Werner Rothengatter

Karlsruhe Institute of Technology | KIT · Institute of Economics

This chapter describes the impacts of four Covid-19 waves on the German economy and the transport system. Lockdown measures had a big impact in spring 2020 on controlling the first wave while they were less effective in the second and third waves in winter and spring 2020/21. Individual car traffic decreased in the first half of 2020 and recovered...

Policy makers often need support for evaluating transportation and logistics system performance, and for understanding the long-term ef- fects and relationships between transportation investments, system performance and economic growth, both at the regional and national levels. This Special Issue aims at revitalizing the discussion about transport...

This paper discusses the dual role of the transport sector in the Covid-19 pandemic: spreading the virus around the world and being most negatively impacted by the pandemic. This paper describes and analyzes the following: (a) actions taken by the governments and international community in order to control the spreading and to alleviate negative ec...

Road Pricing soll dazu dienen, die Verkehrsnachfrage in Städten auf die verfügbaren Straßenkapazitäten abzustimmen. Dazu sind Preise für die Straßennutzung zu erheben, die mit der Kapazitätsauslastung ansteigen. Während die Verminderung von Stauerscheinungen im Mittelpunkt steht, gibt es weitere Ziele für die Preiserhebung, wie z. B. die Verbesseru...

The European Union is not a homogenous decision-making unit. The Union has a limited legal competence while the single member states still maintain highly autonomous decision-making, including in the transport sector.

Overall economic effects of a transformation into sustainable mobility in Germany by 2035 with special focus on employment effects for Hans Böckler Foundation Gesamtwirtschaftlichen Auswirkungen einer Transformation zu nachhaltiger Mobilität in Deutschland bis zum Jahre 2035

Megaprojects are characterized by large investment volumes, high complexity and ambitious goals of their promoters with respect to technological, economic or aesthetic performance. There are a number of cases which show massive failures with planning, procurement, construction and operation of megaprojects in the transport sector. But there are als...

We are currently living through the biggest investment boom in history, led by China. Never have megaprojects been bigger, never have more such projects been built, and never has a country used megaprojects for nation-building in the manner and to the degree China does. The numbers are staggering. China used more cement in the three years 2011-2013...

Wider economic impacts (WEI) comprise all effects that are not assessed appropriately in conventional cost-benefit analysis (CBA). These effects are generated by market imperfections, in the view of neo-classical equilibrium theory. In real economies such imperfections are not exemptions but frequent phenomena, e.g. stemming from increasing returns...

This note assesses the status of logistics and the way to achieve a performing multi-modal transport system on the TEN-T core network by making use of/improving existing policy instruments. It shows that interoperability of railways and multi-modal terminals are crucial issues along the nine corridors of the core network.

Since the pre-accession phases, the Member States located in Central and Eastern Europe have been receiving EU funding to be invested in transport infrastructure. These investments have improved connectivity and accessibility in these Member States substantially. This note shows, however, that gaps remain. It also analyses how current policy instru...

Although the climate change issues of intercity transport are in the focus of this book, it is necessary to discuss their impacts in the context of external costs of transport and their internalisation. The reason is that the external costs of transport—e.g. stemming from noise, air pollution or uninsured accident costs—give rise to applying a numb...

It has been pointed out in Sect. 1.1.2 that the share of intercity transport of total passenger-kilometres is estimated to be more than 40 % and will probably increase substantially in the future. In freight transport, the share of intercity transport is much higher and can account for more than 80 % of the total tonne-kilometres in industrialised...

Long-term forecasts expect an increase of world population to 9 billion by 2050 while it was 3.5 billion in 1960 and 7 billion in 2010. Population and economic growth will lead to an increase of mobility from 5500 billion (1960) to 105,000 billion pass-km (2050, see Schafer and Victor, Transp Res Part A 34:171–205, 2000). North America and Europe a...

While intercity passenger transport counts for about 2% of the total passenger transport volume the share of the total passenger kilometers traveled is estimated more than one third. In many countries the major part of intercity transport is performed by car and air and as a result, the contribution to the carbon footprint is substantially higher t...

This study updates the TEN-T investment study completed in early 2013 and adds five new case studies to the analysis, three of which deal with mega projects that are still in the planning or early implementation phase: Lyon-Turin, Iron-Rhine and S21/Stuttgart-Ulm. Findings confirm that not all stakeholders have learned past lessons on successfully...

We were recently asked by the Danish Transport Council to undertake a review of plans to study the viability of fixed connections across the Baltic Sea at Fehmarn Belt.1 Fehmarn Belt is the strait between Denmark and Germany located in the Western part of the Baltic Sea between the islands of Lolland and Fehmarn. The shortest distance across the Be...

Die Verkehrsinfrastruktur in Deutschland ist chronisch unterfinanziert. Das belegen die Berichte zahlreicher Kommissionen zur Verkehrsinfrastrukturfinanzierung. Notwendige Maßnahmen zur Erhaltung, die durch das ständig wachsende Verkehrsaufkommen dringend erforderlich sind, werden nur in unzureichendem Maße getätigt. Die Autoren des Zeitgesprächs a...

The traditional answer of economists to the problem of internalising external costs of transport is "setting prices right". In a neoclassical economic world this would correspond to setting prices according to marginal social costs. The neoclassical world is far from reality, however, and therefore workable instruments have to be developed with res...

A great diversity of spatial structures, transport systems and needs can be observed in the Outermost Regions (ORs) of the EU. Interurban transport as a means for developing the inland market of ORs would deserve more, and especially better-designed, support. Ideally, modern new regional transport authorities applying innovative solutions would ava...

Based on a literature review and ten case studies, this study elaborates recommendations for improving strategic planning, the choice and definition of transport infrastructure projects as well as a sound assessment for transport and socio-economic impacts. The role of transparent information regarding ex-ante planning and ex-post success is studie...

Back cover text: Megaprojects and Risk provides the first detailed examination of the phenomenon of megaprojects. It is a fascinating account of how the promoters of multibillion-dollar megaprojects systematically and self-servingly misinform parliaments, the public and the media in order to get projects approved and built. It shows, in unusual dep...

Die Bundesverkehrswegeplanung unterliegt derzeit hinsichtlich des Aufbaus, der Beteiligung von Stakeholdern und Öffentlichkeit sowie der Methodik einem hohen Veränderungsbedarf. Ursachen sind finanzielle Engpässe und Erfordernisse nachvollziehbarer Priorisierungen, steigende Erfordernisse der Erneuerung und vor allem die zwingende Anwendung der str...

The financial crisis has substantially aggravated shortages of public funds all over the world, particularly in many developed countries. After the expiration of investments made within the framework of public economic recovery plans, the availability of public funds for infrastructure investments will be subject to severe constraints. These condit...

Purpose – In this chapter, the potential of Milk Run logistics, a method for consolidating freight, is analysed. Milk Run logistics provides a host of possibilities for consolidating freight transport activities and thus using transport capacity efficiently. It utilizes one vehicle to conduct several pick-ups/deliveries in a round trip, which means...

This study highlights the economic aspects of sustainable mobility by analysing,ten bundles of eco-innovations, i.e. instruments which positively enhance the environmental dimension of transport/mobility making the latter more sustainable. They comprise instruments of different types (e.g. regulatory, organisational) and across different modes and...

The World economy has experienced the most severe economic crisis in 2007/2008 since 1929. Although the crisis started in the financial sector it has become obvious that the globalization bubble has increased the severeness of the economic downturn. As globalization is stimulating international trade, and trade is feeding the transport sector, it i...

From an economic perspective, the impacts of traffic noise, air pollution, or CO2 emissions are external effects as the emitter does not pay for the damages caused to others – especially to future generations. This paper focuses on current challenges in the transport sector to internalize transport externalities with economic instruments, in partic...

The IPCC Assessment Reports represent the present state of knowledge of a wide majority of experts, which share the insight that a part of the observed global warming of the atmosphere since 1750 is man-made and can be influenced by human actions. The “hockey stick” paradigm gives a most impressive picture for the change of temperature on earth beg...

Die EU-Kommission hat einen Entwurf einer Energiesteuerrichtlinie vorgelegt, der eine grundlegende Reform der Energiebesteuerung vorsieht, um Anreize für eine Reduzierung des Treibstoffverbrauchs zu setzen. Nach Ansicht von Peter Ramsauer, Bundesminister für Verkehr, Bau und Stadtentwicklung, sind aus verkehrs- und umweltpolitischer Sicht Fortschri...

Transportation contributes to roughly a fifth of greenhouse gas emissions, and as a growing sector of the economy, its contribution to climate change, if remained unchanged, could even grow. This is particularly true in the developing world, where the growth rates of air and ship transport are expected to exceed those of the EU, and worldwide objec...

The policy of the European Commission indicates that charges for rail infrastructure should be related to the costs actually incurred, define incentives for more efficient use of the infrastructure, avoid discriminating against users, and allow public authorities to verify compliance with these objectives. European Commission Directives 2001/12/EC...

There is a world-wide consensus that climate change policy has to be intensified to achieve reduction goals set for 2020 and 2050. But it is heavily debated which contribution should be expected from the transport sector. It is often argued that in the transportation sector CO2 marginal mitigation costs are higher such that – together with high gro...

Climate change is the biggest challenge for the world economy since the ­industrial revolution. Climate change is partly man-made and can be influenced. As it seems to be inevitable that the world temperature will increase by about 2°C until the end of this century, it will be important to consider adaptation measures to be prepared for the long-te...

Wissenschaftlicher Beirat beim Bundesministerium für Verkehr, Bau und Stadtenwicklung The Scientific Advisory Council offers support to the German Federal Gouvernment's aim of generating future growth by way of intvestments in transport infrastructure, whose impact is to prove beneficial in the long run. The chance of achieving lasting growth effe...

Die Weltwirtschaft trotzte in den letzten Jahren Kriegen, Börsenbaisse sowie Finanz- und Ölkrisen und setzte ihre Expansionsphase auch im Jahr 2007 mit einer realen Zuwachsrate des Bruttoinlandsproduktes (BIP) in Höhe von 3,7 % fort. Damit schwächte sich das weltweite Wachstum gegenüber den Vorjahren nur leicht ab.1

Durch die Erfahrung der Weltwirtschaftskrise der 30er Jahre hat die staatliche Wirtschaftspolitik erkannt, dass Arbeitslosigkeit in marktwirtschaftlichen Systemen auftreten kann (vgl. Kap. 11.3, Box 11.4). Dies ist gesellschaftlich und politisch aus den folgenden Gründen nicht erwünscht:161. Individuelle Betroffenheit 2. Gesellschaftliche Betroffen...

Wir wissen nun, was die Wirtschaft leistet, welche Akteure in ihr auftreten und welche Entscheidungen diese treffen. Wir wissen aber noch nicht, auf welche Weise diese Entscheidungen abgestimmt werden. Nehmen wir an, ein Student möchte nach bestandenem Vorexamen zwei Kisten Champagner mit seinen Freundinnen und Freunden leeren. Wie meldet er diesen...

„Geld ist was gilt.“ Auf diese Kurzformel bringt es Siebert in seinem Lehrbuch Einführung in die Volkswirtschaftslehre.9 Im Wesentlichen erfüllt Geld drei Funktionen: die Tauschmittel-, Rechen- und Wertaufbewahrungsfunktion.

Unvollkommenheiten, Störungen und Krisen sind keine Ausnahmen, sondern regelmäßige Erscheinungsformen in den Volkswirtschaften der Welt. Der Zeitpunkt des Eintretens und die Intensität einer Krise lassen sich nicht exakt voraussagen. Aber es ist durchaus möglich, die sich mittel- und langfristig abzeichnenden Problembereiche zu erkennen und struktu...

Im Schlaraffenland ist es nicht erforderlich, sich über Herstellung, Verteilung und sinnvollen Gebrauch von Gütern besondere Gedanken zu machen. Die gebratenen Tauben fliegen den Konsumenten in den Mund, ohne dass es außergewöhnlicher Anstrengungen bedürfte. Niemand muss mit seinen Mitteln haushalten, keiner braucht ein Giro- bzw. Sparkonto, geschw...

Als Geburtsstunde der Makroökonomie gilt heute François Quesnays Veröfentlichung des „Tableau Economique“ aus dem Jahre 1759 (siehe Box 4.1). Der damals revolutionäre Gedanke, die wirtschaftlichen Zusammenhänge in Form eines Kreislaufmodells zu beschreiben, ist bis heute die Grundlage der gesamtwirtschaftlichen Kreislauftheorie.

Die wirtschaftlichen Indikatoren, wie Bruttoinlandsprodukt (BIP), Beschäftigung oder Kapital, ändern sich mit der Zeit. Wenn wir einen Indikator, z. B. das BIP (Y), über einen Zeitraum von t−1 bis t beobachten, so können wir folgendes feststellen: 1. Falls Yt > Yt−1, so kennzeichnet dies ein Wachstum des BIP. 2. Dies kann auch ausgedrückt werden du...

Der Erfolg der Marktwirtschaft wird ganz wesentlich damit begründet, dass sich die Ökonomie dezentral sehr rasch an geänderte Umgebungsbedingungen anpassen kann und damit auch den technischen Fortschritt schneller umsetzt als eine Planwirtschaft. Damit ergibt sich die Frage, welche Signale die Veränderungen von Verhaltensweisen auslösen und wie sta...

Im Rahmen der ex post Analyse haben wir uns bislang mit den Ergebnissen wirtschaftlicher Entscheidungen beschäftigt. Diese schlagen sich in Güter- und Einkommensströmen nieder, die mit Hilfe der VGR erfasst und geordnet werden. Auf diese Weise ist es möglich, die volkswirtschaftliche Leistung mit Hilfe von Indizes (z. B. Bruttoinlandsprodukt) zu er...

Ein Regime des Malinvaud-Schemas (Abbildung 7.8) ist die unterdrückte Inflation. Wir erinnern uns, dass die Regimes unter der Voraussetzung klassifiziert wurden, dass Löhne und Preise temporär starr sind. Unterdrückte Inflation bedeutet in diesem Zusammenhang, dass aufgrund des Nachfrageüberhangs auf Güter- und Arbeitsmarkt in der nächsten Wirtscha...

Die bisherigen Kapitel haben gezeigt, dass eine Volkswirtschaft nicht isoliert von anderen Ökonomien existiert, sondern dass sich Inland und Ausland in einem gegenseitigen Abhängigkeitsverhältnis befinden. Im Folgenden soll dieses Abhängigkeitsverhältnis von zwei Seiten näher beleuchtet werden. Zunächst gehen wir der Frage nach, weshalb sich der Ha...

Das Lehrbuch behandelt die wesentlichen Gebiete der Makroökonomie in kompakter Form, darunter Volkswirtschaftliche Gesamtrechnung, Geld-, Güter- und Arbeitsmärkte, Erwartungen und Krisen. Neben den klassischen Erklärungsansätzen stehen neue Ansätze im Mittelpunkt, die bessere Erklärungen für Unvollkommenheiten auf den Märkten, insbesondere auf dem...

Megaprojects and Risk provides the first detailed examination of the phenomenon of megaprojects. It is a fascinating account of how the promoters of multibillion-dollar megaprojects systematically and self-servingly misinform parliaments, the public and the media in order to get projects approved and built. It shows, in unusual depth, how the formu...

Die geplante materielle Privatisierung der Deutschen Bahn AG kann als logischer Schritt der formalen Bahnprivatisierung vom 1.1.1994 angesehen werden. Welche Privatisierungsmodelle werden gegenwärtig diskutiert? Sollte die Deutsche Bahn AG mit oder ohne ihr Betriebsnetz an die Börse gehen? Ist die Deutsche Bahn AG überhaupt börsenfähig?

Transport policy assessment is usually based on a comparative static Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA) using a transport network model. However, transport policies exert impacts also outside the transport system. These impacts exhibit different dynamic characteristics and affect other systems than the transport system itself like the economic system or v...

On 1 January 2007 the European rail freight market, which has long suffered from fragmentation and a declining share of total transport services, will be fully opened to competition. What will be the consequences for the transport sector and the economy as whole? What further measures are needed to stabilise or increase the railways' share in the f...

Das vorliegende Lehrbuch behandelt die wesentlichen Gebiete der Makroökonomie in kompakter Form, darunter Volkswirtschaftliche Gesamtrechnung, Input-Output Analyse, Entwicklungen auf Geld-, Güter- und Arbeitsmärkten, Erwartungen und Krisen. Neben den klassischen Erklärungsansätzen stehen neue Ansätze im Mittelpunkt, die bessere Erklärungen für Unvo...

Die geplante materielle Privatisierung der Deutschen Bahn AG kann als logischer Schritt der formalen Bahnprivatisierung vom 1.1.1994 angesehen werden. Welche Privatisierungsmodelle werden gegenwärtig diskutiert? Sollte die Deutsche Bahn AG mit oder ohne ihr Betriebsnetz an die Börse gehen? Ist die Deutsche Bahn AG überhaupt börsenfähig? --

This chapter elaborates on two basic options to manage and finance interurban roads, in particular the motorways, in Europe: either concession companies are established, which build, operate and finance new parts of the motorway system, or the network is operated and administrated as a whole, presumably by a state-owned enterprise. Financing in the...

In Germany as well as in Austria the motorways were constructed through state activity from the beginning. While in Austria the paradigm of public provision, management and finance has changed since 1982, when the State-owned ASFINAG11ASFINAG stands for Autobahnen und Schnellstraßen- Finanzierungs- Aktiengesellschaft. company under private law was...

Success in implementing various transport policies depends on a good balance between the political power of interest groups that stand to gain or lose from their implementation. This chapter will summarize the typical problems of implementing environmental policy in the transport sector.

The economic assessment of the Environmentally Sustainable Transportation (EST) scenarios developed throughout this paper are part of Phase 3 of the overall project, which is on social and economic assessment and on devising packages of instruments that - if implemented - would result in attaining EST. Two methods were chosen for the assessment o...

The present paper illustrates the strategic assessment framework applied for the appraisal of large-scale infrastructure projects with European importance. The methodology has been developed within the TEN-STAC project (Scenarios, Traffic Forecasts and Analysis of Corridors on the Trans-European Network, project funded by the European Commission, D...

Megaprojects and Risk provides the first detailed examination of the phenomenon of megaprojects. It is a fascinating account of how the promoters of multi-billion dollar megaprojects systematically and self-servingly misinform parliaments, the public and the media in order to get projects approved and built. It shows, in unusual depth, how the form...

The European Commission has suggested the use of the principle of social marginal cost pricing as a general first-best rule for pricing the transportation infrastructure in member countries, but allows for substantial exceptions from this principle through markups. This paper questions the use of a pricing principle that is obviously less relevant...

In the history of cost-benefit analysis (CBA), macroeconomic and microeconomic foundations have been developed. The latter has dominated in transport CBA during the last decades. The most widely used CBA approach can be characterized as comparative static and based on separate partial modeling. However, when it comes to significant indirect effects...

The German government plans to introduce a kilometre charge on motorways for heavy duty vehicles >12t, beginning in the year 2003. According to an EU Directive the charge has to be orientated to the average infrastructure costs and can be differentiated according to the environmental performance (“EURO Standard”) of the vehicles. Based on the possi...

In terms of risk, many appraisals of very large infrastructure investments assume, or pretend to assume, that infrastructure policies and projects exist in a predictable Newtonian world of cause and effect where things go according to plan. In reality, the world of policy and project preparation and implementation is a highly stochastic one where t...

Die Untersuchungen des OECD-Projekts „Environmentally Sustainable Transport“ (EST) mit Fallstudien in verschiedenen Ländern zeigen, dass nachhaltige Verkehrspolitik einerseits die Mobilität der Menschen gewährleiste, andererseits die unerwünschten Folgen des Personen- und Güterverkehrs beseitigen oder doch erheblich verringern kann. Werden keine Ma...

Assessment tools based on static and linear concepts such as traditional cost-benefit analysis cannot reasonably be applied for long-term assessments of complex systems. One major reason is that secondary effects of policies caused by endogenous dynamics of the system are not considered. Therefore, the strategic environmental assessment is develope...