
Wolfgang EisenreichTechnical University of Munich | TUM · Faculty of Chemistry
Wolfgang Eisenreich
Apl. Prof. Dr.
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540
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Introduction
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January 2012 - February 2019
January 1990 - January 2016
May 1987 - present
Publications
Publications (540)
Background/Objectives: Cashew nutshell liquid (CNSL) is obtained during the industrial processing of cashew nuts. It contains anacardic acid (2-hydroxy-6-n-pentadecylbenzoic acid) and cardanol (3-n-pentadecylphenol). Therefore, CNSL provides a rich source of phenolic lipids serving as natural antioxidants or precursors for industrial uses. Here, we...
Wars have devastating effects on all the components of the One Health approach: humans, animals, and ecosystems. Wars and the resulting migratory waves massively disrupt normal animal health services and surveillance. Among other consequences, they adversely impact the early detection, prevention, and control of animal diseases. Uncontrolled moveme...
Salmonella serotypes Enteritidis (SE) and Typhimurium are thought to be the most significant serovars in terms of human infections, having the most effects on public health. In addition, chicken products continue to be the main source of illness for humans. The global chicken supply is getting increasingly interconnected, and the infection of SE is...
In recent years, the global poultry industry has faced unprecedented challenges in maintaining the health and productivity of poultry flocks, compounded by the escalating concerns surrounding the widespread use of antibiotics. As the industry strives to address these challenges, an innovative and promising alternative has emerged: the use of bacter...
The demand for biotics as alternatives to antibiotics that promote growth and lessen the use of antimicrobials in poultry farms is fueled by recent worldwide regulations and consumer expectations. Phytogenic substances are becoming increasingly valuable options because many of these natural compounds possess anti-inflammatory and antioxidant proper...
Maintaining gut health is essential to reduce disease incidence and improve production performance. This chapter focuses on how to enhance production by maintaining intestinal health in chickens. Several components, such as goblet cells, mucin, tight junctions, enterocytes, and Paneth cells, play a significant role in maintaining gut health. They w...
The gut microbiota, a hidden metabolic organ, is the immune system’s largest and most complex part. It is vital to maintaining the host organisms’ health. The gut microbial community comprises hundreds of trillions of bacteria, viruses, fungi, archaea, and bacteriophages. Generally, the predominant bacterial phyla in chickens include Firmicutes, Pr...
Stress can trigger inflammation and provoke adverse reactions. In poultry, chronic stress may be caused by various causes, including dysbiosis. Heat stress, mycotoxins, and an oxidized diet can also reduce the animal’s performance and heighten its vulnerability to infections. Heat stress can disrupt gut–tight junctions and generate free radicals, s...
The use of antibiotics in commercial poultry is being phased out due in part to changing consumer preferences and increased concern for antibiotic resistance. Consumer preference is a major market driver and the use of antibiotics growth promoters over time has led to antimicrobial resistance. This is also true in the case of anticoccidial drugs in...
The poultry industry faces a critical challenge: antibiotic resistance. Once considered miraculous, antibiotics now breed resilient pathogens, endangering poultry health and global food security. Widespread antibiotic use has created resistant strains, threatening poultry and public health. Peptides, with diverse structures and functions, emerge as...
Mycotoxins are toxic chemicals produced by certain fungi and pose a significant threat to human and animal health through contaminated food and feed. These toxins, primarily produced by Aspergillus, Claviceps, Penicillium, Fusarium, and Alternaria fungi, can cause acute or chronic illness. Despite the identification of more than 500 mycotoxins, six...
Prebiotics, such as inulin and mannan-oligosaccharides, have demonstrated promising outcomes. Prebiotics are non-digestible feed elements that are metabolized by intestinal microbiota members and promote the host’s health. Prebiotics are primarily used to modulate the gut microbiota in a way that benefits the host animal, offering benefits to the i...
Probiotics are “live microbial feed additives that benefit the host by enhancing gut microbial balance” (eubiosis). Probiotics can be bacteria, fungi, or yeasts, and their use in poultry has progressively expanded over the years due to the rising demand for antibiotic alternatives. Although several microorganisms have been assessed to be used as pr...
This volume provides a comprehensive overview of poultry intestinal health and recent advances in alternatives to drug treatment of significant disorders. The chapters start with an insight into immunological processes and the communities of gut microbiota. In the following, a range of antibiotic alternatives in poultry feed and production manageme...
Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites, and they exploit the cellular pathways and resources of their respective host cells to survive and successfully multiply. The strategies of viruses concerning how to take advantage of the metabolic capabilities of host cells for their own replication can vary considerably. The most common metabolic alte...
Parasites are one of the most significant threats to the turkey industry, as they can cause severe economic losses. The prevalence of parasitosis has decreased over time, mainly in countries and regions where intensive production is carried out under conditions of greater biosecurity and sanitary control, in addition to the use of more efficient di...
Parasitosis refers to associations between two living beings of different species, where an individual known as the host (from the Latin hospitator-oris = host) provides a source of food, shelter, or transport to the other called parasite. The types of relationships between the host and the parasite can be diverse; in some cases, the parasite can f...
The feed industry has long known that inadequate dietary nutrient levels may not support optimum poultry health, performance, or welfare. However, the research on the effects of additional nutrients (amino acids, minerals, and vitamins) on turkeys is sparse and partly outdated. Turkeys are omnivores, but for economic reasons, they are fed largely v...
Changing trends in food consumption can distinctly influence consumers’ perspectives on farming form, type, and construction and production of feed, processing, and animal welfare. Organic farming has grown 70% in Europe over the last 10 years. Germany has the largest market for organic foods in the EU. Consumers may assume that foods labeled “natu...
Clostridial dermatitis (CD) or cellulitis is a per-acute fatal clostridial disease affecting turkeys primarily as they approach market age. C. septicum is primarily associated with CD in commercial turkeys. In 2010, the US Animal Health Association ranked CD among the top 10 infectious diseases affecting turkeys. Like gangrenous dermatitis (GD) in...
The primary natural reservoir of the H5N1 avian influenza virus is poultry and wild birds, particularly waterfowl. Nevertheless, the H5N1 virus subtype can potentially infect humans and other mammals, causing severe illness or even death. The virus is commonly transmitted through direct contact with infected birds or exposure to a contaminated envi...
Amino acids are one of the most important building blocks of life. During the biochemical process of translation, cells sequentially connect amino acids via amide bonds to synthesize proteins, using the genetic information in messenger RNA (mRNA) as a template. From a prebiotic perspective (i.e., without enzymatic catalysis), joining amino acids to...
To reduce the growing risk of antimicrobial resistance, there is an increasing demand to substitute synthetic antimicrobial growth promoters in animal production with safer natural chemicals or biological alternatives. Therefore, this chapter will focus on the use of probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, and postbiotics in poultry production. Probiot...
Metabolomics is a bottom-up approach to studying metabolism in living cells, tissues, organoids, or even whole organisms. In conjunction with genomics and proteomics, it is a crucial tool for better understanding complex biological systems. In comparison to genomics or proteomics, metabolomics more directly reflects the phenotype since it encompass...
Dissolved inorganic carbon has been hypothesized to stimulate microbial chemoautotrophic activity as a biological sink in the carbon cycle of deep subsurface environments. Here, we tested this hypothesis using quantitative DNA stable isotope probing of metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) at multiple 13C-labeled bicarbonate concentrations in hydroth...
The transition from inorganic catalysis through minerals to organic catalysis by enzymes is a necessary step in the emergence of life. Our work is elucidating likely reactions at the earliest moments of Life, prior to the existence of enzymatic catalysis, by exploring essential intersections between nickel bioinorganic chemistry and pterin biochemi...
In recent years, there have been significant growth and interest in cannabinoid-based drugs for a wide range of medical conditions, some of which are neurogenic diseases, pain control, and seizures. As there is an increased demand for cannabinoid-based drugs, it is necessary to adapt biotechnological techniques to develop new traits for the sophist...
Simple Summary
Heat stress is a critical problem in poultry farming. In the current study, we evaluated the potential use of Spirulina platensis (SP) and Allium sativum (garlic powder, GP) to alleviate the adverse effects of heat stress in commercial broilers. Our findings suggest that supplementing the diet of heat-stressed broiler chickens with S...
The sulfate-reducing culture N47 can grow with naphthalene and has a complete tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) and Wood-Ljungdahl pathway (WLP) while other organisms have only either of them. Here, we wanted to elucidate why N47 has two complete pathways potentially able to oxidize acetyl-CoA. Enzyme activities were measured in cell extracts indicati...
Chemical complexity is vital not only for the origin of life but also for biological evolution. The chemical evolution of a complex prebiotic mixture containing acetylene, carbon monoxide (CO), and nickel sulfide (NiS) has been analyzed with mass spectrometry as an untargeted approach to reaction monitoring. Here we show through isotopic 13C-labell...
Microscopic compartmentalization is beneficial in synthetic chemistry and indispensable for the evolution of life to separate a reactive “inside” from a hydrolyzing “outside”. Here, we show compartmentalization in aqueous solution containing mixtures of fatty acids up to 19 carbon atoms which were synthesized by one-pot reactions of acetylene and c...
Catalytic desaturations are important strategies for the functionalization of organic molecules. In nature, flavoenzymes mediate the formation of α,β‐unsaturated carbonyl compounds by concomitant cofactor reduction. Contrary to many laboratory methods for these reactions, such as the Saegusa‐Ito oxidation, no transition metal reagents or catalysts...
Catalytic desaturations are important strategies for the functionalization of organic molecules. In nature, flavoenzymes mediate the formation of α,β‐unsaturated carbonyl compounds by concomitant cofactor reduction. Contrary to many laboratory methods for these reactions, such as the Saegusa‐Ito oxidation, no transition metal reagents or catalysts...
The amoeba-resistant bacterium Legionella pneumophila causes Legionnaires' disease and employs a type IV secretion system (T4SS) to replicate in the unique, ER-associated Legionella-containing vacuole (LCV). The large fusion GTPase Sey1/atlastin is implicated in ER dynamics, ER-derived lipid droplet (LD) formation, and LCV maturation. Here we emplo...
Bacterial heptose metabolites, intermediates of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) biosynthesis, are novel microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) that activate proinflammatory signaling. In the gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori , heptoses are transferred into host cells by the Cag type IV secretion system, which is also involved in carcinogenesis.
The gastrointestinal tract provides the biological environment for nutrient digestion and absorption. Its physical and chemical barriers are crucial to protect from invading pathogens and toxic substances. On this basis, the intactness of the gastrointestinal tract, with its multiple functions and impacts, is one of the key prerequisites for human...
Respiratory complex I is a multicomponent enzyme conserved between eukaryotic cells and many bacteria, which couples oxidation of electron donors and quinone reduction with proton pumping. Here, we report that protein transport via the Cag type IV secretion system, a major virulence factor of the Gram-negative bacterial pathogen Helicobacter pylori...
The gastrointestinal tract provides the biological environment for nutrient digestion and absorption. Its physical and chemical barriers are crucial to protect from invading pathogens and toxic substances. On this basis, the intactness of the gastrointestinal tract, with its multiple functions and impacts, is one of the key prerequisites for human...
The primary contaminants in poultry are Salmonella enterica, Campylobacter jejuni, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus. Their pathogenicity together with the widespread of these bacteria, contributes to many economic losses and poses a threat to public health. With the increasing prevalence of bacterial pathogens being resistant to most con...
Heptose metabolites including ADP-heptose are involved in bacterial lipopolysaccharide and cell envelope biosynthesis. Recently, heptoses were also identified to have potent pro-inflammatory activity on human cells as novel microbe-associated molecular patterns. The gastric pathogenic bacterium Helicobacter pylori produces heptose metabolites which...
Chronic stress is recognized as a secret killer in poultry. It is associated with systemic inflammation due to cytokine release, dysbiosis, and the so-called leaky gut syndrome, which mainly results from oxidative stress reactions that damage the barrier function of the cells lining the gut wall. Poultry, especially the genetically selected broiler...
Small bacterial regulatory RNAs (sRNAs) have been implicated in the regulation of numerous metabolic pathways. In most of these studies, sRNA-dependent regulation of mRNAs or proteins of enzymes in metabolic pathways has been predicted to affect the metabolism of these bacteria. However, only in a very few cases has the role in metabolism been demo...
The majority of pathologies in poultry are linked to intestinal chronic inflammation due to a disbalance of the gut microbiota. Thus, a healthy microbiota drives the gut integrity, and the gut’s biological and metabolic functionalities, including efficacious use of nutrition, but also immunity, and neuroendocrine systems. However, many external fac...
The facultative intracellular bacterium Legionella pneumophila employs the Icm/Dot type IV secretion system (T4SS) to replicate in a unique membrane-bound compartment, the Legionella containing vacuole (LCV). The endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident large fusion GTPase Sey1/atlastin promotes remodeling and expansion of LCVs, and the GTPase is also i...
In the past few years, the concept of “gut health” has established itself as a norm in the scientific literature and animal production [...]
Both, antibiotic persistence and antibiotic resistance characterize phenotypes of survival in which a bacterial cell becomes insensitive to one (or even) more antibiotic(s). However, the molecular basis for these two antibiotic-tolerant phenotypes is fundamentally different. Whereas antibiotic resistance is genetically determined and hence represen...
Premixtures for food production are complex mixtures typically containing thickeners due to their water binding capacity. Here, we report an improved protocol for the fast identification of food thickeners by ¹ H-NMR spectroscopy. The method is based on four steps: (i) dissolving of the dry premixture in water, (ii) centrifugation of the solution u...
Bacterial regulatory RNAs (sRNAs) have been implicated in the regulation of numerous metabolic pathways. In most of these studies, sRNA-dependent regulation of mRNAs or proteins of enzymes in metabolic pathways has been predicted to affect the metabolism of these bacteria. However, only in very few cases has the role in metabolism been demonstrated...
In analogy to higher plants, eukaryotic microalgae are thought to be incapable of utilizing green light for growth, due to the “green gap” in the absorbance profiles of their photosynthetic pigments. This study demonstrates, that the marine chlorophyte Picochlorum sp. is able to grow efficiently under green light emitting diode (LED) illumination....
Background
Terpene synthases are versatile catalysts in all domains of life, catalyzing the formation of an enormous variety of different terpenoid secondary metabolites. Due to their diverse bioactive properties, terpenoids are of great interest as innovative ingredients in pharmaceutical and cosmetic applications. Recent advances in genome sequen...
Different pathways for autotrophic CO2 fixation can be recognized by the presence of genes for their specific key enzymes. On this basis, (meta)genomic, (meta)transcriptomic, or (meta)proteomic analysis enables the identification of the role of an organism or a distinct pathway in primary production. However, the recently discovered variant of the...
Most of our knowledge on microbial physiology and biochemistry is based on studies performed under laboratory conditions. For growing hydrogen-oxidizing anaerobic, autotrophic prokaryotes, an H 2 :CO 2 (80:20, v/v) gas mixture is typically used. However, hydrogen concentrations in natural environments are usually low, but may vary in a wide range....
Concerning human and environmental health, safe alternatives to synthetic pesticides are urgently needed. Many of the currently used synthetic pesticides are not authorized for application in organic agriculture. In addition, the developed resistances of various pests against classical pesticides necessitate the urgent demand for efficient and safe...
The gut microbiota has been designated as a hidden metabolic ‘organ’ because of its enormous impact on host metabolism, physiology, nutrition, and immune function. The connection between the intestinal microbiota and their respective host animals is dynamic and, in general, mutually beneficial. This complicated interaction is seen as a determinant...
An increasing human population necessitates more food production, yet current techniques in agriculture, such as chemical pesticide use, have negative impacts on the ecosystems and strong public opposition. Alternatives to synthetic pesticides should be safe for humans, the environment , and be sustainable. Extremely diverse ecological niches and m...
The majority of pathologies in poultry are linked to intestinal chronic inflammation due to a disbalance of the gut microbiota. Thus, a healthy microbiota drives the gut integrity, and the gut’s biological and metabolic functionalities, including efficacious use of nutrition, but also immunity, and neuroendocrine systems. However, many external fac...
Francisella tularensis is a Gram-negative bacterium that causes a potentially fatal disease called tularemia. The highly infectious agent can spread via arthropod vectors, including ticks, and via rodents such as rabbits or beavers. The facultative intracellular pathogen typically invades human macrophages at the onset of human infection. For intra...
A key challenge in microbiome research is to predict the functionality of microbial communities based on community membership and (meta)-genomic data. As central microbiota functions are determined by bacterial community networks, it is important to gain insight into the principles that govern bacteria-bacteria interactions. Here, we focused on the...
Mutations in mitochondrial genes impairing energy production cause mitochondrial diseases (MDs), and clinical studies have shown that MD patients are prone to bacterial infections. However, the relationship between mitochondrial (dys)function and infection remains largely unexplored, especially in epithelial cells, the first barrier to many pathoge...
Porphyrins, corrins, and tetrapyrroles constitute macrocycles in essential biomolecules such as heme, chlorophyll, cobalamin, and cofactor F430. The chemical synthesis as well as the enzymatic synthesis of these macrocycles starts from pyrrole derivatives. We here show that pyrrole and dimethyl pyrrole can be formed under the simulated volcanic, hy...
Helicobacter pylori displays a worldwide infection rate of about 50 %. The Gram‐negative bacterium is the main reason for gastric cancer and other severe diseases. Despite considerable knowledge about the metabolic inventory of H. pylori, carbon fluxes through the citrate cycle (TCA cycle) remained enigmatic. In this study, different 13C‐labeled su...
Thermodynamic models predict that H2 is energetically favorable for seafloor microbial life, but how H2 affects anabolic processes in seafloor-associated communities is poorly understood. Here, we used quantitative 13C DNA stable isotope probing (qSIP) to quantify the effect of H2 on carbon assimilation by microbial taxa synthesizing 13C-labeled DN...
α-Solanine and α-chaconine are the major glycoalkaloids (SGAs) in potatoes, but up to now the biosynthesis of these saponins is not fully understood. In planta13CO2 labeling experiments monitored by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) and high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) unraveled the SGA biosynthetic pathways from CO2 photosyntha...
In modern oncology, the analysis and evaluation of treatment response are still challenging. Hence, we used a 13C-guided approach to study the impacts of the small molecule dichloroacetate (DCA) upon the metabolic response of pancreatic cancer cells. Two different oncogenic PI3K-driven pancreatic cancer cell lines, 9580 and 10,158, respectively, we...
It has recently been shown that in anaerobic microorganisms the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, including the seemingly irreversible citrate synthase reaction, can be reversed and used for autotrophic fixation of carbon1,2. This reversed oxidative TCA cycle requires ferredoxin-dependent 2-oxoglutarate synthase instead of the NAD-dependent dehydroge...
A Correction to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41564-021-00874-3.
The metabolism of Legionella pneumophila strain Paris was elucidated during different time intervals of growth within its natural host Acanthamoeba castellanii. For this purpose, the amoebae were supplied after bacterial infection (t =0 h) with 11 mM [U-¹³C6]glucose or 3 mM [U-¹³C3]serine, respectively, during 0-17 h, 17-25 h, or 25-27 h of incubat...
Evaluation of treatment response is among the major challenges in modern oncology. We herein used a monoclonal antibody targeting the EGF receptor (EGFR) labelled with the alpha emitter ²¹³ Bi ( ²¹³ Bi-anti-EGFR-MAb). EJ28Luc (bladder) and LN18 (glioma) cancer cells, both overexpressing EGFR, were incubated for 3 h with the radioimmunoconjugate. To...