William Winlow

William Winlow
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William verified their affiliation via an institutional email.
Verified
William verified their affiliation via an institutional email.
University of Naples Federico II | UNINA

BSc, PhD, FTPS FRSB

About

385
Publications
36,797
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4,159
Citations
Introduction
1) Bill Winlow is a Visiting Professor at the Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, where he does research in Physiology and Neuroscience with Professor Anna Di Cosmo and Dr Gianluca Polese. Their current project is 'Development of the brain of Lymnaea stagnalis as a model system for anaesthetics research.' Using knowledge gained from this gastropod mollusc, they are pioneering appropriate anaesthetics techniques for the sentient cephalopod mollusc Octopus vulgaris. 2) He is also working with Andrew S Johnson, an independent British scientist and ICT specialist, on "Computational Action Potentials within Realistic Artificial Neural Networks"and to show general applicability of the APPulse - the soliton pressure pulse associated with the action potential.
Additional affiliations
October 2012 - present
University of Naples Federico II
Position
  • Professor
Description
  • Research in Prof Di Cosmo's Group
July 2002 - present
University of Central Lancashire
Position
  • Professor Emeritus in Neuroscience
May 1999 - June 2002
University of Central Lancashire
Position
  • Head of Department
Description
  • Teaching Neuroscience and Physiology to Science students
Education
September 1967 - September 1970
University of St Andrews, Scotland
Field of study
  • Zoology - Neuroscience
September 1964 - June 1967
University of Newcastle upon Tyne
Field of study
  • Zoology
September 1957 - June 1964
King Edward VI Grammar School, Morpeth, Northumberland, UK
Field of study
  • General Education

Publications

Publications (385)
Preprint
Full-text available
The action potential is an ensemble of three inseparable concurrent states, one of which is a soliton known as the action potential pulse (APPulse). Here we consider how the pulse may pass from one neuron to another. On the basis of the evidence we present here our working hypothesis is that the APPulse is passed mechanically from presynaptic termi...
Article
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Through this collection of papers, we have considered in depth the effects that humans have on invertebrate welfare in a variety of contexts [...]
Article
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We discusse how the brain processes and stores information from different senses, such as sight, touch, taste, and hearing. The article explains how the cortex is responsible for processing and storing this information as events, which can be compared to past events to contextualize current activity. We also discusses the visual cortex computation...
Article
Full-text available
Simple Summary Anaesthetising invertebrates is a welfare issue, but because there are so many different invertebrates (97% of all animal species), it is of the utmost importance to work out the most appropriate way to anaesthetise each group or even particular species of animals. In order to reduce stress and pain to the animals, clinical anaesthet...
Preprint
Full-text available
The basis for computation in the brain is the quantum threshold of the ‘soliton’ accompanying the ion changes of the action potential and the refractory membrane at convergences. We provide a logical explanation from the action potential to a neuronal model of the coding and computation of the retina and have explained how the visual cortex operate...
Preprint
Full-text available
A wide variety of substances have been used to anaesthetise invertebrates, but many are not anaesthetics and merely incapacitate animals, rather than preventing pain. Much is now known about the mode of action of modern clinical and veterinary anaesthetics because of their use on human beings and other vertebrates. In essence, the role of an ideal...
Article
Full-text available
In a fit, resting human, efficient heart function depends on sufficient return of blood to the heart. At any stage of acclimatization, whether through changes in external environment or illness, pressures in the cardiovascular system must equilibrate to ensure adequate supply of nutrients to the deep capillaries, simultaneously providing adequate o...
Article
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This review was constructed to show how the connectome has evolved in motor command systems from simple command elements to complex systems of neurons utilizing parallel distributed processing and the possibility of quantum entanglement between groups of neurons. Scientific and medical interest in neural pathways and their connections have driven n...
Article
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Citation: William Winlow and Andrew Simon Johnson. "Neuronal Connectivity and Non-Classical Brain Functions". EC Neurology 15.4 (2023): 45-47. Many research workers have spent prolonged periods mapping connections between neurons in a wide variety of nervous systems [1-6]. The pathways of sensory inputs and motor outputs have been localised as have...
Preprint
Full-text available
Human serum albumin (HSA) is the ultimate, homeostatic determinant of fluid volume (FV) in all compartments of the body. The ability to change the pressure and flow of nutrient medium to cellular structures selectively has clinical significance in almost all areas of clinical medicine. We have shown that present fluid therapy (FT) using either coll...
Article
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Whole body fluid volume (WBFV) is controlled by the liver maintaining albumin (HSA) levels. WBFV indirectly controls the supply of all other ingredients of the blood and plasma, RBC, Fats, Proteins etc. Infusion to the liver directly and not through the periphery should raise WBFV with corresponding increase in blood plasma, RBC etc. Raising HSA l...
Conference Paper
Full-text available
Invertebrate Welfare
Poster
Full-text available
Invertebrate Welfare
Article
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COVID-19 and long COVID-19 vulnerabilities may be caused indirectly by albumin binding deficiency (ABD), which can be corrected by the correct administration of human serum albumin (HSA). The liver is the primary site of nutrient regulation and fluid volume maintenance; control of both is by changes to albumin concentration. In healthy subjects, th...
Preprint
Full-text available
COVID-19 and long COVID-19 vulnerabilities may be caused indirectly by albumin binding deficiency (ABD) which can be corrected by the correct administration of human serum albumin (HSA). The liver is the primary site of nutrient regulation and fluid volume maintenance, control of both is by changes to albumin concentration. In healthy subjects the...
Article
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In our papers on COVID-19 we hypothesised that the systemic vulnerabilities noted of COVID-19 may be caused by low binding albumin and distribution of nutrients. This paper describes evidence of a related mechanism to preeclampsia that became apparent in our research. Albumin is a transport protein for other ligands: its presence in the plasma modu...
Research Proposal
Full-text available
This is a letter to the Editor of Current Opinion in Critical Care. We note that there is no mention of our recent review on low levels of human serum albumin (HSA) which we believe to underlie COVID-19 vulnerabilities. Nor has our protocol to annul those vulnerabilities by modulating the binding properties of ligands associated with serious illne...
Article
Full-text available
Comprehending the nature of action potentials is fundamental to our understanding of the functioning of nervous systems in general. Here we consider their evolution and describe their functions of communication, modulation, and computation within nervous systems. The ionic mechanisms underlying action potentials in the squid giant axon were first d...
Article
Full-text available
Insensitive Discharges of Identified Lymnaea Neurons". EC Neurology 13.8 (2021): 44-55. Abstract The effects of acetylcholine (ACh), its orthodox agonists and antagonists were tested on identified neurons associated with respiratory behaviour in the intact brain of Lymnaea stagnalis (L.) using intracellular microelectrodes. Drugs were bath applied....
Preprint
Full-text available
Declining levels of Human serum albumin (HSA) are shown to intensify COVID-19 vulnerability. HSA therapy is thought to be important for vulnerable patients. HSA should be given, correctly equilibrated with ligand concentrations representative of the healthy bound state of HSA in the hepatic vein, as would occur naturally by the liver. Since additio...
Presentation
Full-text available
First attempt to show the dynamics at the axon surface during action potential propagation. This view is very simplified as it ignores the movements of the cytoskeleton, but it does allow us to see the movements of water induced by the entry of positive ions. This entry attracts water molecules, which are polar, to the positive sources in a very tr...
Article
Full-text available
New findings: Declining levels of Human serum albumin (HSA) are shown to intensify COVID-19 vulnerability. HSA therapy is thought to be important for vulnerable patients. HSA should be given, correctly equilibrated with ligand concentrations representative of the healthy bound state of HSA in the hepatic vein, as would occur naturally by the liver...
Preprint
Full-text available
Comprehending the nature of action potentials is fundamental to our understanding of the functioning of nervous systems in general. Here we consider their evolution and describe their functions of communication, modulation and computation within nervous systems. The ionic mechanisms underlying action potentials in the squid giant axon were first de...
Preprint
Private copy of the draft concerning the article: The brilliant neuron.
Article
Full-text available
Here we provide evidence that the fundamental basis of nervous communication is derived from a pressure pulse/soliton capable of computation with sufficient temporal precision to overcome any processing errors. Signalling and computing within the nervous system are complex and different phenomena. Action potentials are plastic and this makes the ac...
Article
Full-text available
Our results show that a variety of general anaesthetics, including the non-volatile pentobarbitone, produce dose-dependent depression of whole-cell HVA Ca2+ channel current. The efficacy of halothane, isoflurane and sevoflurane to depress this current reflects their rank order of clinical potency when expressed as MAC values. Thus, the effect of ge...
Preprint
Full-text available
Using the two electrode voltage clamp configuration, a high voltage activated whole-cell Ca ²⁺ channel current (I Ba ) was recorded from a cluster of neurosecretory ‘Light Yellow’ Cells (LYC) in the right parietal ganglion of the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis . Recordings of I Ba from LYCs show a reversible concentration-dependent depression of curr...
Preprint
Full-text available
Here we provide evidence that the fundamental basis of nervous communication is derived from a pressure pulse/soliton capable of computation with sufficient temporal precision to overcome any processing errors. Signalling and computing within the nervous system are complex and different phenomena. Action potentials are plastic and this makes the ac...
Article
Full-text available
The emergence of the COVID-19 virus and the subsequent pandemic have driven a great deal of research activity. The effects of COVID-19 are caused by the severe respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and it is the underlying actions of SARs-CoV-2 virions on the endothelial glycocalyx that we consider here. One of the key factors in COVID-19...
Article
Full-text available
Keywords: Intracellular Calcium; Molluscan Neurons; Lymnaea Neurons • The effects of clinical concentrations of halothane (2% and 4% halothane v/v) on the intracellular calcium concentration, [Ca 2+ ] i , in four types of identified Lymnaea neurons in single cell culture were observed both in the presence and absence of extracellular calcium (zero...
Article
Full-text available
Previously we showed that the calcium mobilizing agent, ryanodine, altered action potential shape in some identified neu-rons of the mollusc Lymnaea stagnalis. • Here we investigate the actions of ryanodine (1 µM and 5 µM) on intracellular calcium concentration [Ca 2+ ] i in the same identified neurons in single cell culture. • The free [Ca 2+ ] i...
Article
Full-text available
Action potentials are highly plastic phenomena and vary greatly in trajectory from neuron to the next. The temporal positioning of the spike peak is very variable and modifiable by synaptic inputs. Consequently, it is inappropriately used in binary computational models of neuronal activity. Here we demonstrate that the action potential threshold ha...
Article
Full-text available
Stroke is the leading cause of death and physical disability worldwide. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are endogenous molecules that play key roles in the pathophysiology and retrieval processes following ischemic stroke. The potential of ncRNAs, especially microRNAs (miRNAs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in neuroprotection and angiogenesis highligh...
Article
Full-text available
Sodium pentobarbital is currently used as a systemic veterinary anesthetic. Here we consider its actions on the potassium currents of isolated and on intracellular calcium concentration in cultured right pedal I (RPeI) cluster neurons of Lymnaea stagnalis. We demonstrate its dose-dependent effects on potassium currents, in the clinical range and co...
Book
Full-text available
Sentience may be thought of as the ability to perceive events in the context of previous or future events, resulting in conscious non-reflex behavioral modification(s) and is dependent on self-awareness. The ability to perceive pain, not just nociceptive stimuli, is thus a consequence of self-awareness, which then imparts the ability to avoid potenti...
Article
Full-text available
Substantial evidence has accumulated to show that the action potential is always accompanied by a synchronized coupled soliton pressure pulse in the cell membrane, the action potential pulse (APPulse). Furthermore, it has been postulated that, in computational terms, the action potential is a compound ternary structure consisting of two digital pha...
Article
Full-text available
Stroke is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, and extensive efforts have focused on the improvement of therapeutic strategies to reduce cell death following ischemic stroke. Uncovering the cellular and molecular pathophysiological processes in ischemic stroke have been a top priority. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are endogenous mol...
Article
Substantial evidence has accumulated to show that the action potential is always accompanied by a synchronized coupled soliton pressure pulse in the cell membrane, the action potential pulse (APPulse). Furthermore, it has been postulated that, in computational terms, the action potential is a compound ternary structure consisting of two digital pha...
Article
Full-text available
Keywords: Potassium Currents; Calcium Currents; Molluscan Neurons; Whole Cell Patch Clamp; Halothane; Isoflurane; Lymnaea stagnalis Halothane and isoflurane are halogenated volatile anaesthetics. Here we report on their actions on the gross potassium current and on the high-voltage activated L type-like calcium current of isolated, cultured right p...
Article
Full-text available
In Lymnaea stagnalis, serotonin (5-Hydroxytryptamine) (5-HT) evokes depolarizing, hyperpolarizing or biphasic responses in neurons. Here, the actions of varying concentrations of halothane (1-4%) on 5-HT-induced hyperpolarizing and depolarizing responses were studied on cultured Lymnaea neurons. At low concentrations (1%), halothane first enhanced...
Article
Full-text available
1. A comparative descriptive analysis of systemic (sodium pentobarbital, sodium thiopentone, ketamine) and volatile (halothane, isoflurane, enflurane) general anesthetics revealed important differences in the neuronal responses of identified motor neurons and interneurons in the isolated central nervous system (CNS) and cultured identified neurons...
Article
Full-text available
Keywords: Potassium Currents; Pharmacological Dissection; Molluscan Neurons, Whole Cell Patch Clamp, Lymnaea stagnalis The potassium currents in neurons of gastropod molluscs are quite complex and here we have investigated those of cultured, isolated pedal I cluster neurons of Lymnaea stagnalis under whole-cell patch clamp conditions using physiolo...
Article
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Keywords: Feeding System; Central Pattern Generator; Cell Culture; Electrophysiology; Lymnaea Using electrophysiological techniques, the firing patterns and action potential shapes of the cerebral giant cells (CGCs) and identified buccal feeding motor neurons, 1, 2 and 4 of Lymnaea stagnalis (L.) were compared in the intact brain and in isolated ce...
Research
Full-text available
Keywords: Feeding System; Central Pattern Generator; Cell Culture; Electrophysiology; Lymnaea Using electrophysiological techniques, the firing patterns and action potential shapes of the cerebral giant cells (CGCs) and identified buccal feeding motor neurons, 1, 2 and 4 of Lymnaea stagnalis (L.) were compared in the intact brain and in isolated ce...
Article
Letters to the editor of Physiology News: critical to the APPulse and response from the authors.
Article
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According to Andersen., et al. [7], nerve membranes are an approximately equal mixture of lipids and proteins and two major theories of anesthesia have arisen. Initially the Meyer-Overton lipid hypothesis [8] seemed to indicate that lipids were the principal anesthetic target because of the correlation between anesthetic potency and their lipid/wat...
Article
Full-text available
Recent progress in animal welfare legislation stresses the need to treat cephalopod molluscs, such as Octopus vulgaris, humanely, to have regard for their wellbeing and to reduce their pain and suffering resulting from experimental procedures. Thus, appropriate measures for their sedation and analgesia are being introduced. Clinical anesthetics are...
Article
Full-text available
The Hodgkin and Huxley (H&H) action potential model described in 1952 predicts the nature of ionic currents crossing cell membranes, which creates a potential difference that changes over time due to changes in the ionic equilibrium. It is well supported by electrophysiological measurements and observations. Recent evidence suggests that a 'force-f...
Article
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At present the neurological basis of sentience is poorly understood and this problem is exacerbated by only a partial knowledge of how one of the primary elements of sentience, the action potential, actually works. This has consequences for our understanding of how communication within the brain and in artificial brain neural networks (BNNs). Rever...
Article
Cerebral hypoperfusion induced by transient bilateral common carotid arteries occlusion (tBCCAO), is associated with deleterious alterations in several physiological parameters of the animals. This study aims to investigate the effects of vanillic acid (VA) on memory impairment, locomotion and exploratory deficits, as well as histological and hippo...
Article
Full-text available
Abstract • There is a substantial emerging literature on the complexity and plasticity of the apparently simple electrical synapses [ES]. Here we draw attention to some of the most recent findings in this rapidly evolving field. • ES are ubiquitous, found in all multicellular animals and structurally underlain by gap junctions. Gap junctions are to...
Article
Full-text available
Differential effects of volatile general anaesthetics and sodium pentobarbital on input resistance [R m ], membrane time constant [ m ] and capacitance [C m ] of VD1 and RPD2 neurons of Lymnaea are reported in this paper. The volatile anaesthetics halothane and isoflurane caused a significant reduction in the input resistance, membrane time consta...
Article
Full-text available
Immunity and inflammation are important parameters of the pathophysiology of stroke, a destructive illness that is the second most common cause of death worldwide. Following ischemic stroke, neuroinflammation plays a critical role in neurodegeneration and brain injury. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of endogenously expressed, noncoding RNA molecule...
Article
Full-text available
Stroke is one of the leading causes of death and physical disability worldwide. The consequences of stroke injuries are profound and persistent, causing in considerable burden to both the individual patient and society. Current treatments for ischemic stroke injuries have proved inadequate, partly owing to an incomplete understanding of the cellula...
Article
Full-text available
Stroke is the second most common cause of death and the leading cause of disability worldwide. Brain injury following stroke results from a complex series of pathophysiological events including excitotoxicity, oxidative and nitrative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis. Moreover, there is a mechanistic link between brain ischemia, innate and adapti...
Article
Full-text available
A mathematical deconstruction of either the action potential and of the more recently described action potential pulse reveals that the action potential is not binary but is a compound digital phase ternary object with an analogue third phase. This mathematical object is described and predicted by textbook descriptions of the action potential. It h...
Article
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Opinion Reasons for reinterpreting and modifying artificial nodal network models. 1. The modus operandi of action potentials is unlikely to be binary and is probably driven by compound ternary structures. 2. Depth of neural network– the human neural network is unrestricted in its ability to learn sequentially. Histology and genetic studies demonstr...
Article
Full-text available
1) The effects of four concentrations of halothane were studied on the macroscopic, high-voltage activated calcium channel currents of cultured neurones of the pedal I cluster of Lymnaea stagnalis, using the whole cell patch clamp technique. 2) Following application of increasing concentrations of halothane, in the clinical range, a rapid and rever...
Article
Full-text available
and Conclusions 1) Whole-cell Ca 2+-channel currents were studied using the patch-clamp technique, applied to cultured pedal I cluster neurones of the snail Lymnaea stagnalis. 2) Calcium channel currents were separated from other ionic currents pharmacologically. 3) Only a single type of calcium channel current could be observed in the cultured sph...
Article
Full-text available
The NMDA receptors are thought to be the main target site for the actions of dissociative ketamine. In addition, ketamine has also been shown to affect myriad brain regions and functions, including learning and memory. However, the precise target sites and the mechanisms underlying ketamine actions in the mammalian central nervous system (CNS) rema...
Article
Full-text available
AbstractThe actions of clinical concentrations of volatile anaesthetic halothane and isoflurane were compared with those of pentobarbitone on identified neurons of the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis. Application of halothane and isoflurane (1% v/v and 2% v/v), to the CNS of Lymnaea caused the strongly electrically coupled neurons VD1 and RPD2 to beco...
Article
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William Winlow. “The gratifying persistence of Invertebrate and Comparative Neuroscience”. EC Neurology 2.1 (2015): 61-62.