textual data, such as images, videos, and audio. Notably, several adaptations of general-domain MLLMs to the medical field have been explored, including LLaVA-Med. However, these medical adaptations remain ins...

Over the past decade, generative models have achieved significant success in enhancement fundus images.However, the evaluation of these models still presents a considerable challenge. A comprehensive evaluation benchmark for fundus image enhancement is indispensable for three main reasons: 1) The existing denoising metrics (e.g., PSNR, SSIM) are ha...

Background Cross‐modality translation between MRI and PET presents significant challenges due to the distinct mechanisms underlying those modalities. Currently, the leading method for this translation is CycleGAN. Previous studies have proved a strong correlation between BBBMs and brain amyloid status measured by PET. However, the impact of blood‐b...

Background Tangle burden, one of the hallmarks of Alzheimer’s Disease, is thought to accumulate and spread throughout the brain in a distinctive pattern starting from the entorhinal cortex following Braak stages as characterized in neuropathological studies. Longitudinal tau PET allows us to investigate in vivo the tau spread in an individual and s...

Background Recent studies have raised the possibility that APOE4 has a smaller impact on the risk for Alzheimer’s disease(AD) in non‐Hispanic Black(NHB) and Hispanic than non‐Hispanic White(NHW) individuals. Confirming that possibility in real‐world cohorts could have major implications for research and care in under‐represented groups(URGs). We us...

Background Amyloid PET (Positron Emission Tomography) is crucial in detecting amyloid burden within the brain. However, the diversity of amyloid tracers and the scarcity of paired data significantly challenge the collaboration between cross‐center studies. In this research, we introduce a novel patch‐based 3D end‐to‐end image transformation model....

Background Different PET tracers can be used to measure neuritic amyloid plaque deposition in human brain. While mean cortical‐to‐cerebellar standard uptake value ratios (SUVRs) generated using different radiotracer methods can be transformed into Centiloid measurements to facilitate comparisons among the resulting amyloid plaque measurements, the...

Background Tangle burden, one of the hallmarks of Alzheimer’s Disease, is thought to accumulate and spread throughout the brain in a distinctive pattern starting from the entorhinal cortex following Braak stages as characterized in neuropathological studies. Longitudinal tau PET allows us to investigate in vivo the tau spread in an individual and s...

Background Plasma tau phosphorylated at threonine 231 (p‐tau231) is a promising novel biomarker of emerging Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology. We aimed to characterize cross‐sectional and longitudinal plasma p‐tau231 measurements and estimated ages of biomarker onset in an exceptionally large number of presenilin (PSEN1) E280A (Glu280Ala) mutation...

Background Previous studies have shown that carriage of the VEGF 1154A (rs1570360) and the VEGF 2578C (rs699947) alleles may confer a protective effect on the development of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). However, it is unknown if these associations are APOE‐dependent and whether they can be observed in asymptomatic individuals with varying levels of am...

Cross-modality translation between MRI and PET imaging is challenging due to the distinct mechanisms underlying these modalities. Blood-based biomarkers (BBBMs) are revolutionizing Alzheimer's disease (AD) detection by identifying patients and quantifying brain amyloid levels. However, the potential of BBBMs to enhance PET image synthesis remains u...

Early detection of Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) is crucial for timely interventions and optimizing treatment outcomes. Integrating multimodal neuroimaging datasets can enhance the early detection of AD. However, models must address the challenge of incomplete modalities, a common issue in real-world scenarios, as not all patients have access to all mod...

Amyloid PET imaging plays a crucial role in the diagnosis and research of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), allowing non-invasive detection of amyloid-β plaques in the brain. However, the low spatial resolution of PET scans limits the accurate quantification of amyloid deposition due to partial volume effects (PVE). In this study, we propose a novel approa...

Retinal fundus photography enhancement is important for diagnosing and monitoring retinal diseases. However, early approaches to retinal image enhancement, such as those based on Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs), often struggle to preserve the complex topological information of blood vessels, resulting in spurious or missing vessel structures...

Amyloid PET imaging plays a crucial role in the diagnosis and research of Alzheimer's disease (AD), allowing non-invasive detection of amyloid-β plaques in the brain. However, the low spatial resolution of PET scans limits accurate quantification of amyloid deposition due to partial volume effects (PVE). In this study, we propose a novel approach t...

Background Apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotypes have been suggested to influence cognitive impairment and clinical onset in presenilin-1 (PSEN1) E280A carriers for autosomal dominant Alzheimer’s disease (ADAD). Less is known about their impact on the trajectory of biomarker changes. Neurofilament light chain (NfL), a marker of neurodegeneration, begin...

Learning from multimodal datasets can leverage complementary information and improve performance in prediction tasks. A commonly used strategy to account for feature correlations in high-dimensional datasets is the latent variable approach. Several latent variable methods have been proposed for multimodal datasets. However, these methods either foc...

Retinal fundus photography is significant in diagnosing and monitoring retinal diseases. However, systemic imperfections and operator/patient-related factors can hinder the acquisition of high-quality retinal images. Previous efforts in retinal image enhancement primarily relied on GANs, which are limited by the trade-off between training stability...

Background Amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques play a pivotal role in Alzheimer’s disease. The current positron emission tomography (PET) is expensive and limited in availability. In contrast, blood-based biomarkers (BBBMs) show potential for characterizing Aβ plaques more affordably. We have previously proposed an MRI-based hippocampal morphometry measure to b...

Background Traumatic encephalopathy syndrome (TES) is defined as the clinical manifestation of the neuropathological entity chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE). A core feature of TES is neurobehavioral dysregulation (NBD), a neuropsychiatric syndrome in repetitive head impact (RHI)-exposed individuals, characterized by a poor regulation of emoti...

INTRODUCTION Machine learning (ML) can optimize amyloid (Aβ) comparability among positron emission tomography (PET) radiotracers. Using multi‐regional florbetapir (FBP) measures and ML, we report better Pittsburgh compound‐B (PiB)/FBP harmonization of mean‐cortical Aβ (mcAβ) than Centiloid. METHODS PiB‐FBP pairs from 92 subjects in www.oasis‐brain...

Age is one of the major known risk factors for Alzheimer’s Disease (AD). Detecting AD early is crucial for effective treatment and preventing irreversible brain damage. Brain age, a measure derived from brain imaging reflecting structural changes due to aging, may have the potential to identify AD onset, assess disease risk, and plan targeted inter...

Ordinal learning (OL) is a type of machine learning models with broad utility in health care applications such as diagnosis of different grades of a disease (e.g., mild, modest, severe) and prediction of the speed of disease progression (e.g., very fast, fast, moderate, slow). This paper aims to tackle a situation when precisely labeled samples are...

Age is one of the major known risk factors for Alzheimer's Disease (AD). Detecting AD early is crucial for effective treatment and preventing irreversible brain damage. Brain age, a measure derived from brain imaging reflecting structural changes due to aging, may have the potential to identify AD onset, assess disease risk, and plan targeted inter...

Background The interaction between the BDNF Val66Met gene and APOE ε4 gene on Alzheimer’s disease (AD) pathology is not fully understood. We aimed to determine how this interaction impacts PET based amyloid and tau measurements, hippocampal volume, and auditory verbal learning tests (AVLT) performance in cognitively unimpaired (CU) older adults. M...

Background We previously reported stronger associations of FDG‐PET measured glucose hypometabolism with florbetapir PET measured Aβ deposition quantified using Standard Uptake Value Ratio (SUVR) with a cerebral white matter reference region (SUVR wm ) compared to the commonly used SUVR with cerebellar reference region (SUVR crblm ) both cross‐secti...

Background Addressing modifiable risk is an important part of a comprehensive strategy to reduce the risk of incident mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and dementia. Alcohol use is one modifiable risk factor with good potential for early identification and intervention. Substantial evidence demonstrates that chronic and heavy alcohol use increases th...

Background Age‐related changes in human brain may contribute to the development of age‐related neurodegenerative diseases. It may be possible to estimate “brain age” from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and the difference between a person’s brain and chronological age, ∆ age , reflecting whether a person’s brain has been aging faster or slower tha...

Background We previously examined the impact of using a cerebellar, pons, or cerebral white matter (WM) reference region (RR) on the ability of each to distinguish cortical measures of fibrillar amyloid‐(Aβ) deposition with baseline data in unimpaired presenilin (PSEN1) E280A mutation carriers and non‐carriers (NC) from the Alzheimer’s Prevention I...

Background Postmortem brain tissues have been used to characterize some of the molecular networks and drivers associated with Alzheimer’s disease (AD). In this study, we extend our previous work of a deep learning approach to characterize the molecular changes associated with the severity of AD‐related neuropathology and cognitive impairment, by ap...

Background Amyloid PET tracers, typically used to track cerebral amyloid changes in Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) patients, have been recently suggested to measure cerebral white matter (WM) integrity due to structural similarity between myelin and amyloid. We previously reported significant associations of amyloid neuroimaging marker, Pittsburgh Compou...

Background Prediction of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) risk for individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) provides an opportunity for early intervention. Neuroimaging of different types/modalities has shown promise, but not every patient has all the modalities due to the cost and accessibility constraints. To integrate incomplete multi‐modality d...

Background Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) is a neurodegenerative disease thought to be caused, in part, by repetitive head impact (RHI) exposure and characterized by phosphorylated tau deposition with varying patterns in the cerebral cortex. Flortaucipir tau PET data from the DIAGNOSE CTE Research Project was examined to investigate tau PET...

Background Epidemiological evidence has repeatedly demonstrated elevated systolic blood pressure (SBP) in midlife as a modifiable risk factor for Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Dementia (ADRD) later in life. Despite SBP being readily treatable with safe and inexpensive medications, no clinical intervention implementing a lower SBP goal (<120 mm Hg...

Background Multiple amyloid tracers with varying characteristics pose a significant challenge to standardized interpretation and quantification of amyloid PET measurements. We previously demonstrated that a deep learning based 2D residual inception encoder‐decoder network (RIED‐Net) architecture improved harmonization of florbetapir (FBP) and PiB P...

Background Epidemiological evidence has repeatedly demonstrated elevated systolic blood pressure (SBP) in midlife as a modifiable risk factor for Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Dementia (ADRD) later in life. Despite SBP being readily treatable with safe and inexpensive medications, no clinical intervention implementing a lower SBP goal (<120 mm Hg...

INTRODUCTION Tau is a key pathology in chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE). Here, we report our findings in tau positron emission tomography (PET) measurements from the DIAGNOSE CTE Research Project. METHOD We compare flortaucipir PET measures from 104 former professional players (PRO), 58 former college football players (COL), and 56 same‐age...

INTRODUCTION The objective of this study is to characterize the molecular changes associated with AD from gene expression data of brain tissues taking an interpretable deep learning approach which has not been fully exploited. METHODS We trained multi-layer perceptron (MLP) models for the classification of neuropathologically confirmed AD vs. cont...

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a burden to the society and family. Applying computing-aided strategies to reveal its pathology is one of the research highlights. Plasma neurofilament light (NFL) is an emerging noninvasive and economic biomarker for AD molecular pathology. It is valuable to reveal the correlations between the plasma NFL levels and neur...

The use of biomarkers for the early detection of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is crucial for developing potential therapeutic treatments. Positron Emission Tomography (PET) is a well-established tool used to detect β-amyloid (Aβ) plaques in the brain. Previous studies have shown that cross-sectional biomarkers can predict cognitive decline (Schindler e...

Background Amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques play a pivotal role in Alzheimer’s disease. The current positron emission tomography (PET) is expensive and limited in availability. In contrast, blood-based biomarkers (BBBMs) show potential for characterizing Aβ plaques more affordably. We have previously proposed an MRI-based hippocampal morphometry measure to b...

Objective Cortical thinning is a marker of neurodegeneration. Individuals with autosomal dominant Alzheimer’s disease (ADAD) develop early-onset dementia with virtually 100% certainty. Cortical thickness fluctuates across the ADAD lifespan, from early-life increased thickness to atrophy proximal to clinical onset. Females have higher cortical thick...

Early diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is an important task that facilitates the development of treatment and prevention strategies, and may potentially improve patient outcomes. Neuroimaging has shown great promise, including the amyloid-PET, which measures the accumulation of amyloid plaques in the brain—a hallmark of AD. It is desirable to...

Early detection of Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) is crucial for timely interventions and optimizing treatment outcomes. Despite the promise of integrating multimodal neuroimages such as MRI and PET, handling datasets with incomplete modalities remains under-researched. This phenomenon, however, is common in real-world scenarios as not every patient has...

Autosomal dominant Alzheimer’s disease (ADAD) is genetically determined, but variability in age of symptom onset suggests additional factors may influence cognitive trajectories. Although apolipoprotein E ( APOE ) genotype and educational attainment both influence dementia onset in sporadic AD, evidence for these effects in ADAD is limited. To inve...

The Dominantly Inherited Alzheimer Network (DIAN) is an international collaboration studying autosomal dominant Alzheimer disease (ADAD). ADAD arises from mutations occurring in three genes. Offspring from ADAD families have a 50% chance of inheriting their familial mutation, so non-carrier siblings can be recruited for comparisons in case–control...

Background The existence of multiple amyloid tracers with varied characteristics poses a significant challenge to standardized interpretation and quantification of amyloid PET data. We previously demonstrated that a deep learning model using a residual inception encoder‐decoder network (RIED‐Net) architecture improved harmonization of florbetapir (...

Background Some but not all studies have found compromised myocardial function and amyloid deposition, related or unrelated to amyloid‐β pathology itself, in persons with late‐onset Alzheimer’s Disease (AD). Other changes in QT interval, heart rate variability, and QRS voltages have been described in the electrocardiogram (ECG), but those are not c...

Background It is well recognized that β‐amyloid (Aβ) pathology plays an important role in Alzheimer Disease (AD) pathophysiology. The amount of Aβ in the brain varies substantially within both preclinical and symptomatic AD populations. Part of this inter‐individual variability in amyloid pathology may be explained by the genotype variation of Apol...

Background Age is the biggest risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Substantial efforts to extract age signatures from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain have achieved impressive accuracy and demonstrated these signatures were altered by neurological disorders including AD. In this work, we develop a deep learning model to characteri...

Background We previously found greater spatial extent of flortaucipir (tau) PET elevations in Arizona‐Boston (DETECT) Study of 26 former National Football League (NFL) players than in 31 normal controls—using a voxel‐based Majority Count Statistics (MCS) algorithm which enabled us to detect tau PET abnormalities in the player group free from the in...

Introduction: Plasma tau phosphorylated at threonine 217 (P-tau217) and neurofilament light (NfL) have emerged as markers of Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology. Few studies have examined the role of sex in plasma biomarkers in sporadic AD, yielding mixed findings, and none in autosomal dominant AD. Methods: We examined the effects of sex and age...

We characterized the world’s second case with ascertained extreme resilience to autosomal dominant Alzheimer’s disease (ADAD). Side-by-side comparisons of this male case and the previously reported female case with ADAD homozygote for the APOE3 Christchurch (APOECh) variant allowed us to discern common features. The male remained cognitively intact...

Background Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common type of age-related dementia, affecting 6.2 million people aged 65 or older according to CDC data. It is commonly agreed that discovering an effective AD diagnosis biomarker could have enormous public health benefits, potentially preventing or delaying up to 40% of dementia cases. Tau neurofibr...

Early diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an important task that facilitates the development of treatment and prevention strategies and may potentially improve patient outcomes. Neuroimaging has shown great promise, including the amyloid-PET which measures the accumulation of amyloid plaques in the brain - a hallmark of AD. It is desirable to...

Abstract Background Plasma neurofilament light (NfL) is an indicator of neurodegeneration and/or neuroaxonal injury in persons with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and a wide range of other neurological disorders. Here, we characterized and compared plasma NfL concentrations in cognitively unimpaired (CU) late-middle-aged and older adults with two, one, o...

Purpose Pittsburgh Compound-B (¹¹C-PiB) and ¹⁸F-florbetapir are amyloid-β (Aβ) positron emission tomography (PET) radiotracers that have been used as endpoints in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) clinical trials to evaluate the efficacy of anti-Aβ monoclonal antibodies. However, comparing drug effects between and within trials may become complicated if dif...

Background: Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is the most common type of age-related dementia, affecting 6.2 million people aged 65 or older according to CDC data. It is commonly agreed that discovering an effective AD diagnosis biomarker could have enormous public health benefits, potentially preventing or delaying up to 40% of dementia cases. Tau neurofib...

Introduction Tau PET imaging has emerged as an important tool to detect and monitor tangle burden in vivo in the study of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Previous studies demonstrated the association of tau burden with cognitive decline in probable AD cohorts. This study introduces a novel approach to analyze tau PET data by constructing individualized t...

Introduction The mechanisms linking motor function to Alzheimer's disease (AD) progression have not been well studied, despite evidence of AD pathology within motor brain regions. Thus, there is a need for new motor measure that is sensitive and specific to AD. Methods In a sample of 121 older adults (54 cognitive unimpaired [CU], 35 amnestic Mild...

Background Degeneration of the serotonin system has been observed in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and in mild cognitive impairment (MCI). In transgenic amyloid mouse models, serotonin degeneration is detected prior to widespread cortical beta-amyloid (Aβ) deposition, also suggesting that serotonin degeneration may be observed in preclinical AD. Methods...

Background Patterns of cognitive impairment in former American football players are uncertain because objective neuropsychological data are lacking. This study characterized the neuropsychological test performance of former college and professional football players. Methods One hundred seventy male former football players ( n =111 professional, n...

Introduction: Plasma-measured tau phosphorylated at threonine 217 (p-tau217) is a potential non-invasive biomarker of Alzheimer's disease (AD). We investigated whether plasma p-tau217 predicts subsequent cognition and positron emission tomography (PET) markers of pathology in autosomal dominant AD. Methods: We analyzed baseline levels of plasma...

Some but not all studies suggested an association of serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SRIs) with a reduction in “magnitude” of amyloid‐β (Aβ) plaque burden. Using PET images from ADNI‐DOD and a voxel‐based Majority Count Algorithm (MCA), we demonstrated that cognitively unimpaired veterans with post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) had significantly...

Binding of 18F‐Flortaucipir (FTP) has qualitatively been noted in the skull. We investigate the characteristics of this off‐target signal, as well as its impact on regional PET analyses. FTP tau PET, 18F‐Florbetapir (FBP) amyloid PET, head CT, and T1‐weighted MR images were acquired for 313 cognitively unimpaired and impaired older participants. A...

Plasma ptau is a promising indicator of amyloid‐β (Aβ) mediated tau pathophysiology. We previously characterized the ability of Lilly’s MesoScale Discovery (MSD)‐based plasma ptau217 and ptau181 assays to discriminate between those with and without the neuropathological diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) in Banner research participants with near...

The existence of multiple amyloid tracers with varied characteristics poses a significant challenge to standardized interpretation and quantification of amyloid PET data. We previously demonstrated that a deep learning model using a residual inception encoder‐decoder network (RIED‐Net) architecture improved harmonization of florbetapir (FBP) and Pi...

Machine learning (ML) has shown great promise for integrating multi‐modality neuroimaging datasets to predict the risk of converting to AD for individuals with Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI). Most existing work aims to classify MCI patients into converters versus non‐converters. The limitation is a lack of granularity in differentiating MCI patien...

Age is the biggest risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Substantial efforts to extract age signatures from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain have achieved impressive accuracy and demonstrated these signatures were altered by neurological disorders including AD. In this work, we develop a deep learning model to characterize brain ag...

APOE‐ε4 allele (APOE4) increases the risk for sporadic Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and is associated with an earlier onset of AD dementia. However, previous studies have shown conflicting results on the association of APOE4 with the age of dementia onset in individuals with autosomal dominant AD (ADAD). Here, we examined the impact of APOE4 genotype o...

Binding of 18F‐Flortaucipir (FTP) has qualitatively been noted in the skull. We investigate the characteristics of this off‐target signal, as well as its impact on regional PET analyses. FTP tau PET, 18F‐Florbetapir (FBP) amyloid PET, head CT, and T1‐weighted MR images were acquired for 313 cognitively unimpaired and impaired older participants. A...

Early prediction of the AD risk for individuals with MCI has important clinical value. Machine Learning (ML) models integrating multi‐modality neuroimaging datasets have shown great promise. Existing approaches either require all the modalities or suffer from performance loss with fewer modalities. We proposed a data‐efficient ML framework, namely...

Introduction: Distinguishing Alzheimer's disease (AD) patient subgroups may optimize positive clinical outcomes. Cortical atrophy is correlated with memory deficits, but these associations are understudied in American Indians. Methods: We collected imaging and cognition data in the Strong Heart Study (SHS), a cohort of 11 tribes across three reg...

The impact of sex steroid hormones on Alzheimer’s disease (AD) remains to be further clarified. Research suggests that shorter reproductive span, late menarcheal age, early menopause, oophorectomies and hysterectomies, are associated with increased dementia risk. We examined reproductive health and its associations with brain imaging and cognitive...

APOE4 gene dose, the number of apolipoprotein E ‐ɛ4 (APOE4) ɛ4 alleles in a person’s genotype, is associated with higher Alzheimer’s disease (AD) risk and younger median age at dementia onset. We previously found relationships between PET, plasma, and measurements of core AD CSF biomarkers in APOE4 gene dose. Here, we characterize longitudinal neur...

Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) is a neurodegenerative disease that is characterized by perivascular foci of phosphorylated tau (p‐tau) notably in the depths of sulci, with varying patterns in the cerebral cortex. Prior studies show elevated flortaucipir (FTP) PET binding in former American professional football players(PRO). However, the as...

The Colombian kindred affected by the autosomal dominant AD causative mutation PSEN1 E280A are an invaluable population in determining the utility of blood biomarkers (BB) and how additional risk factors may affect BB years to decades prior to symptom onset. Neurofilament light (NfL) (Quiroz et al., 2020) and phospho‐tau 217 (p‐tau217) (Palmqvist e...

Background Amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques and tau protein tangles in the brain are the defining ‘A’ and ‘T’ hallmarks of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and together with structural atrophy detectable on brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans as one of the neurodegenerative (‘N’) biomarkers comprise the “ATN framework” of AD. Current methods to detect Aβ/t...

Introduction: Several studies have suggested that greater adiposity in older adults is associated with a lower risk of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) related cognitive decline, some investigators have postulated that this association may be due to the protective effects of the adipose tissue-derived hormone leptin. In this study we sought to demonstrate...