William Wolfe

California State University | CSU · Civil Engineering

Gaseous mercury released from aerated concrete during both presteam curing at 25°C and steam curing at 80°C was measured in controlled laboratory experiments. Mercury release originated from two major components in the concrete mixture: (1) class F coal fly ash and (2) a mixture of the fly ash and powdered activated carbon onto which elemental merc...

The release of mercury from concrete containing fly ashes from various generator boilers and powdered activated carbon sorbent used to capture mercury was measured in laboratory experiments. Release of gaseous mercury from these concretes was less than 0.31% of the total quantity of mercury present. The observed gaseous emissions of mercury during...

In this study, the release of metals and metalloids from full-scale portland cement concrete pavements containing coal combustion products ͑CCPs͒ was evaluated by laboratory leaching tests and accelerated loading of full-scale pavement sections under well-controlled conditions. An equivalent of 20 years of highway traffic loading was simulated at t...

Flue-gas desulfurization (FGD) materials are solids generated when the SO2 in exhaust gases from coal-fired power plants is removed before the gases are released to the atmosphere. Over 60 million tons of FGD materials are generated annually in the United States, about half of which is used beneficially. Mine reclamation accounts for about half of...

By-products produced from dry flue gas desulfurization (DFGD) have been used in many engineering applications. Structural fill and/or mine reclamation applications utilize more than 74 and 22% of the annual DFGD production in Europe and the United States, respectively. In China, although there are reports showing the applications of DFGD materials...

Two full-scale coal mine reclamation projects using coal combustion residues (CCRs) were recently carried out at highwall pit complexes near the Conesville and Cardinal coal-fired power plants owned by American Electric Power. The environment impacts of the reclamation projects were examined by regularly monitoring the leaching characteristics of t...

It can be argued that maintenance of road pavements is more critical for the longevity of this public asset as opposed to the actual construction, which tends to attract more attention. In many developing countries, such as Honduras, the absence or inadequacy of funding can undermine any effort to ensure optimal performance of the road over the cou...

A proper load transfer model describing the pile and surrounding soil interaction is important for accurately predicting the behavior of piles. In this paper, a new load transfer hyperbolic model for the pile-soil interface is developed based on soil-structure interface tests reported in the literature, which consider the characteristics of increas...

An analytical model to predict the constitutive response, failure initiation and post-initial failure behavior of fibrous composites under triaxial loading has been developed based on a strain energy formulation. This paper highlights the means of developing several key parameters in the model and extends the model to include the effects of in-plan...

A new strain energy based failure model is developed for fibrous composite laminates under multi-axial loadings, taking into account the effect of hydrostatic stress. A failure mode dependent exponential stiffness reduction model is used to predict material response beyond the initial failure. Predicted mechanical responses and failure envelopes ar...

The experimental results of fracture toughness testing of a Macro Defect (MDF) Free cement are presented. The material, a hydraulic cement with hydrolyzed polyvinyl polymers, behaves much like a hardened ceramic with measured maximum compressive and tensile strengths of 380 MN/m2 and 69 MN/m2 respectively. Fracture toughness tests were performed on...

Although the utilization of fly ash has increased over the last several decades, more than 60 percent of the fly ash produced each year in the United States continues to be disposed in ash ponds and landfills. Many disposal facilities are now or will soon be filled to their design capacity. As a result, there is an increasing interest in reclaiming...

Liquefaction resistance and post-liquefaction shear strength of impounded Class F fly ash are investigated using laboratory experiments. The study was aimed to evaluate liquefaction potential of a 45ha impoundment proposed as a base for a utility monofill. The evaluation included cyclic triaxial tests performed on reconstituted fly ash specimens wi...

The release of mercury from concrete containing fly ashes from various generator boilers and powdered activated carbon sorbent used to capture mercury was measured in laboratory experiments. Release of gaseous mercury from these concretes was less than 0.31% of the total quantity of mercury present. The observed gaseous emissions of mercury during...

Gaseous mercury released from aerated concrete during both presteam curing at 25 °C and steam curing at 80 °C was measured in controlled laboratory experiments. Mercury release originated from two major components in the concrete mixture: (1) class F coal fly ash and (2) a mixture of the fly ash and powdered activated carbon onto which elemental me...

In this study, the release of metals and metalloids from full-scale portland cement concrete pavements containing coal combustion products (CCPs) was evaluated by laboratory leaching tests and accelerated loading of full-scale pavement sections under well-controlled conditions. An equivalent of 20 years of highway traffic loading was simulated at t...

In this paper, we examine the water quality impacts associated with the reuse of fixated flue gas desulfurization (FGD) material as a low permeability liner for agricultural applications. A 0.457-m-thick layer of fixated FGD material from a coal-fired power plant was utilized to create a 708 m² swine manure pond at the Ohio Agricultural Research a...

Although the utilization of fly ash has increased over the years, more than 60 percent of the fly ash produced each year continues to be disposed of in the US in ash ponds and landfills. Many disposal facilities are now or will soon be filled to their design capacity. As a result, there is an increasing interest in reclaiming the existing fly ash p...

An experimental and analytical investigation of the liquefaction potential of Class F fly ash is presented. The fly ash, originally placed in a 45 hectares impoundment, varied in depth from about 15 to 55 m. The proposed use for the ash was as a base for a utility monofill. The evaluation included cyclic triaxial tests performed on reconstituted fl...

Increasing environmental concerns and diminishing landfill space coupled with the rising costs of natural resources consumed in road construction have encouraged researchers to investigate the use of recycled materials in pavement design. This investigation evaluated the performance of full-scale asphalt pavements made with recycled coal combustion...

Increasing environmental concerns and diminishing landfill space coupled with the rising costs of natural resources consumed in road construction have encouraged researchers to investigate the use of recycled materials in pavement design. This investigation evaluated the performance of full-scale asphalt pavements made with recycled coal combustion...

Fifty-nine coal combustion products were collected from coal-fired power plants using various dry flue gas desulfurization (FGD) processes to remove SO2. X-ray diffraction analyses revealed duct injection and spray dryer processes created products that primarily contained Ca(OH)2 (portlandite) and CaSO3·0.5H2O (hannebachite). Most samples from the...

The primary objective of the CCP Extension Program is to promote the responsible uses of Ohio CCPs that are technically sound, environmentally safe, and commercially competitive. A secondary objective is to assist other CCP generating states (particularly neighboring states) in establishing CCP use programs within their states. The goal of the CCP...

Beneficial and environmentally safe recycling of flue gas desulfurization (FGD) products requires detailed knowledge of their chemical and physical properties. We analyzed 59 dry FGD samples collected from 13 locations representing four major FGD scrubbing technologies. The chemistry of all samples was dominated by Ca, S, Al, Fe, and Si and strong...

This chapter focuses on some of the critical issues relating to the development of a strain-energy based model to predict nonlinear stress/strain response, failure onset, and progression in composite laminates presented by Wolfe and Butalia. Several of the assumptions made in the model are relaxed or modified. A variety of unidirectional and symmet...

Flowable fills are an effective and practical alternative to commonly used compacted earth backfills. Flowable fill is a cementious material, commonly a blend of cement, fly ash, sand, and water, that does not require compaction, may be self-leveling at time of placement, may harden quickly within a few hours, and can be excavated in the future if...

Description Get the latest information on Controlled Low-Strength Material (CLSM), including new design procedures, current research, unique project applications, and innovative installation techniques. Also known as flowable fill, CLSM is used in place of compacted backfill or unsuitable native soil with the most common uses as pipe embedment and...

A strain-energy-based model to predict non-linear stress/strain response, failure onset and progression in composite laminates was presented by Wolfe and Butalia (Compos. Sci. Technol. 1998, 58, 1107). This paper focuses on some of the critical issues relating to the development of that model. Several of the assumptions made in the model are relaxe...

Many flue gas desulfurization (FGD) materials have low unit weight and good shear strength characteristics and thus hold promise for flowable fill applications. This paper focuses on the potential of using spray dryer FGD ash in flowable fill as a replacement for conventional fly ash. Several design mixes were considered. The design mixes consisted...

We investigated the use of flue-gas-desulfurization (FGD) by-products from electric power plant wet scrubbers as liners in wetlands constructed to improve water quality. Mesocosm experiments were conducted over two consecutive growing seasons with different phosphorus loadings. Wetland mesocosms using FGD liners retained more total and soluble reac...

Ohio generates approximately 10 million tons of Coal Combustion Products (CCPs) annually, and utilizes about 20% of them in various application technologies. The remaining 80% are typically disposed in landfills or surface impoundments. Ohio generates a significant amount of wet FGD material (3.8 million tons) annually to comply with the Clean Air...

Construction of a building pad to support any structure requires proper preparation of the site and a complete geotechnical evaluation of the behavior of the on-site materials. Equally important is a thorough characterization of the engineering properties of the material to be used for the fill. When Coal Combustion Products (CCPs) are used in the...

The technical feasibility of using stabilized Flue Gas Desulfurization (FGD) product as a raw material for the construction of low permeability liners is presented. To demonstrate the practicality of using FGD material as a hydraulic barrier, a full-scale pond (capacity of one million gallons) was designed and built on property owned by The Ohio St...

The results of a series of laboratory tests performed to correlate swelling with ettringite formation are presented in this paper. A spray dryer ash was compacted according to ASTM Standard procedures (ASTM D698) and allowed free access to water over an extended period of time. Volume change was recorded while X-ray diffraction and scanning electro...

A stress-based discrete layer plate model that assumes a linear distribution of in-plane stresses through the lamina is developed to predict transverse stresses in composite laminates. The model allows for time-varying mass density of a layered monoclinic material and makes no assumptions on through-the-thickness distribution of the displacements....

The construction of artificial wetlands for wastewater treatment often requires impermeable liners not only to protect groundwater resources but also to ensure that there is adequate water in the wetland to support appropriate aquatic life, particularly wetland vegetation. Liners or relatively impervious site soils are very important to the success...

The suitability of clean coal technology by-products as impervious liners in place of commonly used clay or geomembranes is investigated. A laboratory program to characterize the permeability of stabilized flue gas desulfurization (FGD) material is presented. Several mixes were prepared and tested. The laboratory samples exhibit low permeabilities...

Flue gas desulfurization (FGD) scrubbing technologies create several types of by-products. This project focused primarily on by-product materials obtained from what are commonly called ''dry scrubbers'' which produce a dry, solid material consisting of excess sorbent, reaction product that contains sulfate and sulfite, and coal fly ash. Prior to th...

New flue gas desulfurization (FGD) scrubbing technologies create a dry, solid by-product material consisting of excess sorbent, reaction product that contains sulfate and sulfite, and coal fly ash. Generally, dry FGD by-products are treated as solid wastes and disposed in landfills. However, landfill sites are becoming scarce and tipping fees are c...

The dynamic stress–strain characteristics of a Pressurized Fluidized Bed Combustion (PFBC) material, before and after freeze and thaw cycling, were studied to evaluate its suitability as a substitute for conventional road construction materials in the design of flexible pavement systems. Samples compacted in the laboratory at two different moisture...

Many flue gas desulfurization (FGD) materials have low unit weight and good shear strength characteristics and thus hold promise for flowable fill applications. This paper focuses on the potential of using spray dryer FGD ash in flowable fill as a replacement for conventional fly ash. Several design mixes were considered. The design mixes consisted...

The non-linear responses of a lamina under uniaxial longitudinal tension and compression, transverse tension and compression and shear loadings are used to predict the stress/strain response, failure onset and progression in composite laminates subjected to in-plane biaxial loading. A piecewise cubic spline interpolation scheme has been used to rep...

The non-linear responses of a lamina under uniaxial longitudinal tension and compression, transverse tension and compression and shear loadings are used to predict the stress/strain response, failure onset and progression in composite laminates subjected to in-plane biaxial loading. A piecewise cubic spline interpolation scheme has been used to rep...

The design and construction of a full-scale demonstration lagoon/pond to study the suitability of coal combustion by-products as low permeability liners, in place of commonly used clay and synthetic liners, is presented. Laboratory testing of stabilized Flue Gas Desulfurization (FGD) samples has shown that the permeability values for compacted FGD...

Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) from abandoned underground coal mines in Ohio is a concern for both residents and regulatory agencies. Effluent from these mines is typically characterized by low pH and high iron and sulfate concentrations and may contaminate local drinking-water supplies and streams. The objective of this project is to demonstrate the tec...

A dry flue gas desulfurization (FGD) by-product was used to reconstruct the failed portion of a highway embankment. A wall was constructed through the failure plane to stop further slippage. To evaluate the suitability of FGD by-products in this type of project, the site of the repair was divided into three test sections. In the first section, the...

The effects of freeze-thaw cycling on the static compressive strength of samples of compacted, stabilized, wet flue desulfurization (FGD) by-products are reported. The results of laboratory tests show a clear relation between higher sample water contents and decreasing strength in the freeze-thaw cycling. In the samples tested, water contents ⩾40 w...

Although modern displacement based plate theories are capable of predicting the deflected shape and lower frequencies of a loaded plate with a high degree of precision, their ability to predict stresses, particularly interlaminar stresses, has been poor. A discrete layer stress based theory for composite laminates that assumes a linear distribution...

Dry alkaline flue gas desulfurization (FGD) by-products, including Tidd PFBC bed and cyclone ash are being evaluated for beneficial uses via land application for agriculture, mine spoil reclamation, soil stabilization, and road embankment construction in a 5 year, $4.4 million research program based in Ohio. The beneficial use for agriculture and m...

In a research program being performed at The Ohio State University, the agronomic and engineering properties of flue gas desulfurization by-products are being evaluated. The purpose of this project is to identify potentially beneficial uses for these materials and in so doing reduce the amount of by-product that must be disposed of in landfills. Th...

A 1,500 ton temporary storage pile of water conditioned LIMB (Lime Injected Multistage Burner) ash by-product from the Ohio Edison Edgewater plant Lorain, OH was constructed in July, 1991 at a coal company near New Philadelphia, Ohio. This stockpile was created for dry FGD by-product material to be held in reserve for a land application uses field...

Delamination is one of the most commonly encountered type of damage in composite structures. Understanding the damage initiation and propagation of this damage as well as information on the size, shape, and through the thickness distribution of the delamination would therefore be of great importance in the design and testing of these materials. A t...

Mechanical loads on composite structures can generate localized regions of high stress gradients (e.g., free edge stresses in delamination coupons) which can result in complex progressive damage, potentially leading to structural failure. There is therefore a need to develop an improved theoretical model for transverse stress predictions in composi...

A dynamic stress based theory for composite laminates that assumes a piecewise linear distribution of in-plane stresses across each lamina is developed. Unlike displacement based approaches this theory accurately predicts transverse stresses through the lamina thickness even in regions of high stress gradients such as free edge delamination coupons...

A static laminated plate theory based on an assumed piecewise linear through-the-thickness in-plane stress distirbution has been extended to include inertia effects. Based on this in-plane stress distribution assumption, out-of-plane shear and normal stress component distributions were derived from the three-dimensional equations of motion, resulti...

A static laminated plate theory based on an assumed piecewise linear through-the-thickness in-plane stress distribution has been extended to include inertia effects. Based on this in-plane stress distribution assumption, outof-plane shear and normal stress component distributions were derived from the three-dimensional equations of motion, resultin...

The construction and performance of a truck ramp made from clean coal technology waste products are described. The specific waste product used in this project was generated at the power plant located on the campus of The Ohio State University in Columbus. The ramp is used by University vehicles depositing hard trash at a central disposal facility o...

Dry alkaline flue gas desulfurization by-products (dry lime and limestone FGD scrubber ashes) including the American Electric Power (AEP) Tidd PFBC bed and cyclone ash, are being evaluated for beneficial uses via land application for agriculture, mine reclamation, and soil stabilization in a 5 year study that began December, 1990. A 1989 Battelle M...

The 1990 amendments to the Clean Air Act have spurred the development of flue gas desulfurization (FGD) processes, several of which produce a dry, solid by-product material consisting of excess sorbent, reaction products containing sulfates and sulfites, and coal fly ash. FGD by-product materials are treated as solid wastes and must be landfilled....

A static laminated plate theory based on an assumed piecewise linear through-the-thickness in-plane stress distribution has been extended to include inertia effects. Based on this in-plane stress distribution assumption, out-of-plane shear and normal stress component distributions were derived from the three-dimensional equations of motion, resulti...

The study in this paper introduces the development of a knowledge-based expert system that helps to determine the suitability of FGD by-product in embankment construction. The expert system shell Personal Consultant Plus was used for this purpose. The knowledge base in the Embankment Construction Expert System (ECES) consists of a root frame and fo...

The usefulness and applicability of a unique test system for detecting and measuring delamination onset in composite laminates developed by Pawlikowski (1991) are demonstrated. The experimental results agreed well with the predicted behavior for the various laminates considered, verifying that the test system is an effective means of detecting dela...

Biot's equations of wave propagation through fluid-saturated porous elastic media are discretized spatially using the finite element method in conjunction with Galerkin's procedure. Laplace transformation of the discretized equations is used to suppress the time variable. Introducing Laplace transforms of constituent velocities at nodal points as a...

A consistent theory for the interlayer coupling of transverse shear in laminated plates is presented. Starting from a generalization of Reissner's variational principle for elastic orthotropic plates to laminated plates, it is shown that the shear force in any lamina may depend upon the shear deformation of that lamina as well as others. The coupli...

Procedures for analysis of composite laminates are investigated with a view to modeling cumulative damage. Methods for stress and deformation analysis are examined and new methods necessary to model the behavior are developed. Two approaches, one based on modeling a thin laminate as a two- dimensional body and the other consisting of reducing the t...

A mixed finite element formulation based on minimization of potential energy is developed to analyze the free-edge delamination problem in composite laminate coupons under uniform longitudinal strain. In this displacement-based procedure continuities of both displacement and traction, along interelement as well as interlaminar boundaries, are ensur...

Garg's approximate analytical solutions of Biot's equations for wave propagation in a fluid-saturated elastic porous solid of infinite extent subjected to a velocity boundary condition of a Heaviside function at one end are examined for small and large drag. Garg's approximations were apparently introduced to facilitate exact inversion of Laplace t...

A continuous strain finite-element model based on complete cubic polynomial expressions for the displacement field within each element and minimization of potential energy of the system is used to analyze the free-edge stress problem in laminated composites under uniform extension. Validity of the proposed numerical scheme is examined by solving fo...

Biot's dynamic equations of motion for one-dimensional wave propagation in a fluid-saturated linear elastic isotropic soil are solved using Laplace transformation followed by numerical inversion and the results compared with a direct finite element formulation. A soil column of finite dimension subjected to velocity boundary conditions is analysed,...

Theories of motion and stability of fluid-saturated soils, including the commonly used engineering approach to liquefaction analysis as well as theories based on mechanics of mixtures, are critically examined. Description of motion, development of equations of balance, constitutive relationships as well as development of solution procedures are rev...

This study demonstrates the use of Class F fly ash in combination with lime or lime kiln dust in the full depth reclamation (FDR) of asphalt pavements. FDR, in the context of this paper, is a process of pulverizing a predetermined amount of flexible pavement that is structurally deficient, blending it with chemical additives and water, and compacti...

The 1990 amendments to the Clean Air Act have spurred the development of flue gas desulfurization (FGD) processes, several of which produce a dry, solid by-product material consisting of excess sorbent, reaction products containing sulfates and sulfites, and coal fly ash. Presently FGD by-product materials are treated as solid wastes and must be la...

The disposal of flue gas desulfurization (FGD) by-products has become a major concern as issues of emission cleansing and landfill costs continue to rise. Laboratory tests conducted in the Department of Civil Engineering at The Ohio State University have shown that the dry FGD by-products possess certain engineering properties which have been prove...

The disposal of flue gas desulfurization (FGD) by-products has become a major concern as issues of emission cleansing and landfill costs continue to rise. Laboratory tests conducted at the Ohio State University have shown that dry FGD by-products possess certain engineering properties that have proven desirable in a number of construction uses. As...

The 1990 amendments to the Clean Air Act have spurred the development of flue gas desulfurization (FGD) processes, several of which produce a dry, solid by-product material consisting of excess sorbent, reaction products containing sulfates and sulfites, and coal fly ash. Presently FGD by-product materials are treated as solid wastes and must be la...

This study demonstrates the use of Class F fly ash in combination with lime or lime kiln dust in the full depth reclamation (FDR) of asphalt pavements. FDR, in the context of this paper, is a process of pulverizing a predetermined amount of flexible pavement that is structurally deficient, blending it with chemical additives and water, and compacti...

Since the passage of modern day US coal mining laws over 35 years ago, remining has played an important role in watershed restoration. However this restoration activity has not been well documented, including the impacts of CCP reclamation when used in combination with remining. Studying the impact remining has had on a watershed basis is important...

The objective of this study was to demonstrate the use of Class F coal fly ash in combination with lime or lime kiln dust (LKD) in full depth reclamation (FDR) of failing asphalt pavements. Full-scale test sections (about 4 miles in length) of two structurally deficient asphalt pavements were reclaimed using Class F fly ash in combination with lime...

The objective of this project was to perform a preliminary environmental evaluation of the utilization of flue gas desulfurization (FGD) gypsum for reclamation at Ohio coal mine sites. The TCLP, SPLP and Kossen framework were used in this study for characterizing the leaching potential of FGD gypsum, and all three tests resulted in concentrations w...

The two key factors in the seismic stability analysis of reinforced earth retaining walls are tie forces and permanent wall displacements. With limited justification other than convenience and simplicity, most seismic designs of earth structures are based on only the horizontal component of earthquake motion. However, because of the predominant hor...

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 1991. Includes bibliographical references. Advisor: William E. Wolfe, Dept. of Civil Engineering.

Thesis (M.S.)--Ohio State University, 1990. Includes bibliographical references. Advisor: William E. Wolfe, Dept. of Civil Engineering.

Thesis (M.S.)--Ohio State University, 1990. Includes bibliographical references. Advisor: William E. Wolfe, Dept. of Civil Engineering.