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Introduction
My work covers various active tectonic spots of the world and use different technics. For a full overview of the publications please visit my own webpage where you can find free PDF of papers. (www.ipgp.fr/~klinger)
Additional affiliations
January 2015 - present
October 2001 - September 2011
September 1999 - September 2001
Publications
Publications (276)
Quantifying coseismic fault offsets for surface ruptures of major earthquakes is important for earthquake cycle and slip-rate studies, and thus for earthquake hazard assessments. However, measurements of such offsets generally underestimate fault slip due to inelastic deformation and secondary fault offsets, i.e., off-fault damage. Here, we use sat...
Earthquake ruptures produce fault slip and kilometer‐wide diffuse deformation of the host rocks. However, the origin of the diffuse deformation and its role in the rupture process are debated. We produce a refined slip model for the 2019 Ridgecrest, California, earthquakes, and analyze the relations between down‐dip rupture process, and surface dif...
Plain Language Summary
Large earthquakes can cause significant surface ruptures, which often spatially coincide with severe seismic disasters. Therefore, understanding where large coseismic slip occurs is crucial for mitigating hazards. Off‐fault damage is an indispensable component of fault zone structure, and its impact on seismic behavior has be...
The understanding of the spatial‐temporal distribution of past earthquakes is essential to assess the event recurrence behavior and to estimate the size of potential earthquakes along active strike‐slip fault systems. However, the scarcity of paleoseismic data remains a major hurdle in this endeavor. This is the case of the longest strike‐slip faul...
The Levant Fault System (LFS), a 1200 km-long left-lateral strike-slip fault connecting the Red Sea to the East Anatolian fault, is a major source of seismic hazard in the Levant. In this study, we focus on improving regional Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Assessment (PSHA) models by considering the interconnected nature of the LFS, which challenges...
Offset geomorphic markers are commonly used to interpret slip history of strike‐slip faults and have played an important role in forming earthquake recurrence models. These data sets are typically analyzed using cumulative probability methods to interpret average amounts of slip in past earthquakes. However, interpretation of the geomorphic record...
Tectonics is broadly accepted as one of the main factors controlling long-term landscape evolution. The impact of tectonics on short timescales is most often observed through earthquake rupturings that produce localized, metric-scale deformations. Although these deformations significantly affect the landscape, it remains challenging to precisely co...
Understanding the anisotropic reflectance of complex Earth surfaces from satellite imagery is crucial for numerous applications. Neural radiance fields (NeRF) have become popular as a machine learning technique capable of deducing the bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) of a scene from multiple images. However, prior research has...
Close to its southern end where it connects to the Red Sea rift, the Dead Sea strike‐slip fault (DSF) becomes trans‐tensional in the Gulf of Aqaba. Details of this transition, however, remain difficult to unravel as most of the active tectonic structures are located off‐shore. This study focuses on uplifted marine terraces located in the Gulf of Aq...
The 14 August 2021 Haiti earthquake mainly portrayed reverse motion to the east near L’Asile town and left‐lateral strike‐slip motion to the west near Camp‐Perrin town. To map the rupture and infer its segmentation, we conducted the first post‐seismic field reconnaissance along the left‐lateral strike‐slip Enriquillo fault from L’Asile to Macaya mo...
Plain Language Summary
One of the frontiers in earthquake science is to understand the complexity of earthquake rupture and the controlling factors. Probing the effect of fault maturity, among various structural and rheologic properties, has gained increasingly popularity in recent years. Yet direct observations linking individual earthquake ruptur...
Understanding the long-term seismic behavior of oceanic transform faults is challenging because their location underwater generally prevents the use of classical paleoseismological techniques. The Húsavík-Flatey fault (HFF) in northern Iceland, however, is a partially emerged oceanic transform fault accommodating 6–9 mm/yr of deformation, offering...
Reported fault slip rates, a key quantity for earthquake hazard and risk analyses, have been inconsistent for the northern Dead Sea fault (DSF). Studies of offset geological and archeological structures suggest a slip rate of 4 to 6 millimeters per year, consistent with the southern DSF, whereas geodetic slip-rate estimates are only 2 to 3 millimet...
Although ample historical and paleoseismological information is available on major past earthquakes along the onland part of the Dead Sea Fault, knowledge of the seismic behavior of its southernmost part in the Gulf of Aqaba has remained limited. To fill this gap and improve our understanding of the seismic potential of the submarine faults in the...
Surface deformation associated with continental earthquake ruptures includes localized deformation on the faults, as well as deformation in the surrounding medium though distributed and/or diffuse processes. However, the connection of the diffuse part of the surface deformation to the overall rupture process, as well as its underlying physical mech...
Les séismes sont parmi les manifestations les plus destructrices de la dynamique interne de la Terre. Cet ouvrage analyse le cycle sismique à différentes échelles de temps : le séisme (quelques secondes), les phases post-sismique (quelques années à dizaines d’années) et inter-sismique (quelques dizaines à centaines d’années), et enfin la déformatio...
On 6 February 2023, two large earthquakes with magnitude 7.8 and 7.6 rocked south-central Türkiye and northwestern Syria. At the time of writing, the death toll exceeded 50,000 in Türkiye and 7200 in Syria. The epicenter of the first mainshock was located ∼15 km east of the east Anatolian fault (EAF), the second large earthquake (9 hr later) initia...
Large earthquakes breaking the frontal faults of the Himalayan thrust system produce surface ruptures, quickly altered due to the monsoon conditions. Therefore, the location and existence of the Mw8.3 1934 Bihar–Nepal surface ruptures remain vividly disputed. Even though, previous studies revealed remnants of this surface rupture at the western end...
The present work develops a comprehensive probabilistic seismic hazard study for Lebanon, a country prone to a high seismic hazard since it is located along the Levant fault system. The historical seismicity has documented devastating earthquakes which have struck this area. Contrarily, the instrumental period is typical of a low-to-moderate seismi...
Evolution of the off-fault deformation...
Continental earthquakes produce both localized deformation on faults and diffuse deformation in the surrounding medium. Diffuse deformation can occur up to ~2 km from the faults, and may accommodate a significant part of the surface displacement associated with the earthquake. However, the origin of the diffuse deformation and its role in the ruptu...
Continental earthquakes produce both localized slip on faults and diffuse deformation in the surrounding medium, up to 1-2 kilometers from the faults. However, the origin of the diffuse deformation and its role in the rupture process are still debated. Here, we perform a joint inversion of InSAR, GNSS, and high-resolution optical correlation data a...
Earthquake ruptures produce fault slip and kilometer-wide diffuse deformation of the host rocks. However, the origin of the diffuse deformation and its role in the rupture process are debated. We produce a refined slip model for the 2019 Ridgecrest, California, earthquakes, and analyze the relations between down-dip rupture process, and surface dif...
Observations of recent earthquake surface ruptures show that ground deformations include a localized component occurring on faults, and an off‐fault component affecting the surrounding medium. This second component is also referred to as off‐fault deformation (OFD). The localized component generally occurs on complex networks of faults that connect...
Earthquakes on strike-slip faults are preserved in the geomorphic record by offset landforms that span a range of displacements, from small offsets created in the most recent earthquake (MRE) to large offsets that record cumulative slip from multiple prior events. An exponential decay in the number of large cumulative offsets has been observed on m...
The objective of paleoseismology is to reconstruct the longest possible earthquake sequences in order to understand how deformation is accommodated over time for a specific fault system. This chapter describes the methods used for faults at sea. It reviews a set of techniques based on secondary observations, which can give information on the occurr...
The present work develops a comprehensive probabilistic seismic hazard study for Lebanon, a country prone to a high seismic hazard since it is located along the Levant fault system. The historical seismicity has documented devastating earthquakes which have struck this area. Contrarily, the instrumental period is typical of a low-to-moderate seismi...
The geometry of continental fault systems, and more specifically the spatial organization of faults, is a central topic to understand how earthquake ruptures start, propagate, and stop. By exploring the origin of unexpected high frequency emission during earthquakes, Chu et al. (2021), (https://doi.org/10.1029/2021GL095271) show that the most likel...
Geometrical complexities such as bends and branches are ubiquitous along strike‐slip faults. Understanding strain partitioning between the different fault strands along such sections is key to assessing kinematics and evolution through time of a fault system and related seismic hazards. The Haiyuan fault, one of the longest strike‐slip faults of th...
Most earthquake ruptures propagate at speeds below the shear wave velocity within the crust, but in some rare cases, ruptures reach supershear speeds. The physics underlying the transition of natural subshear earthquakes to supershear ones is currently not fully understood. Most observational studies of supershear earthquakes have focused on determ...
The North Anatolian Fault (NAF) in the Marmara region is composed of three parallel strands all separated by ∼50 km. The activity of the middle strand, which borders the southern edge of the Marmara Sea, is much debated because of its present‐day very low seismicity. This contrasts with historical, archeological and paleoseismological evidence, whi...
Plain Language Summary
Geologic faults, including strike‐slip faults, are not continuous smooth structures. Detailed fault mapping and earthquake rupture traces show that they are rather formed by discontinuous segments bounded by jogs and bends. The structure of faults impacts the way a rupture propagates during an earthquake, and eventually where...
The spatial distribution of large earthquakes in slowly deforming continental regions (SDCR) is poorly documented and, thus, has often been deemed to be random. Unlike in high strain regions, where seismic activity concentrates along major active faults, earthquakes in SDCR may seem to occur more erratically in space and time. This questions classi...
The 2019 Mw 6.4 and 7.1 Ridgecrest, California, earthquake sequence (July 2019) ruptured consecutively a system of high-angle strike-slip cross faults (northeast- and northwest- trending) within 34 hr. The complex rupture mechanism was illuminated by seismological and geodetic data, bringing forward the issue of the interdependency of the two fault...
Although the Dead Sea Transform fault system has been extensively studied in the past, little has been known about the present-day kinematics of its southernmost portion that is offshore in the Gulf of Aqaba. Here we present a new GPS velocity field based on three surveys conducted between 2015 and 2019 at 30 campaign sites, complemented by 11 perm...
The North Anatolian fault in the Marmara region is composed of three parallel strands all separated by ~50 km. The activity of the middle strand, which borders the southern edge of the Marmara Sea, is much debated because of its present-day very low seismicity. The weak seismic activity observed today along the middle strand contrasts with historic...
Detailed knowledge of fault geometry is important for accurate seismic hazard assessment. The Gulf of Aqaba, which corresponds to the southern termination of the 1200‐km‐long Dead Sea fault system, remains one of the least known parts of this plate boundary fault, in large part due to its location offshore. Classically, the Gulf of Aqaba has been d...
Keywords: Seismic hazard; Probabilistic forecasting; Lebanon.
Probabilistic seismic hazard assessment (PSHA) consists in determining exceedance probabilities of given ground-motion levels, over future time windows. PSHA relies on source models, that describe the occurrence of future earthquakes, in terms of locations and magnitudes, and on ground-...
The spatial distribution of large earthquakes in Slowly Deforming Continental Regions (SDCR) is poorly documented and, thus, has often been deemed to be random. Unlike in high strain regions, where seismic activity concentrates cyclically along major active faults, earthquakes in SDCR may seem to occur more erratically in space and time. This quest...
Segment lengths along major strike-slip faults exhibit a size dependency related to the brittle crust thickness. These segments result in the formation of the localized “P-shear” deformation crossing and connecting the initial Riedels structures (i.e. en-echelon fault structures) which formed during the genesis stage of the fault zone. Mechanical m...
Segment lengths along major strike-slip faults exhibit a size dependency related to the brittle crust thickness. These segments result in the formation of the localized “P-shear” deformation crossing and connecting the initial Riedels structures (i.e. en-echelon fault structures) which formed during the genesis stage of the fault zone. Mechanical m...
In July 1905, two M~8 earthquakes occurred on the Bulnay left-lateral fault and the Tsetserleg oblique fault, in northwestern Mongolia. With a total length of 676 km, this is one of the largest and best-preserved earthquake sequences documented in a continental context, offering a unique opportunity to gain insights into the behavior of large strik...
To better constrain the long-term millennial slip rate of the Haiyuan fault in its central part, we revisited the site of Daqing, where there are multiple paired offset terraces. We used 0.1-m-resolution terrestrial light detection and ranging (LiDAR) and uncrewed aerial vehicle imagery to survey the offset terraces, quantify their geomorphology, a...
The largest and most destructive earthquakes in Iceland have occurred in the two transform zones in the southwest of the country and near its north coast. Within the northern zone, the 100 km-long Húsavík-Flatey fault (HFF) is the most important ge-ologic structure, due to its location near the coast and under the town of Húsavík. Large earthquakes...
Multiple fault segments ruptured during the 2014 Yutian earthquake, but the detailed source parameters and the mechanism of rupture complexity remain poorly understood. Here, we use high-resolution TanDEM-X satellite data and Satellite Pour l’Observation de la Terre-6/7 images to map the coseismic ground deformation field of the event. We find that...
The 2013 Mw 7.7 Balochistan earthquake ruptured the Hoshab fault (Pakistan) over 200 km. It was dominated by left‐lateral slip, with a secondary reverse component. By combining optical (SPOT 5 and Landsat 8) and radar satellite data (RADARSAT‐2 and TerraSAR‐X ScanSAR), we derive the 3‐D coseismic displacement field and the slip distribution. Our mo...
Strike-slip faults are generally described as continuous structures, while they are actually formed of successive segments separated by geometrical complexities. Although this along-strike segmentation is known to affect the overall dynamics of earthquakes, the physical processes governing the scale of this segmentation remain unclear. Here, we use...
In 1905, two M~8 continental strike-slip earthquakes occurred along the Bulnay fault system, in the northwestern part of Mongolia. After a first earthquake that ruptured the Tsetserleg oblique fault strand, the second event ruptured the main Bulnay fault 14 days later. With a total rupture of 676 km, these two earthquakes constitute the largest con...
The relation between slip at the near surface and at depth during earthquakes is still not fully resolved at the moment. This deficiency leads to large uncertainties in the evaluation of the magnitude of past earthquakes based on surface observations, which is the only accessible evidence for such events. A better knowledge of the way slip distribu...
The Enriquillo-Plantain Garden Fault (EPGF) ruptured several times in Haiti, producing large historical earthquakes (e.g., 18 October 1751, 21 November 1751, and 3 June 1770). Their location and lateral extents are poorly known. The most devastating one, the Mw7.0, 12 January 2010 earthquake should have been the occasion to constrain the fault kine...
Define as a transform plate boundary, the Dead Sea Fault (DSF) extends from the compressive Taurus mountain in its northern part, to the Red Sea extensive system (RSS) in its southern part. Located at the junction between the DSF and the RSS, Tiran Island shows evidence of an active tectonic evolution. The southern side of the island is uplifted an...
The Haiyuan fault is a major left‐lateral strike‐slip fault at the boundary between northeast Tibet and the Gobi platform. Combining measurements of offset alluvial terraces with ¹⁰Be‐²⁶Al cosmogenic radionuclides dating, we bracket the late Quaternary slip rate along the Hasi Shan fault section (37°00′N, 104°25′E) of the Haiyuan fault. At our refe...
Field studies have characterized natural faults as rough, nonplanar surfaces at all scales. Fault roughness induces local stress perturbations during slip, which dramatically affect rupture behavior, resulting in slip heterogeneity. However, the relation between fault roughness and slip heterogeneity remains a key knowledge gap between current nume...