William Beckman

• University of Wisconsin–Madison

The Electromagnetic Spectrum Photon Radiation The Blackbody: Perfect Absorber and Emitter Planck's Law and Wien's Displacement Law Stefan-Boltzmann Equation Radiation Tables Radiation Intensity and Flux Infrared Radiation Exchange between Gray Surfaces Sky Radiation Radiation Heat Transfer Coefficient Natural Convection between Flat Parallel Plates...

Review of Design Methods The f-Chart Method The f-Chart for Liquid Systems The f-Chart for Air Systems Service Water Heating Systems The f-Chart Results Parallel Solar Energy-Heat Pump Systems Summary References

Approaches to Passive Design Solar-Load Ratio Method Unutilizability Design Method: Direct Gain Unutilizability Design Method: Collector-Storage Walls Hybrid Systems: Active Collection with Passive Storage Other Hybrid Systems References

Integration with Industrial Processes Mechanical Design Considerations Economics of Industrial Process Heat Open-Circuit Air Heating Applications Recirculating Air System Applications Once-Through Industrial Water Heating Recirculating Industrial Water Heating Shallow-Pond Water Heaters Summary References

DISSERTATION (PH.D.)--THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN Dissertation Abstracts International,

Hybrid solar lighting (HSL) systems distribute natural sunlight to luminaires located in office or retail buildings in order to reduce energy consumption associated with conventional lighting systems. HSL systems reduce energy consumption directly by reducing the lighting energy and indirectly by reducing the associated cooling loads. A key compone...

The clearness index for hourly and daily radiation is an important parameter in describing solar radiation. Liu and Jordan demonstrated that the monthly average daily clearness index could be used to predict the long-term distribution of daily solar radiation in a month. This paper reviews recent literature on the prediction of hourly and daily fre...

Localized resist heating effects that occur during electron beam (e-beam) patterning of optical masks can lead to critical dimension (CD) errors. These errors are due to unexpected resist development or underdevelopment, which is related to the temperature history of the resist. Eliminating this source of error requires a knowledge of the localized...

To extend optical lithography technology to the sub-100 nm linewidth regime using 157 nm UV light, all mask-related distortions must be eliminated or minimized. Thermal distortion during the scanning exposure process is a significant contribution to the total pattern placement error budget for advanced photomasks. This paper presents the results of...

The existence of faults in heating, ventilating, air-conditioning, and refrigerating (HVAC&R) systems plays a significant role in the degradation of comfort levels for building occupants. In this paper, a mechanical model for fault detection and diagnosis (FDD) in a chiller subsystem is developed. With the model, the characteristic quantities (CQs)...

Geothermal (ground-source) heat pumps (GHPs) are an efficient alternative to conventional methods of conditioning buildings. However, GHP systems can have relatively high installation costs because of the ground heat exchanger. Proper sizing of the exchanger is critical to performance. Vertical U-tube heat exchangers are commonly used as the ground...

Simulation techniques have been employed to evaluate different control strategies for ice-storage systems. The transient performance of the ice-on-coil storage tank is represented using an effectiveness model in which the rate of cooling by the tank during discharge is correlated in terms of the amount of cooling that has been supplied and the mass...

Recent advances in studies on the androgen receptor (AR) have led to the application of new technology to the question of receptor status in prostate disease. Critical to these advances has been the cloning of AR complementary DNA (cDNA) and genomic DNA, the determination of AR gene intron/exon boundary DNA sequences and the development of antibodi...

Proposition d'un modele annuel de systemes solaires de chauffage predisant la fraction de la charge thermique fournie par ces systemes. Utilisation de ce modele pour evaluer l'influence de modifications des parametres des collecteurs utilises sur la fraction de charge thermique fournie et sur la rentabilite des systemes. Exemple d'application a l'e...

The partition matrix between light sources and light sinks is introduced to evaluate the transmittance properties of optically asymmetric collectors constructed with evacuated tubes. A ray tracing model is used to compute its elements. Curve fits to the ray tracing results are provided. The effects of polarization are discussed. Comparisons with pr...

Stephen L. Sargent and William A. BeckmanSolar Energy Laboratory and Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706A method is presented for numerically calculating the infrared radiative fluxes in a dusty atmosphere: a multicomponent planar medium which absorbs, emits, and anisotropically scatters radiation. The method...

The problem of combined radiation and convection in a porous bed, consisting of randomly stacked wire screens, was experimentally investigated. A collimated radiation source was used for bed heating, and air flowing normally through the bed was used for bed cooling. Both bed temperatures and air temperatures were measured at various locations. Comp...

Existing analytical models to determine the collector heat removal factor for serpentine collectors have limitations both for low flow and a large number of tube bends. A finite-dif-ference numerical model was compared to existing analytical models (Abdel-Khalik, 1976 and Zhang & Lavan, 1985). The finite difference model shows that if the serpentin...

There has been some debate between researchers as to whether optimum flow rates exist in a solar domestic hot water system utilizing a heat exchanger between the collec-tor and the storage tank. It was found that there exists thermal optimum or at least economical optimum flow rates since low flow rates incur less hydraulic costs. Peak performance...

Photovoltaic cells presently used in satellites and other applications are, for the most part, silicon cells which have a power output of about 12 milliwatts per square centimeter at a radiation level of 90 milliwatts per square centimeter. Using special close-gridded cells, a solar concentrator to obtain radiation intensities of 28 watts per squar...

Experimental data is presented on the operation of a high solar flux power system. Using 18 one by two cm cells with 20 gridlines/cm and with a concentrated solar flux of about 25 W/sq cm, the system produced 40 watts of electrical power. Approximately 5 of the 40 watts are necessary for the cooling system pump motor. The expected net output of 50...