Wilhelm Erber

Objectives Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is an infection caused by the tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) that can lead to symptoms of central nervous system inflammation. There are five subtypes of TBEV, three of which – European, Siberian and Far Eastern – occur in Europe. As it is thought that different subtype infections exhibit varying clini...

Background: Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is caused by the tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV). TBEV infection can cause symptoms of central nervous system (CNS) inflammation and result in severe consequences including death. TBE is an increasing health threat in the Czech Republic and elsewhere in Europe. In 2020, 23% of 3734 TBE cases reported t...

Objectives Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is an infection caused by the tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) that can lead to symptoms of central nervous system inflammation. There are five subtypes of TBEV, three of which – European, Siberian and Far Eastern – occur in Europe. As it is thought that different subtype infections exhibit varying clini...

Background Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is an infection by the tickborne encephalitis virus that causes symptoms of central nervous system inflammation (meningitis, encephalitis, etc.). TBE is endemic in parts of Europe including the Czech Republic. In 2020, 23% of 3,734 TBE cases reported to the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control...

Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is an infection of the central nervous system caused by the tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV). TBE is endemic in parts of Europe and Asia. TBEV is transmitted to humans primarily by Ixodes ticks. There have been 5 TBE cases identified in Japan, all on the northern island of Hokkaido. Rodents with TBEV antibodies and...

Objectives: Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is an infection by the tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) that results in symptoms of central nervous system inflammation. TBE is endemic in Latvia and other European countries. TBE vaccines are commonly used in Latvia, but vaccine effectiveness estimates are limited. Methods: Study staff at Rīga Strad...

Background: Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is an infection by the tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) with symptoms of central nervous system inflammation. TBE is endemic in Latvia and other parts of Europe. TBE vaccination is recommended for children in Latvia. TBE vaccine effectiveness (VE) was estimated in Latvia, a country with high TBE incide...

There is very little information and there are only a few publications on TBE in Kyrgyzstan. A survey by Atkinson references the following: In humans and birds low seropositivity has been demonstrated as early as 1973. In 1978 the TBEV was isolated from ticks, and twelve human cases were reported between 1976–1981.

TBE is a flavivirus infection of the central nervous system (CNS), transmitted by ticks and in some instances by ingestion of unpasteurized milk. It is diagnosed in the forested belts of Northern Eurasia ranging from the UK, eastern France, The Netherlands and Norway down to Italy through central and Eastern Europe, Russia, Kazakhstan, and China to...

Belarus is a landlocked country of eastern Europe with a population of 9.4 million, of which 78.4% reside in urban areas bordered by Lithuania and Latvia to the north west, by Russia to the north and east, by Ukraine to the south, and by Poland to the west. The country of Belarus is divided into six administrative districts (Brest, Gomel, Grodno, M...

Based on an epidemiological survey, human TBEV neuroinfections may have an endemic emergent course, and natural foci are in full territorial expansion. Identified risk areas are Tulcea district, Transylvania, at the base of the Carpathian Mountains and the Transylvanian Alps. TBE has been a notifiable disease since 1996. Surveillance of TBE is not...

Even though tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) has been a notifiable disease in Croatia since 2007, there are no or only limited data available on the occurring tick species in the endemic areas, on the prevalence of TBE virus (TBEV) in ticks, its distribution in Croatia, and its genetic characteristics. Reporting of human cases also is very scarce. The...

The available data indicate that infection with tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) is the most common arbovirus infection in Ukraine. Natural TBE foci are mainly located in the Polissya territories (Volyn, Rivne, Zhytomyr, Kyiv, and the Chernigiv region), as well as the Pre-Carpathian and Trans–Carpathian regions; a highly intensive distribution...

Although there are no reliable data on the number of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) cases or the percentage of infected ticks, based on the geography and the presence of TBE virus (TBEV) in all neighboring countries, it must be assumed that TBEV is present somewhere in Moldova.

The incidence of TBE ranges from ‘only single sporadic cases’ to >50/105 per year depending on the region and on the year of analysis; it is usually 1-10/105 in endemic regions in central Europe. This number may be considered as ‘low’ – not only as an individual risk but also from a public health perspective. If an individual does contract TBE, how...

Very limited information is available for Bosnia showing the occurrence of TBE. Even though there have been some elder case reports in the northern parts of the country, including alimentary infections, details have not been published.

Vaccination as a highly effective measure to protect against tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) comes into new focus as known risk areas are expanding across Europe and Asia. Here we present an online household survey conducted in 20 European countries spanning endemic and non-endemic regions of TBE in 2020. With a comprehensive and standardized list of...

The study describes the changing epidemiology of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) based on a literature review. TBE case numbers were obtained from Austria, Germany, and Estonia for incidence calculations and for trend analyses at the county level. Currently, the TBEV is circulating in an area from the United Kingdom and France in the West to Japan in...

There has been an increase in reported TBE cases in Europe since 2015, reaching a peak in some countries in 2020, highlighting the need for better management of TBE risk in Europe. TBE surveillance is currently limited, in part, due to varying diagnostic guidelines, access to testing, and awareness of TBE. Consequently, TBE prevalence is underestim...

Belarus is a landlocked country of eastern Europe with a population of 9.4 million, of which 78.4% reside in urban areas bordered by Lithuania and Latvia to the north west, by Russia to the north and east, by Ukraine to the south, and by Poland to the west. The country of Belarus is divided into six administrative districts (Brest, Gomel, Grodno, M...

Very limited information is available for Bosnia showing the occurrence of TBE. Even though there have been some elder case reports in the northern parts of the country, including alimentary infections, details have not been published.

Even though TBE has been a notifiable disease in Croatia since 2007, there are no or only limited data available on the occurring tick species in the endemic areas, on the prevalence of TBE virus (TBEV) in ticks, its distribution in Croatia, and its genetic characteristics. Reporting of human cases also is very scarce. The Central European subtype...

Based on an epidemiological survey performed, human TBEV neuroinfections may have an endemic emergent course, and natural foci are in full territorial expansion. Identified risk areas are Tulcea district, Transylvania, at the base of the Carpathian Mountains and the Transylvanian Alps. TBE has been a notifiable disease since 1996. Surveillance of T...

Although there are no reliable data on the number of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) cases or the percentage of infected ticks, based on the geography and the presence of TBE virus (TBEV) in all neighboring countries, it must be assumed that TBEV is present somewhere in Moldova.

There is very little information and there are only a few publications on TBE in Kyrgyzstan. A survey by Atkinson1 references the following: In humans and birds low seropositivity has been demonstrated as early as 1973. In 1978, the TBEV was isolated from ticks, and twelve human cases were reported between 1976–1981.

Risk map showing the global distribution of the TBEV

The available data indicate that infection with tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) is the most common arbovirus infection in Ukraine. Natural TBE foci are mainly located in the Polissya territories (Volyn, Rivne, Zhytomyr, Kyiv, and the Chernigiv region), as well as the Pre-Carpathian and Trans–Carpathian regions; a highly intensive distribution...

TBE is a flavivirus infection of the central nervous system (CNS), transmitted by ticks and in some rare instances by ingestion of unpasteurized milk. It is diagnosed in the forested belts of Northern Eurasia ranging from the UK, eastern France, The Netherlands and Norway down to Italy through central and Eastern Europe, Russia, Kazakhstan, and Chi...

The incidence of TBE ranges from ‘only single sporadic cases’ to >50/105 per year depending on the region and on the year of analysis; it is usually 1-10/105 in endemic regions in central Europe. his number may be considered as ‘low’ – not only as an individual risk but also from a public health perspective. If an individual does contract TBE, howe...

From 2016 to 2018, a total of 12.030 questing ticks have been collected in the county of Marburg-Biedenkopf (Central Hesse). Ixodes ricinus represented 99% of the collected ticks, while two other uncommon tick species could be identified, Ixodes inopinatus and Ixodes festai, which have been found for the first time in Hesse. Additionally, the hedge...

Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is endemic in Europe and in Central and Eastern Asia. Travellers to rural areas in Europe or Asia are at risk of TBE, particularly during the highest period of tick activity, between April and November.¹,² On 13 August 2021, the FDA approved TicoVac™, the first TBE vaccine to prevent TBE for use in the USA.³ The primar...

Background Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is a vaccine-preventable disease which may cause long-term sequelae and even death. The data on the long-term effectiveness of TBE vaccines are limited. Additionally, the vaccination schedule is complex which in part contributes towards sub-optimal uptake in TBE-endemic areas. The current ecological study me...

Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) vaccines are highly effective in preventing TBE and vaccine failures (VF) are rare events. In this study, we compared the age distribution of TBE cases and TBE VF in three endemic countries: Sweden, Southern Germany, and Latvia. While the age distribution of TBE cases was similar for those <50 years versus those ≥50 ye...

Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) vaccines are effective and well tolerated. However, their acceptance and use by the public in endemic areas are suboptimal. To some extent this is due to the complicated dosing schedule requiring frequent boosters at variable intervals that even change with age. Simplification of the dosing schedule has failed so far a...

The incidence of TBE ranges from ‘only single sporadic cases’ to >50/105 per year depending on the region and on the year of analysis; it is usually 1-10/105 in endemic regions in central Europe. This number may be considered as ‘low’ – not only as an individual risk but also from a public health perspective. If an individual does contract TBE, how...

TBE is a flavivirus infection of the central nervous system (CNS), transmitted by ticks and in some instances by ingestion of unpasteurized milk. It is diagnosed in the forested belts of Northern Eurasia ranging from the UK, eastern France, The Netherlands and Norway down to Italy through central and Eastern Europe, Russia, Kazakhstan, and China to...

The available data indicate that infection with tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) is the most common arbovirus infection in Ukraine. Natural TBE foci are mainly located in the Polissya territories (Volyn, Rivne, Zhytomyr, Kyiv, and the Chernigiv region), as well as the Pre-Carpathian and Trans–Carpathian regions; a highly intensive distribution...

There is very little information and there are only a few publications on TBE in Kyrgyzstan. A survey by Atkinson1 references the following: In humans and birds low seropositivity has been demonstrated as early as 1973. In 1978 the TBEV was isolated from ticks, and twelve human cases were reported between 1976–1981.

Although there are no reliable data on the number of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) cases or the percentage of infected ticks, based on the geography and the presence of TBE virus (TBEV) in all neighboring countries, it must be assumed that TBEV is present somewhere in Moldova.

Even though tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) has been a notifiable disease in Croatia since 2007, there are no or only limited data available on the occurring tick species in the endemic areas, on the prevalence of TBE virus (TBEV) in ticks, its distribution in Croatia, and its genetic characteristics. Reporting of human cases also is very scarce. The...

Belarus is a landlocked country of eastern Europe with a population of 9.4 million, of which 78.4% reside in urban areas bordered by Lithuania and Latvia to the north west, by Russia to the north and east, by Ukraine to the south, and by Poland to the west. The country of Belarus is divided into six administrative districts (Brest, Gomel, Grodno, M...

Very limited information is available for Bosnia showing the occurrence of TBE Even though there have been some elder case reports in the northern parts of the country, including alimentary infections, details have not been published. In early 1996 United States military forces were deployed to Bosnia as part of Operation Joint Endeavor. Only 4 (0....

Based on an epidemiological survey,1 human TBEV neuroinfections may have an endemic emergent course, and natural foci are in full territorial expansion. Identified risk areas are Tulcea district, Transylvania, at the base of the Carpathian Mountains and the Transylvanian Alps.2,3 TBE has been a notifiable disease since 1996. Surveillance of TBE is...

Background Tick-borne Encephalitis (TBE) is a CNS infection caused by the TBE virus (TBEV), transmitted by ticks or by ingestions of unpasteurized dairy products. Persisting sequelae occur in up to 50% of patients and case fatality rates are 0.4-6% (up to 20% in Russia). There is no specific treatment, but prevention exists. New areas of TBEV circu...

With much interest we read the article by Wagner et al.,1 however, their claim that “patients with breakthrough tick‐borne encephalitis suffer a more severe clinical course” is not supported by their data as the scientific evidence necessary to substantiate this claim would generally be a double‐blind randomized study, not a retrospective case seri...

Key points The incidence of TBE ranges from ‘only single sporadic cases’ to >50/105 per year depending on the region and on the year of analysis; it is usually 1-10/105 in endemic regions in central Europe. This number may be considered as ‘low’ – not only as an individual risk but also from a public health perspective. If an individual does contra...

*This map may be different from “official” TBE-risk maps from local authorities as shown in chapter 9b for individual countries. Differences between the map above and country maps are explained by the fact that Public Health officials try to quantify the risk for TBE and thus indicate only those areas as “TBE risk areas” where a certain incidence t...

• TBE is a flavivirus infection of the central nervous system (CNS), transmitted by ticks and in some rare instances by ingestion of unpasteurized milk. • TBE is diagnosed in the forested belts of Northern Eurasia ranging from eastern France and Norway down to northern Italy through central and Eastern Europe, Russia, Kazakhstan, and China to the n...

Based on an epidemiological survey performed, human TBE- virus neuroinfections may have an endemic emergent course, and natural foci are in full territorial expansion. Identified risk areas are Tulcea district, Transylvania, at the base of the Carpathian Mountains and the Transylvanian Alps.

Although there are no reliable data on the number of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) cases or the percentage of infected ticks, based on the geography and the presence of TBE virus (TBEV) in all neighboring countries, it must be assumed that TBEV is present anywhere in Moldova.

Even though tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) has been a notifiable disease in Croatia since 2007, there are no or only limited data available on the occurring tick species in the endemic areas, on the prevalence of TBE virus (TBEV) in ticks, its distribution in Croatia, and its genetic characteristics. Reporting of human cases also is very scarce. The...

Very limited information is available for Bosnia showing the occurrence of TBE. Even though there have been some elder case reports in the northern parts of the country, including alimentary infections, details have not been published.

There is not so much information and publication available on TBE in Kyrgyzstan. A survey by Atkinson references the following: In humans and birds low seropositivity has been demonstrated as early as 1973. In 1978 the TBEV has been isolated from ticks, and twelve human cases were reported between 1976–1981.

Almost the entire territory of Belarus is believed to be endemic for tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV), with the Central European subtype, also known as TBEV-EU (Figure 1). In all, 96 counties (i.e., 71.5% of all administrative districts) are considered to be risk areas for tick-borne encephalitis (TBE).

Available data indicate that infection with tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) is the most common arbovirus infection in Ukraine.

Background The incidence of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) varies significantly over time. To better understand the annual incidence of all TBE cases in Latvia we investigated the disease burden in the country from 1973–2016 using several available sources and case definitions. Methods We identified cases of TBE from an electronic database (maintai...

Adequate vaccination is effective in preventing tick-borne encephalitis (TBE). A population survey conducted in 2015 in Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia, and Sweden obtained information on TBE vaccination. Respondents answered 10 questions for themselves and household members. Data we...

On the basis of a histological investigation concerning 16 species of 4 holothurian orders, the homology of the so-called problematic canal with the axial sinus on the one side and the dorso-axial haemal strand with the axial gland on the other side is discussed. Combining these results with former investigations, the following conclusions are draw...