William Hinze

• Purdue University West Lafayette

Over the past nearly two centuries the magnetic method has been one of the most useful and broadly applied techniques for geologic mapping. Prior to the development of aeromagnetic surveying following World War II magnetic exploration was restricted to ground surveying using primarily mechanical instruments which measured the angular relationships...

In the mid-19th century, the quality of life in the United States was improving rapidly with widespread electrification of the nation and growth in the industrial revolution. These advances were dependent on the increasing availability of copper for instruments and electric wires and iron ore for the production of iron and steel. Accordingly, recon...

John D. “Jack” Corbett, 1930–2020

Uncertainty exists in the configuration and extent of the Midcontinent Rift System (MRS) because of deficiencies in geophysical data and limited information from outcrops and basement drill holes. Additional ambiguity is caused by misunderstanding the definition of continental rifts. Six principal problematic regions in mapping the MRS are describe...

A regional aeromagnetic survey was conducted to determine the relatively unknown basement geology and tectonics of eastern Lake Superior and the eastern half of the Northern Peninsula of Michigan. During this survey approximately 6500 miles of flight lines spaced at 6-mile intervals were recorded with a digital recording proton precession magnetome...

This combination of textbook and reference manual provides a comprehensive account of gravity and magnetic methods for exploring the subsurface using surface, marine, airborne, and satellite measurements. It describes key current topics and techniques, physical properties of rocks and other Earth materials, and digital data analysis methods used to...

Integrated interpretations of potential-field and GLIMPCE and industry seismic reflection data in eastern Lake Superior reveal the structural and stratigraphic complexity of the Midcontinent Rift in this region. Projection of the Keweenaw fault into southeastern Lake Superior suggested by early potential-field studies is confirmed by seismic reflec...

Gravity and magnetic models of the Midcontinent Rift (MCR) in eastern Lake Superior supplement recent structural and stratigraphic interpretations based on the seismic reflection method. An algorithm developed to accommodate spatially varying direction and magnitude of magnetization within a magnetic source is used in both forward and inverse model...

Pruning trials were established in stands of Pinus radiata in three plantations in different climatic regions. The objective of the experiments was to assess the effect of a first, second, third and fourth pruning on mortality, on diameter, height and volume increment and on the number, the mean diameter and the mean length of epicormic shoots. The...

This combination of textbook and reference manual provides a comprehensive account of gravity and magnetic methods for exploring the subsurface using surface, marine, airborne, and satellite measurements. It describes key current topics and techniques, physical properties of rocks and other Earth materials, and digital data analysis methods used to...

The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) plans to submit a license application in 2008 to the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) to construct a repository for high-level radioactive waste and spent nuclear fuel at Yucca Mountain, Nevada. One challenge of the NRC's licensing decision is the evaluation of the potential risk from release of radioacti...

Ever since the use of high-precision gravimeters emerged in the 1950's, gravity surveys have been an important tool for geologic studies. Recent developments that make geologically useful measurements from airborne and satellite platforms, the ready availability of the Global Positioning System that provides precise vertical and horizontal control,...

Eighty thousand years ago a small-volume basaltic volcano erupted 20 km south of the Department of Energy's (DOE) proposed high-level radioactive waste repository at Yucca Mountain, Nevada. Lathrop Wells is one of the infrequent basaltic volcanoes that have occurred near Yucca Mountain during the past 10 million years. The Advisory Committee on Nuc...

Correlation of gravity and magnetic anomalies combined with other geological and geophysical data is useful for enhancing the quality of geological interpretation of potential anomaly fields. Maps produced by equivalent point source inversion are used to investigate visual-spatial correlations of surface free-air gravity and POGO satellite magnetic...

This chapter discusses the Midcontinent Rift system (MCR). The majority of the rift's igneous rocks are derived from a melting mantle plume and the overlying lithosphere over a short span of less than 20 m.y. The MCR is a profound disruption of the crust, as indicated by its anomalous geophysical signatures. The geophysical data, together with limi...

This chapter discusses the applicability and limitations of potential field methods. Gravity is used to delineate hidden rifts, to determine the shape of rift troughs, including the nature of faulting, to investigate crustal and upper mantle structure in association with explosion and earthquake seismology, and to ascertain the isostatic state of r...

How many projects with major issues involving geophysics, geochemistry, hydrology, and essentially every other Earth science discipline have had expenditures of approximately U.S.$8 billion over the past 25 years? No wonder characterization of Yucca Mountain, Nevada, is a subject that inspires awe, admiration, concern, disbelief, and other reaction...

William J. Hinze was presented the William Kaula Award for Publication Service as part ofthe Editors Evening at the 2006 AGU Joint Assembly Meeting. The award recognizes unselfishservice to the scientific community through extraordinary dedication to, and exceptional efforton behalf of, the AGU publications program.

In the formerly glaciated Midwest, bedrock formations commonly are denser than overlying glacial sediments. Thus, gravity anomalies have a direct relationship to bedrock topography. Where the density contrast between the glacial sediments and the bedrock is known, the anomalies can be used to map the bedrock configuration if they can be isolated fr...

A bstract Carborne gamma radiation surveys over petroleum reservoirs and faults in the glaciated Michigan Basin suggest that this mobile technique may be useful in reconnaissance subsurface exploration, especially in fault detection. This conclusion assumes favorable surface conditions, as well as proper instrumentation, field procedures, and inter...

Gravity anomalies have become an important tool for geologic studies since the widespread use of high-precision gravimeters after the Second World War. More recently the development of instrumentation for airborne gravity observations, procedures for acquiring data from satellite platforms, the readily available Global Positioning System for precis...

Potential field data (gravity and magnetic measurements) are both useful and costeffective tools for many geologic investigations. Significant amounts of these data are traditionally in the public domain. A new magnetic database for North America was released in 2002, and as a result, a cooperative effort between government agencies, industry, and...

The North American gravity database together with databases from Canada, Mexico, and the United States are being revised to improve their coverage, versatility, and accuracy. An important part of this effort is revision of procedures and standards for calculating gravity anomalies taking into account our enhanced computational power, modern satelli...

The North American gravity database as well as databases from Canada, Mexico, and the United States are being revised to improve their coverage, versatility, and accuracy. An important part of this effort is revising procedures for calculating gravity anomalies, taking into account our enhanced computational power, improved terrain databases and da...

Seismic reflection profile analysis, potential field analysis, and potential field modeling using deep seismic reflection, gravity, magnetic, and geological data were performed to better understand the location and nature of the Grenville Front in Ohio, USA. The seismic reflection profile reveals a broad zone of east dipping basement reflectors ass...

Coincidentally, as I sat down in late October 2003 to read and review the second edition of Wallace H. Campbell's text, Introduction to Geomagnetic Fields, we received warnings from the news media of a massive solar flare and its possible effect on power supply systems and satellite communications. News programs briefly explained the source of Sun-...

One of the most widely recognized parameters in solid-earth geophysics is the assumed density of the surface rocks of the continental crust, 2.67 g/cm 3 , or 2670 kg/m 3 in today9s preferred SI units. In the calculation of Bouguer and isostatic gravity anomalies, which are widely used for geological studies, the gravitational effect of the earth ma...

A latest U.S. magnetic anomaly database was scheduled for released in the year 2004. The high-altitude magnetic data was expected to provide a reference field to properly level the U.S. low-altitude aeromagnetic data. The magnetic workshop, convened primarily to launch the operation plan for the mission, also addressed identifying resources needed...

The year 2004 will offer an exciting and cost-effective opportunity to acquire a new U.S. magnetic anomaly data base. High Altitude Mapping Missions Inc. (HAMM) is currently planning an airborne mission to collect high-resolution Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (IFSAR) imagery at an altitude of about 15 km, with a flight-line spacing of ab...

U S Gravity Database

Doing Science—that is what the majority of the readers of Eos do, day in and day out, and most of us consider ourselves reasonably accomplished at it. Thus, why should we be interested in a book on Doing Science? I will try to convince you in the following few paragraphs that you will find this book enjoyable and filled with new ideas and reminders...

A concerted effort is underway to prepare a substantially upgraded digital gravity anomaly data base for the United States, and to make this data set and associated usage tools available on the Internet. This joint effort, spearheaded by the geophysics groups at the National Imagery and Mapping Agency (NIMA), the University of Texas at El Paso, the...

An editorial in the May 22 issue of Eos announced a series of communications that will inform members about the changes occurring in the next few months as AGU makes the transition to fully electronic publishing. This piece discusses how a long-term feature of AGU journals---electronic supplements--- will expand its usefulness.

Many geological features of the Earth's lithosphere create variations in the Earth's magnetic field that can be detected by satellites. The resulting magnetic anomaly maps can provide new insights into the tectonic features and broad structures of the lithosphere. This book documents the acquisition, reduction and analysis of satellite magnetic fie...

Many geological features of the Earth's lithosphere create variations in the Earth's magnetic field that can be detected by satellites. The resulting magneti anomaly maps can provide new insights into the tectonic features and broad structures of the lithosphere. This book documents the acquisition, reduction and analysis of satellite magnetic fiel...

Seismicity data for the New Madrid seismic zone recorded by a regional seismograph network since 1974 delineate prominent epicentral trends associated with the Reelfoot rift in northeastern Arkansas, northwestern Tennessee, and southeastern Missouri. Additional epicentral trends and more diffuse clusters of epicenters have also become visible durin...

The Middle Proterozoic Midcontinent Rift System is one of the world's great continental rifts. This 1,100-Ma rift, which extends more than 2,000 km across the North American craton, is a major Precambrian magmatic province and tectonic disruption of the lithosphere. The volcanic and sedimentary rocks within the ∼30-kmthick rift basin record an earl...

Integrated geophysical investigations of the North American Midcontinent Rift System have resulted in a new understanding of the structure, stratigraphy, and evolution of this 1,100-Ma aborted continental rift. Interpretation of seismic reflection, gravity and magnetic anomaly, seismic refraction, rock physical property, and geologic data has ident...

A proposed high-altitude survey of the United States offers an exciting and cost effective opportunity to collect magnetic-anomaly data. Lockheed Martin Missile and Space Company is considering funding a reimbursable ER-2 aircraft (Figure 1) mission to collect synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery at an altitude of about 21 km over the conterminou...

Except for limited areas, the basement of the northern U.S. midcontinent is covered by mildly deformed Phanerozoic sedimentary strata. Thus, geophysical studies, together with petrologic and isotopic age information obtained from deep drill hole samples, are the primary source of our knowledge of the nature of the crystalline basement crust. These...

Potential-field studies have historically played a major role in delineating the 2000 km extent of the Midcontinent Rift (MCR) that occurs beneath the overlying Phanerozoic strata of the craton. Recently, the acquisition of high resolution aeromagnetic data in addition to deep crustal seismic reflection surveys has provided investigators the opport...

Combined geophysical/geological studies in the North American craton testify to the widespread development of continental rifts in this region during Proterozoic time. The most prominent of these rifts in terms of extent and effect upon the crust is the Midcontinent Rift system (MCR) which extends in a series of generally linear segments in an arcu...

One of the major tectonic features of North America is the 1,100-Ma Midcontinent Rift System (MCR). This paleorift now lies largely buried under the thick Phanerozoic cover of the North American Craton; therefore, its trend, extent, and structural nature is detected only by geophysical means and the occasional deep drill hole. The rift was first re...

New seismic data from marine air-gun and Vibroseis profiles in Lake Ontario and Lake Erie provide images of subhorizontal Phanerozoic sediments underlain by a remarkable series of easterly dipping reflections that extends from the crystalline basement to the lower crust. These reflections are interpreted as structural features of crustal-scale subd...

Longitudinal, seasonal, and altitude-dependent variability of magnetic fields is investigated in equatorial latitudes to determine their effect on the isolation of lithospheric Magsat magnetic anomalies. An estimate of ‘ionospheric effect’ was compiled by averaging the total intensity Magsat anomalies as a function of dip latitudes (called ‘dip-lat...

A method has been devised for the forward computation of magnetic anomalies due to two-dimensional (2-D) polygonal bodies with heterogeneously directed magnetization. The calculations are based on the equivalent line source approach wherein the source is subdivided into discrete elements that vary spatially in their magnetic properties. This equiva...

Regional three-dimensional magnetic models have been developed to characterize the principal European long-wavelength magnetic anomalies represented on the improved Magsat magnetic anomaly map of Europe. The magnetic models were constrained by regional variations in geology and geophysical parameters (e.g., geologic boundaries, crustal thickness, h...

This wide-ranging discussion of Precambrian rocks includes contributions from a diverse array of authors actively engaged in investigations of various aspects of U.S. Precambrian geology. Summary discussions by the editors of the five major chapters place these contributions in a logical regional framework. A concluding chapter explores Archean cru...

A topographic dome, radial drainage pattern, and regional negative gravity anomaly, all centered on Lake Superior, are vestiges of a 1100 Ma mantle plume that formed the Midcontinent Rift System of central North America. The topographic and gravimetric relations suggest that the dome is maintained isostatically by fundamental changes imprinted on t...

Geophysical investigations have had a prominent role in studying the 1100 Ma Midcontinent Rift system because of limited surface exposures and deep drilling of the rift rocks. Gravity and magnetic anomaly data delineate the rift system—its central volcanic-filled graben and overlying and adjacent post-rift sedimentary basins—and the major faults of...

Comparisons of MAGSAT magnetic contrasts and geology across the Mesozoic assembly of Africa and South America provide new insight into the interpretation of the long-wavelength magnetic anomalies near the present continental margins. Across continental Africa and South America, the MAGSAT magnetic contrasts can be correlated with geologic provinces...

In the decade since global satellite magnetic field data have been available from MAGSAT, notable progress has been made in processing these data for purposes of mapping crustal anomalies. Several regional magnetic anomaly maps compiled using these new techniques (e.g. Kursk region, U.S.S.R.; central Africa; Kiruna, Sweden; and the U.S.A. midcontin...

A series of gently dipping reflection zones extending to mid-crustal depths is recorded by seismic data from Lakes Ontario and Erie. These prominent reflection zones define a broad complex of southeast-dipping ductile thrust faults in the interior of the Grenville orogen. One major reflection zone provides the first image of a proposed Grenvillian...

An intense Bouguer gravity anomaly minimum extending across much of Wisconsin cannot be explained by the surface Phanerozoic sedimentary strata, the basement Precambrian geology, or the topography of the region. The most intense (-100 mgal) part of the minimum coincides with the 1.47 Ga anorogenic granitic Wolf River batholith of northeastern Wisco...

A ridge regression (or damped least-squares) method has been used in a large-scale equivalent source inversion of South American MAGSAT data. The optimum damping parameter is selected based on percent increase in the sum of squared residual of the observed and the calculated anomaly and on the variance and the range of the solution for a series of...

The magnetic contrast between continents and oceans is an important constraint for understanding the regional distribution of magnetic sources in the crust and upper mantle. This magnetic difference was investigated using satellite 〈2°C〉 scalar magnetic anomalies collected by NASA's MAGSAT mission over the Atlantic and eastern Pacific Oceans, North...

A deep seismic-reflection profile in northern Lake Michigan, midcontinent North America, provides a cross section of the crust across the 1850 Ma Penokean orogen, in which an Early Proterozoic island-arc complex was deformed between two converging Archean continental masses. The island-arc crust is about 40 km thick and has a few kilometres of inte...

Recent drilling of the midcontinent rift system in northeastern Kansas reveals a transposed Keweenawan stratigraphy of mafic volcanic rocks overlying thick clastic sedimentary rocks. A reprocessed version of COCORP Kansas Line 1 indicates that the drillhole penetrated a series of west-dipping reflectors associated with a reverse fault bounding the...

Analysis of the total magnetic intensity MAGSAT data has identified and characterized the variability of ionospheric current effects as reflected in the geomagnetic field as a function of longitude, elevation, and time (daily as well as monthly variations). This analysis verifies previous observations in POGO data and provides important boundary co...

The magnetic method is the oldest and one of the most widely used geophysical techniques for exploring the earth’s subsurface. It is a relatively easy and inexpensive tool to employ, being applicable to a wide variety of subsurface exploration problems involving horizontal magnetic property variations occurring from near the base of the crust to wi...

The geological utility of satellite magnetic observations is limited by orbital altitude variations which may be as large as a few hundred kilometres. This study investigates the use of fast and elegant statistical procedures for altitude normalization and gridding of magnetic anomaly data as an alternative to more commonly used equivalent source i...

A 70-km-long seismic reflection profile in western Michigan provides new insight into the nature, distribution, and structure of the Keweenawan Supergroup volcanic and overlying sedimentary rocks and the controversial Keweenaw fault along the southern boundary of the Midcontinent Rift System in the Lake Superior basin. Interpretation of the 5-s ref...

An international symposium on geographic information systems (GIS), entitled “GIS: Integrating Technology and Geoscience Applications,” was held September 26–30, 1988, in Denver, Colo. GIS is a relatively recent technology for managing, retrieving, modeling, and displaying large spatial data bases and has its primary application in analysis of maps...

Seismic refraction profiles for the conterminous United States and adjacent Canada have been compiled from published and unpublished sources. The crustal models derived from these profiles were used to compile data on upper-mantle seismic velocity (Pn), crustal thickness (Hc) and average seismic velocity of the crystalline crust (Vp). These data in...

COCORP profiling in the eastern midcontinent of North America has (1) traced an extensive sequence of Precambrian layered rocks beneath southern Illinois, Indiana, and western Ohio; (2) detected a broad zone of east-dipping basement reflectors associated with the Grenville front beneath western Ohio; and (3) discovered a wide region of west-dipping...

Seismic reflection, gravity, and magnetic data were used along four profiles to study the Mid-Continent rift system between northwestern Wisconsin and central Iowa. Mafic lavas in medial horsts are characterized by strong laterally continuous reflections that indicate a stratigraphic package as much as 10 km thick. Mafic roots extending beneath the...

Satellite magnetometer observations provide important constraints for studies of lineaments which in general are manifestations of regional tectonic stresses or compositional variations in the lithosphere. Recently developed procedures for spherical-earth inversion, modeling and reducing high-elevation magnetic observations for external fields and...

Summaries of the major features of the geology of North America and the adjacent oceanic regions are presented. Twenty chapters include concise reviews of current thinking about Precambrian basement, Phanerozoic orogens, cratonic basins, passive-margin geology of the Atlantic and Gulf Coast regions, marine and terrestrial geology of the Caribbean r...

Geochemical and geophysical investigations over the past decade suggest a laterally as well as radially heterogeneous upper mantle. The sources of this variability are mantle dynamics and interactions with the crust. The opportunities to sample these variations directly are limited within continental regions. However, the basalts of the Midcontinen...

During the past decade, significant progress has been made in defining the nature of midcontinent tectonism as a result of an improved geophysical/geologic data base which permits an integration of seismicity data, crustal structures, and current stress directions. Critically placed microseismic networks have shown that many earthquakes with common...

Data presented on the magnetic anomaly map in the continental areas have largely been derived from published map sources. However, these maps for the most part have been digitized and subjected to various processing steps in preparation for compositing. The marine areas of the map consist mostly of digital data track, except in the Gulf of Mexico,...

The deterministic approach to seismic hazard evaluation utilizes all available geologic/geophysical information to map the structure and nature of the crust in three dimensions that may relate to earthquake activity. However, information on the crystalline crust of the eastern United States from direct observations, drilling and sparse crustal seis...

Instabilities and the large matrices which are common to inversions of regional magnetic and gravity anomalies often complicate the use of efficient leastsquares matrix procedures. Inversion stability profoundly affects anomaly analysis, and hence it must be considered in any application. Wildly varying or unstable solutions are the products of err...

Under the auspices of the Great Lakes International Multidisciplinary Program on Crustal Evolution, approximately 320 km of deep seismic reflection data were collected in Lake Huron along a profile that extends east from the Manitoulin terrane across the Grenville front to the interior of the Grenville orogen. The Manitoulin terrane is characterize...