
William E. SnellSoutheast Missouri State University | SEMO · Department of Psychology
William E. Snell
PhD
Retired, no longer conducting research. Best wishes
About
99
Publications
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Introduction
You are more than welcome to use any of my psychological testing instruments in your research. You can find information at the following website (see below), where copies of my psychological instruments can be found as well as the scoring procedures for these instruments. Good luck with your work!
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/William_Snell
https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op=new_articles&hl=en&imq=William+Snell#
Additional affiliations
September 1984 - August 1985
August 1986 - May 2014
Publications
Publications (99)
Multidimensional Sexual Self-Concept Questionnaire
WILLIAM E. SNELL, JR.,1
Southeast Missouri State University
The Multidimensional Sexual Self-Concept Questionnaire (MSSCQ; Snell, 1995) is an objective self-report instrument designed to measure the following 20 psychological aspects of human sexuality: (1) sexual anxiety, defined as the tenden...
The Relationship Disclosure Scale (RDS) measures people's willingness to discuss aspects of their romantic relationships with counselors.
The Multidimensional Sexual Self-Concept Questionnaire (MSSCQ) was designed to measure multiple aspects of the sexual self-concept. Researchers may feel free to download and quote the manuscript, and to use the MSSCQ in their research. Please notify me if you use the MSSCQ; thank you. Bill Snell (wesnell@semo.edu)
الغضب الكلينيكي
هو نفسه الغضب التجنبي
وقد تم تسميته إكلينيكي نظرا لكونه يحتاج تدخل إرشادي وعلاجي للتخلص من التجنب
https://www.anglo-egyptian.com/ar/book.php?id=13147
To examine how the subclinical symptoms of adult ADHD and those of oppositional-defiant disorder (ODD) affect relationship satisfaction and stress and to determine whether different patterns of coping strategies emerge when undergraduates have symptoms of one or both disorders.
Participants (N = 497) complete self-report surveys assessing ADHD and...
Instruments designed to assess various aspects of religion are widespread, but few have been constructed to assess specific religious values and beliefs. The purpose of the present research was to address this limitation by providing preliminary evidence for the reliability and validity of the Multidimensional 10 Commandments Questionnaire (M10CQ),...
The purpose of the present research was to provide evidence for the validity of the Multidimensional Parenting Perfectionism Questionnaire (MPPQ), an objective self-report instrument designed to measure multiple aspects of parenting perfectionism. Data from two separate samples provided evidence that the MPPQ parenting perfectionism tendencies were...
Romantic Perfectionism, Relationship Affect,
and Romantic Attachment
Dundee R. Haney and William E. Snell, Jr.
Southeast Missouri State University
Acknowledgments. Gratitude is extended to the Funding for Results Committee at Southeast Missouri State University for its support of this research. Portions of this research were presented at the annu...
Although considerable attention has begun to be focused on personality disorders in recent years, relatively little is known about the relationship between personality disorders and emotional intelligence. In response to the need to better understand this relationship, the present research was designed to determine whether personality disorder symp...
https://publications.kon.org/urc//v4/bailey.html
Perioperative nursing is changing in response to the increasing complexity of patient care during diverse, specialized surgical procedures. As a result, designated specialty surgical teams have developed to fulfill needs of patients, nurses and surgeons. This exploratory, descriptive study examined reasons for implementing specialty surgical teams,...
Psychological correlates of the use of coping strategies in intimate relationships were investigated through the development of an objective self-report instrument, the Multidimensional Intimate Coping Questionnaire (MICQ). Preliminary results indicated that the 25 MICQ subscales had high internal consistency, that the subscales were uncontaminated...
An investigation was conducted to provide additional evidence for the validity of the Sexual Awareness Questionnaire (SAQ), designed to measure four personality tendencies associated with sexual awareness and sexual assertiveness: sexual consciousness (attention to internal private sexual cues), sexual—monitoring (sensitivity to others' evaluations...
College students' illusions regarding their vulnerability to risks related to sexual intercourse affect their contraceptive behavior. The authors explored the influence of the illusion of fertility control and attachment tendencies upon contraceptive behavior among 141 male and 251 female self-selected undergraduate students at a small Midwestern u...
Recent research on both the concept of illusion of fertility control and infant-mother attachment theory have provided insight into the nature of people's sexual behavior. The present investigation examined the influence of both (a) illusion of fertility control and (b) attachment tendencies on contraceptive behavior. The participants were undergra...
The purpose of the present investigation was to examine the psychological correlates of people's health behaviors through the development of an objective self-report instrument, the Multidimensional Health Questionnaire (MHQ). Preliminary results indicated that the subscales on the MHQ had high internal consistency and that individuals of varying a...
A study was conducted to examine the relations between a recently developed measure of the Big-Five personality dimensions (Goldberg, 1992) and several other instruments: the Eysenck Personality Inventory (Eysenck and Eysenck, 1968), the Personal Attributes Questionnaire (Spence and Helmreich, 1978), and the Masculine Behavior Scale (Snell, 1989)....
The purpose of the present investigation was to examine the influence of sexual perfectionism on women’s sexual dispositions, their parental and romantic attachment tendencies, and their sexual behaviors. The results revealed that females who were more sexually perfectionistic (i.e., those with greater self-oriented sexual perfectionism) reported (...
This article reports preliminary evidence for the development and validation of the Clinical Anger Scale (CAS), an objective self-report instrument designed to measure the syndrome of clinical anger. Factor analysis of the CAS confirmed a unidimensional item structure; reliability analyses also demonstrated adequate internal consistency and test-re...
This article reports preliminary evidence for the development and validation of the Clinical Anger Scale (CAS), an objective self-report instrument designed to measure the syndrome of clinical anger. Factor analysis of the CAS confirmed a unidimensional item structure; reliability analyses also demonstrated adequate internal consistency and test-re...
Perioperative nursing is changing in response to the increasing complexity of patient care during diverse, specialized surgical procedures. As a result, designated specialty surgical teams have evolved to fulfill needs of the patient, nurse, and surgeon. This exploratory, descriptive study examined reasons for implementing specialty surgical teams,...
While much of the early research on the social perception of sexual assault focused on instances of stranger rape, recent work has indicated that acquaintance rape occurs much more frequently. The purpose of the present investigation was to examine a gender role socialization analysis of acquaintance rape. The subjects in the present investigation,...
The purpose of the present investigation was to develop and validate an objective self-report instrument, the Multidimensional Sexuality Questionnaire (MSQ), designed to measure psychological tendencies associated with sexual relationships. Results indicated that the MSQ subscales had high internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and were lar...
The purpose of the present investigation was to develop and validate an objective self-report instrument, the Multidimensional Sexuality Questionnaire (MSQ), designed to measure psychological tendencies associated with sexual relationships. Results indicated that the MSQ subscales had high internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and were lar...
The Sexuality Scale (SS; Snell & Papini, 1989) was designed to measure sexual‐esteem, (the dispositional tendency to evaluate positively one's capacity to relate sexually to others), sexual‐depression, (the chronic tendency to feel depressed about the sexual aspects of one's life), and sexual‐preoccupation, (the persistent tendency to be absorbed a...
The current investigation examined people's willingness to disclose personal information about their intimate relationships to counselors. This was accomplished by asking 431 students to indicate how willing they would be to discuss 25 relationship topics, as measured by the newly developed Relationship Disclosure Scale (RDS), with female and male...
The nature of anger provoking experiences was investigated through the use of a multidimensional scaling (MDS) procedure. Content analysis of college students' responses to the question, “What makes you feel angry?” revealed 48 categories of anger eliciting experiences. MDS analysis indicated that these categories were characterized by three dimens...
Health professionals have recently begun to examine the impact of psychological tendencies on people's physical health. The present investigation sought to facilitate this research endeavour through the development and validation of a self-report instrument designed to measure multiple health-related psychological tendencies. Reliability analyses p...
Two separate investigations were conducted to develop an objective self-report instrument, the Sexual Awareness Questionnaire (SAQ), designed to measure four personality tendencies associated with sexual awareness and sexual assertiveness: sexual-consciousness (attention to internal private sexual cues), sexual-monitoring (sensitivity to others'' e...
While past researchers have focused their efforts on the examination of mental health standards for women and men, there has been an absence of research evidence dealing with the impact of counseling orientation and cultural values. The purpose of the present research was to examine the influence of (1) counseling orientation, as measured by the Co...
During recent years psychologists have begun to investigate the variety of stressful life events that trigger distress. The present research extended this stress-distress model to the study of depressive life experiences through the development and validation of the Depressive Life Experiences Scale (DLES). The DLES is an objective self-report inst...
The disease, AIDS (i.e., acquired immune deficiency syndrome), has raised concern among many people throughout the world. Although medical attention has been focused for some time on identifying the causes and cures of this deadly disease, research designed to examine the psychological aspects of AIDS has just begun. Within this context, two invest...
Two studies are presented which examine stereotypie beliefs about males and their sexuality through the use of the Stereotypes About Male Sexuality Scale (SAMSS). In the first study, the relationship between the SAMSS and two gender role measures were examined. The results revealed that the restrictive emotionality aspect of the masculine role was...
The disease, AIDS (i.e., acquired immune deficiency syndrome), has raised concern among many people throughout the world. Althoughmedical attention has been focused for some time on identifying the causes and cures of this deadly disease, research designed to examine the psychological aspects of AIDS has just begun. Within this context, two investi...
Sexual relationships may be viewed from a communal perspective which emphasizes caring and concern for a partner's sexual needs and preferences, or else from an exchange perspective which emphasizes a quid pro quo approach. The purpose of the present investigation was to construct and validate an objective self-report instrument measuring communal...
Sexual relationships may be viewed from a communal perspective which emphasizes caring and concern for a partner's sexual needs and preferences, or else from an exchange perspective which emphasizes a quid pro quo approach. The purpose of the present investigation was to construct and validate an objective self-report instrument measuring communal...
The recent literature on human sexuality emphasizes the importance of sexual communication. The present research reports the results of three studies documenting the development and validation of an instrument concerned with sexual communication, the Sexual Self-Disclosure Scale (SSDS). The results in Study I indicated that the twelve SSDS subscale...
The purpose of the present investigation was to develop and validate the Masculine Behavior Scale (MBS), an objective self-report instrument designed to measure four behavioral tendencies stereotypically imputed more to males vs. females: restrictive emotionality, inhibited affection, success dedication, and exaggerated self-reliance. Psychometric...
A survey containing institutional and program-specific items examined psychology and other graduates' evaluations of their undergraduate education (1983–1985) at Southeast Missouri State University. Psychology respondents resembled respondents from other majors in their social and personal interests, but differed from other respondents in their edu...
People vary in how willingly and how often they discuss their emotional experiences with others. A new Emotional Self-Disclosure Scale was used in three separate investigations to examine (Study I) men's and women's willingness to discuss their emotions with parents and therapists, (Study II) the impact of gender and culture on emotional disclosure...
Health psychologists have begun to examine the mediating effect of gender roles in stress-distress relationships. One particular area in which attention has been focused concerns the impact of "stereotypic" beliefs about women on the distress that individuals experience in response to stressful life experiences. The present investigation examined t...
This article describes the development of the Sexuality Scale, an instrument designed to measure three aspects of human sexuality: sexual‐esteem, defined as positive regard for and confidence in the capacity to experience one's sexuality in a satisfying and enjoyable way; sexual‐depression, defined as the experience of feelings of depression regard...
Research indicates that women's and men's willingness to self-disclose to others about themselves varies as a function of the characteristics of the disclosure recipient and the disclosure topic. The present investigation was conducted to examine the self-presentational impact of social anxiety on women's and men's willingness to discuss the instru...
People vary in the extent to which they hold stereotypic beliefs about women. The recently developed Beliefs About Women Scale (BAWS) was used in five investigations to examine the following aspects of people's stereotypic beliefs about women: (Study I) the impact of ethnicity (Hispanics and Anglos) on women's endorsement of traditional beliefs abo...
Manifest dream content refers to the descriptive nature of people’s dreams. The present investigation was concerned with the relationship between manifest dream content and gender, personality, and stress. For this purpose, an assessment instrument was developed to measure a variety of different types of manifest dream content, the Manifest Dream S...
Power strategy use refers to the tactics and techniques that women and men use to persuade others to do something for them. Previous research (Falbo & Peplau, 1980) has shown that the use of power strategies in intimate relationships varies along two separate dimensions: bilateral (versus unilateral) and direct (versus indirect) power strategies. T...
A study was conducted to examine adolescent's sexual self-disclosure to their parents and friends. The sample consisted of 169 senior high school students. The results revealed that adolescents engage in more sexual disclosure with their friends than with their parents. In addition, significantly greater sexual disclosure was reported between adole...
The present study used the Masculine and Feminine Self-Disclosure Scale to investigate women's and men's willingness to self-disclose about the instrumental, expressive, masculine, and feminine aspects of themselves to four target persons: female and male therapists and friends. The data revealed that women's and men's willingness to self-disclose...
Avoidance strategy use refers to the techniques that people use to deal with unwelcome requests from other individuals. Previous research has shown that avoidance strategies in intimate relationships vary along two dimensions: compliance and bilateral dimensions. To determine whether individuals from Mexico and the United States differ in their use...
In a study of the relationship between gender-relevant personality attributes and sexuality, 259 unmarried males and females completed the short form of the Bem Sex Role Inventory and a detailed survey of their sexual experiences. Multiple regression analyses showed that, for both men and women, instrumental personality attributes were associated w...
The types of social influence strategies that women and men use with their intimate partners fall into two main categories: power strategies, involving tactics to persuade a partner to do what one wants, and avoidance strategies, techniques used in response to a partner's unwelcomed requests. The purpose of the present investigation was to examine...
The Emotional Self-Disclosure Scale (ESDS) was developed to assess how willing people are to discuss specific emotions with different disclosure recipients. Internal reliabilities (Cronbach's alpha) and test-retest were consistently high for each of the subscales on the ESDS for three specific disclosure recipients: female friends, male friends, an...
A path analysis test of the attributional model of depression was conducted in a naturalistic achievement setting (N = 77). Relatively depressed and nondepressed students reported their attributions on an academic test, and then their subsequent test performance were measured. In support of the attributional model of depression, the results indicat...
In times of stress, men and women sometimes turn to the use of alcohol and drugs as an avenue for relieving their discomfort and distress. One explanation of this finding implicates traditional male tendencies as predisposing factors. The purpose of the present investigation was to study how the relationship between stress and substance use is mode...
In the past decade researchers have become increasingly interested in examining the many facets of gender stereotypes. One particular area on which attention has been focused concerns "stereotypic" beliefs about women. The present article describes the development and validation of a self-report questionnaire measuring 15 stereotypes about women, t...
Health psychologists often content that men are more vulnerable to the effects of stress than are women. One explanation of this male risk factor deals with the masculine role — the set of values, beliefs, and expectations traditionally associated with men's lives. The present study was conducted to determine whether the restrictive emotionality, s...
An investigation was conducted to develop and validate a self-report inventory, the Masculine Role Inventory (MRI), designed to measure the success preoccupation, restrictive emotionality and inhibited affection aspects of the masculine role. Restrictive emotionality was defined as the restricted expression of privately felt emotions. Inhibited aff...
Clinical and counseling literature indicates that practicing psychologists often observe different mental health standards for women and men. Most of this research has examined mental health in terms of personality attributes, and as such there is a noticeable lack of research concerned with mentally healthybeliefs. The present research was concern...
Explored the birth category effects of achievement motivation configurations, using 1,979 undergraduates. Ss completed a questionnaire measuring achievement motivation. Data were analyzed for 5 variables: birth category, gender, work orientation, mastery orientation, and competitiveness. Findings show a significant interaction among birth category,...
A self-disclosure questionnaire was devised to examine women's and men's willingness to disclose information about the masculine and feminine aspects of themselves. The Masculine and Feminine Self-Disclosure Scale (MFSDS) has four separate subscales: two masculine scales assess the tendency to discuss agentic, instrumental traits and behaviors; and...
Consistency between behaviors and expressed attitudes has been explained in terms of two distinct tendencies: 1) self-perception processes, in which individuals “rationally” utilize past beliefs and behaviors toward some object in formulating an attitude; and 2) self-presentational concerns, in which individuals utilize memories of past behavior to...
A study was conducted to investigate whether or not the occurrence of recent negative and positive life experiences moderates the relationship between irrational beliefs and life satisfaction. Subjects completed the Sarason, Johnson, and Siegel (1978) measure of negative and positive life change; the Hawkins, Bugen, and Snell (1981) quality-of-life...
Female and male subjects completed a gender related personality test (PAQ, Spence & Helmreich,1981) weeks before coming to the lab. In the experiment , they performed a task labelled as either Masculine or Feminine. Regardless of task type or gender, subjects high in Agency (i.e., an achievement oriented personality) had the largest post test asymm...