William C. Gartner

University of Minnesota | UMN · Division of Applied Economics and Agricultural Education

Government plays an important role as a well-being capital provider through policies, strategies, or even direct provision to local residents to improve their livelihoods. Pak Mun Dam is one of the most controversial dams in Thailand, and government intervention is needed to solve the issues the dam has created. This study tests the premise that go...

Multidimensional well-being is an important method for understanding the social functioning of communities affected by the Pak Mun Dam, 26 years after its construction. This is the first quantitative research on the well-being of these communities. In six of eight well-being dimensions, the more distant communities are faring better than those in c...

The marginal rate of substitution shows that negatively affected residents of Pak Mun Dam are willing to trade three units of economic well-being to gain one more unit of social well-being. Marginal rate of substitution (MRS) provides important information to the government regarding such trade-offs. Given the limited budget and resources, the opti...

Weather can be a major concern for travelers when choosing a destination, preparing their trip and during their stay. Existing publications focus on explaining the role of weather based on one, or at most, a few parameters and usually for one season. This paper proposes a new approach covering all four seasons by connecting daily data from meteorol...

Understanding the effects on the overall well-being of the communities affected by the Pak Mun Dam construction would fill in the gaps in existing knowledge and facilitate a deeper discussion of the factors that impact overall wellbeing. The Pak Mun Dam was finished in 1994 and from that point on there have been changes affecting local residents. T...

Multidimensional well-being is an important method for understanding the social functioning of communities affected by the Pak Mun Dam, 26 years after its construction. This is the first quantitative research on the well-being of these communities. In six of eight well-being dimensions, the more distant communities are faring better than those in c...

Understanding effects on the overall well-being of the communities affected by the Pak Mun Dam construction would fill in the gaps in existing knowledge and facilitate a deeper discussion of the factors that impact overall wellbeing. The Pak Mun Dam was finished in 1994 and from that point on there have been changes affecting local residents. This...

COVID-19 reaction policies have had the effect of putting the tourism economy into a form of forced hibernation. Currently there is speculation about what will happen as tourism begins to emerge from its dormant state. In this article, we use the concept of a system to analyze the potential research implications of COVID-19 effects on tourism. In d...

This study examines tourists' dietary behavioral changes associated with how they are concerned with self-presentation. A within-subject mediation analysis reveals that tourists' self-presentational concerns can influence their diet regulations. Such concerns tend to be lower in the destination environment than in the familiar home setting. Thus, t...

Winter tourism in the Alps has been dominated, both in marketing and in academic publications, by an almost exclusive focus on winter sports activities, primarily on skiing. This paper shows that there exist other substantial markets for winter tourism in the Alps that have largely been ignored. Using results from a nationwide survey of German tour...

In the increasingly globalized world of wine, strategic planning of wine region development in small post-socialist countries, such as Croatia, represents a particular challenge. These countries cannot compete with large and world-known wine regions (Rioja, Bordeaux etc.) in terms of production volume. However, grapes have been grown on the teritor...

Tourists are known to behave differently from their home environment, a phenomenon that has been well interpreted by sociologists in early conceptual works. By investigating tourists’ self-presentational concerns, this study attempts to provide a psychological explanation of this phenomenon, as well as empirical evidence to test it in the context o...

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the effect of extrinsic cues on wine consumer’s willingness to pay (WTP) based on a blind tasting experiment conducted in Hong Kong. Design/methodology/approach Using data from a three-stage blind wine tasting experiment, the authors examine how an average consumer’s WTP for a bottle of wine change...

There are two questions that this study seeks to answer: ① Does extrinsic cue affects willingness to pay for a bottle of wine of consumers in Hong Kong? ② Do consumers with different level of wine experience respond differently to the extrinsic information such as country of origin and grape variety?

Purpose - The production efficiency of agricultural crops has been the subject of numerous studies in the field of agricultural economics. This study examines the production efficiency of emerging vineyards in the 14 northern U.S. states and aims to understand raw input and managerial factors affecting the grape production with focusing on the effe...

The emergence of cold hardy, Vitis riparia-based wine grape cultivars in the 1990s created a new and rapidly expanding industry of small vineyard and winery enterprises (over 300 wineries, 2,400 ha of grapes, 1300 growers) in more than 12 states in the Upper Midwest and Northeast USA, boosting rural economies in those regions. While the North Ameri...

This study examines the influence of a negative experience at a destination on tourists by identifying its effects on individuals' judgment. Empirical evidence of the tangible effects of a single travel experience on individuals' decision-making is lacking. Prospect theory and negativity bias theory are introduced for theoretical support. The ratin...

The recent development of cold-hardy and disease-resistant grape cultivars have enabled rapid expansion of the wine industry in northern states in the United States. As the nascent enterprises seek sustainable profitability, it is important to understand what factors are making the industry sustainable. Using the primary dataset collected in 2012 f...

This study examines the existence of a long-run relationship between indigence or extreme poverty reduction and agricultural, manufacturing and tourism development in Costa Rica and Nicaragua. An econometric methodology consisting of an autoregressive distributed lag bounds testing approach to co-integration is used. For Costa Rica, agricultural an...

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to examine if consumers have substantially common color preferences in hospitality uniforms for destination brands. Employee uniforms with their dimensions of style, material and color are a crucial part of the coordinated brand message of a business or a destination; however, this has been a void in tourism a...

Brand equity is a well-known concept within the marketing sciences. It refers to a product’s value from the return generated from a firm’s marketing strategy. The concept is not easy to apply to a destination as the destination ‘firm’ is a mix of various stakeholders including residents who offer their space to tourists without remuneration. In thi...

The aim of this paper is to increase our understanding about the experienced value of hunting as a travel experience. Experienced value refers to the individual's multidimensional outcome of the hunting experience. The study consists of an auto-ethnography of one hunter and diary notes, photos and memories of the other. Holbrook's typology of consu...

The paper introduces the concept of customer-based brand equity and applies it to a destination. The theoretically proposed and empirically verified model complements previous research findings on a destination’s evaluation from the tourist’s perspective. In addition to numerous studies, which have stressed the importance of image, the results of t...

ABSTRACT Tourism development is an elusive term which means different things to different people. In this book we attempt to cover an array of tourism development issues from how the system is structured, trends affecting where we are going, new ventures in development and case studies that examine particular issues in depth. This book is intended...

Tourism development is an elusive term which means different things to different people. In this book four separate sections attempt to cover an array of tourism development issues. After the ''Introduction'' (section 1), section 2 ''Tourism development - System and Trends'' informs the reader how the system is structured and what are the trends af...

Governments spend considerable public resources, including tax dollars, on marketing their cities or countries in order to become a strong brand attractive for exports, foreign direct investment and tourism. Ironically at the same time, self-imposed and strict visa regulations that can potentially hamper the productivity of marketing and branding a...

This paper investigates the concept of customer-based brand equity for a tourism destination, which has been introduced to tourism literature only few years ago. Specifically, it investigates, whether the differences between the renewal and repeat tourists exist in their evaluation of tourism destination. A theoretically proposed model, encompassin...

This article analyzes the impact of different wording used in surveys on tourism expenditure studies. Though there is evidence showing that bias arises from the wording of a question, there has not been further research to empirically measure the response bias that is generated. Most survey research is directed towards the design structure with lit...

Academic inquiries have predominantly treated destination branding as a marketing phenomenon that happens to involve tourists as customers in a marketplace. The practice of it has been entrenched in deploying tactical marketing tools such as attention-grabbing slogans. This opening chapter provides a critical review of destination and place brandin...

Despite the recent academic attention to branding, there seems to be no clear path for authorities to follow in establishing their destinations as distinctive and strategic brands. The purpose of this chapter is to provide a practical framework for destination authorities. Review of relevant literature reveals that branding in a destination context...

Destination brand equity is a recent line of enquiry within the academic community. The topic is still not well understood from a theoretical standpoint. This chapter attempts to frame the conceptual question of how to develop brand equity by providing some theoretical constructs for the nature of destination. Brand characteristics with respect to...

Purpose The purpose of this paper is threefold: measure the differences in importance of cultural values between Turkish hosts and European guests; measure perceived cultural difference (distance) to see if importance of cultural values are commensurate with cultural distance perception; and identify potential influence of perceived cultural distan...

Image of a country as tourism destination brand can involve a biased or distorted view that is different from its objective reality. Although several destination image studies make references to negative destination images and stereotypical perceptions, bias in images of destination brands has been overlooked by researchers so far. A modified versi...

The destination image has received much attention for about three decades. Studies of various aspects of destination images increased in volume during the 1990s. Echtner and Ritchie's (1991) review of destination image literature resulted in several suggestions in terms of both the conceptualization and operationalization of destination image. This...

Destination image is commonly accepted as an important aspect in successful tourism development and destination marketing due to its impact on both supply- and demand-side aspects of marketing. Despite the ample amount of literature, a comprehensive conceptualization of destination image comprising its intricate relationships with several other fac...

The competition to entice potential visitors to a destination or take a particular type of vacation is intense. It has been found that a key determinant on whether a traveller chooses to visit a destination or not is based on brand image perceptions. The issue of image perceptions becomes an increasingly difficult subject with Macao, with attempts...

Global tourism, although affected by international terrorism events and contagious disease, remains relatively robust and still performs important economic and social functions. Asian nations can and should take the potential of foreign tourists seriously. One nation of particular interest is Vietnam. However, the image of Vietnam as a tourist dest...

This study analyzed the preferences of international urban travelers by focusing on European, North American, and Japanese travelers to Seoul, Korea, and attempted to identify the relationship between preferences and expenditures for the attributes or activities. The results indicated that, for both pleasure and business trips, the travelers from t...

The study of urban tourism has not received as much attention as the magnitude of the phenomenon would seem to indicate. This study explores visitor perceptions of Seoul, Korea, held by three different nationalities and also by purpose of visit (i.e., pleasure vs. business). Perceptual mapping was utilized to differentiate between preferences share...

Rural tourism has been a subject of study since the early days of tourism scholarship. Most of tourism's deleterious impacts were identified from studies conducted in rural settings. It is only recently, however, that rural tourism has become a special focus of study, dissimilar enough from urban tourism, to be a study subject unto itself. This pap...

Eleven road segments in Minnesota were examined in a user survey that addressed road travelers' preferences for physical characteristics, aesthetics, and amenities of that segment. The user survey was based on earlier focus group work. Results indicated that road travelers were able to differentiate between physical and socially derived attributes...

Rural tourism development is almost as difficult to do right as it is to define what it means. In this paper a number of critical features necessary to successful rural development were examined. Some of the features mentioned such as transportation fall into the domain of the public sector. Others such as human resource training and communication...

This book focuses on the issues and trends in outdoor, nature-based recreation, leisure and tourism and explores the implications for public policy, planning, management, and marketing. 37 chapters are organized into six parts: Society, factors/forces shaping demand for and use of resources; resources, what exists and how did we reach this point; p...

This book focuses on the issues and trends in outdoor, nature-based recreation, leisure and tourism and explores the implications for public policy, planning, management, and marketing. 37 chapters are organized into six parts: Society, factors/forces shaping demand for and use of resources; resources, what exists and how did we reach this point; p...

The analysis and results discussed in this article were developed as part of a study of landed property and home owners (including seasonal homes) in three representative counties of Michigan's northern lower peninsula. A model similar to the hedonic price method was used to isolate certain natural resource characteristics and detennine if property...

The image formation process has been an area of inquiry for more than 20 years. The process of image formation is intricately entwined with the destination selection process. Understanding the different techniques unitized to form destination images is necessary to developing an image consistent with what a destination has to offer. This paper pres...

This paper discusses second home owners' perceptions of facilities and services within the community, and moves beyond previous research that addressed primary motivation for location decisions. A total of 513 respondents contributed information on outdoor and indoor recreational activities, tax-supported services, health-care services, environment...

Tour operators function as intermediaries in the tourism distribution system linking producers and consumers. Their expertise in packaging tourism products allows for more offerings to a wider range of tourists. This study examined the role tour operators fill in packaging travel to developing countries using Indonesia as a case study. Many develop...

The People's Republic of China (PRC) has yet to recover from a dramatic drop in tourism due to the Tiananmen Square conflict. Occupancy levels remain lower than those existing before the conflict. Although the drop in tourism can be quantified, it was not known if there was a corresponding drop in the touristic image of the country. A study assessi...

The fastest growing minority group in the United States is Hispanic, with the majority of this group made up of Mexican‐Americans. Researchers question whether this group forms a distinct subculture in American society and if present recreation facility design provides opportunities for the reinforcement of cultural values.Mexican‐American and Angl...

Recently, Korea has been preparing herself, on a scale unprecedented in her history, for the 1988 Seoul Olympic Games. The Olympics, more than just a sporting extravaganza, will offer-Korea a chance to foster tourism growth and showcase recent economic achievements. This study was concerned with assessing the impacts of a mega-event. To assess perc...

State tourism image is a complex combination of various products and associated attributes . Attribute identification, along with state tourism product position, was inves tigated using multidimensional scaling analysis (MDS). Two-dimensional analysis on image data collected for the states of Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, and Utah revealed salient at...

Extensive unplanned residential land settlement often leads to numerous environmental, economic and social problems. Problems affect local planning efforts as well as firms involved in the land development business. Policy that is effective in alleviating problems recognizes that certain land settlement types are to a greater or lesser degree assoc...

The growth of recreational home developments in many areas can be directly traced to tourism. Attractive areas with recreational amenities and inexpensive land become prime locations for new home developments. Many times these locations are in environmentally sensitive areas. The literature has assessed seasonal or second homes and the impact they...

The USDA Forest Service has recently begun to encourage concessionaire operation of public campgrounds that it administers. This is a relatively new type of special use permit arrangement for the Forest Service. This paper analyzes 19 fee campgrounds on the Siuslaw National Forest for potential concessionaire operation, Analysis against developed c...

Hunt (1971) defines state image as the impressions that a person or persons hold about a state in which they do not reside. But image is more complex than a single perception, for Brand identification as well as people's perceptions of attributes of various activities or attractions within an area will interact to form a composite state image. Rese...

This study was undertaken to estimate the economic impact on a specific region resulting from a nine-day tourism industry exposition. Over 80,000 people paid to attend the 1980 Greater Michigan Boat and Fishing Show which displayed equipment by 165 exhibitors. Detailed direct expenditure information was obtained from patrons and exhibitors. Multipl...