Wellington Clarindo

• Dr
• Professor (Associate) at Federal University of Viçosa

Main conclusion We revised and integrated the genomic and epigenomic data into a comparative Capsicum ideogram, evidencing the advances and future perspectives. Abstract Capsicum L. (Solanaceae) genome has been characterized concerning karyotype, nuclear and chromosomal genome size, genome sequencing and physical mapping. In addition, the epigenom...

Repetitive sequences are recognized for their roles in plant genome organization and function. Mobile elements are notable repeatome sequences due to their intrinsic mutagenic potential, which is related to the origin of adaptive novelties. Understanding the genomic organization and dynamics of the repeatome is fundamental to enlighten their role i...

Coffea indirect somatic embryogenesis (ISE) has been established from callogenesis heading towards somatic embryo regeneration, evidencing intra- and interspecific similarities and differences between diploid (Coffea canephora and Coffea eugenioides) and allotetraploid (Coffea arabica). ISE is influenced by endogenous and exogenous aspects, but few...

Endopolyploidy, the presence of cells with multiple sets of chromosomes, is a phenomenon observed in various insect tissues. These cells can arise through endoreplication or endomitosis, processes that lead to increased DNA content without cell division. In this study, we investigated, for the first time, the occurrence of endopolyploidy in the dif...

The control of microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) challenges the oil exploration sector. The MIC results from electrochemical reactions facilitated by microorganisms such as sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB), which adhere to the surface of the ducts forming biofilms. SRB uses sulfate as the final electron acceptor, resulting in hydrogen sul...

The high diversity in ants has been associated with some genomic divergences, including karyotype, nuclear genome size and DNA sequences. This study investigated if DNA ploidy levels varies among organs of the worker subcastes of the carpenter ant Camponotus aff. balzani. We also examined if DNA ploidy levels variation may contribute to variations...

Physical mapping evidences the chromosome organization and structure. Despite the data about plant cytogenomics, physical mapping has been conducted from single-copy and/or low-copy genes for few species. Carica papaya cytogenomics has been accomplished from BAC-FISH and repeatome sequences. We aimed to map the serk 2, svp-like and mdar 4 sequences...

Extracellular vesicle (EV) production by bacteria is an important mechanism for microbial communication and host-pathogen interaction. EVs of some bacterial species have been reported to contain nucleic acids. However, the role of small RNAs (sRNAs) packaged in EVs is poorly understood. Here, we report on the RNA cargo of EVs produced by the pig pa...

Euschistus stink bugs are important pests on soybean crops, including the Neotropical representatives Euschistus heros, Euschistus crenator, and Euschistus taurulus. Despite their importance, little genomic and chromosomal information is available. Genomic and chromosomal differences can play an important role in establishing reproductive barriers...

Euschistus stink bugs are important pests on soybean crops, including the Neotropical representatives Euschistus heros, Euschistus crenator, and Euschistus taurulus. Despite their importance, little genomic and chromosomal information is available. Genomic and chromosomal differences can play an important role in establishing reproductive barriers...

Plant cell cultures have become a promising production platform of bioactive compounds for biomedical and cosmetic uses in the last decades. However, the success so far has been limited. The study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of this unique biotechnology process to obtain a bioactive stem cell extract of Coffea canephora (SCECC) with antioxi...

Indirect somatic embryogenesis (ISE) is a morphogenetic pathway in which somatic cells form callus and, later, somatic embryos (SE). 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) is a synthetic auxin that promotes the proliferation and dedifferentiation of somatic cells, inducing the ISE. However, 2,4-D can cause genetic, epigenetic, physiological and mor...

For popcorn, obtaining and identifying haploids are still challenging steps. We aimed to induce and screen haploids in popcorn using the Navajo phenotype, seedling vigor, and ploidy level. We used the Krasnodar Haploid Inducer (KHI) in crosses with 20 popcorn source germplasms and five maize controls. The field trial design was completely randomize...

For popcorn, obtaining and identifying haploids are still challenging steps. We aimed to induce and screen haploids in popcorn using the Navajo phenotype, seedling vigor and ploidy level. We used the Krasnodar Haploid Inducer (KHI) in crosses with 20 popcorn source germplasms and five maize controls. The field trial design was completely randomized...

Diploid and polyploid species derived from the euploid series x = 11 occur in the genus Psidium, as well as intraspecific cytotypes. Euploidy in the genus can alter the gene copy number, resulting in several “omics” variations. We revisited the euploidy, reported genomic (nuclear 2C value, GC%, and copy number of secondary metabolism genes) and epi...

The Cattleya (Orchidaceae–Laeliinae subtribe) intergeneric hybrids, such as Brassolaeliocattleya (Blc.), have great ornamental value, due to their compact-size, with large and high color diversity of flowers. Artificial induction of polyploidy brings agronomic, ornamental and genetic benefits to plants. Polyploidization efficiency depends on factor...

Polyploidy, a numerical alteration of the karyotype, is one of the most important mechanisms in plant speciation and diversification, but could also be detected among populations, the cytotypes. For example, Psidium cattleyanum, a polyploid complex, has chromosome numbers ranging from 2n=3x=33 to 2n=12x=132. Polyploidization causes an increase in D...

Indirect somatic embryogenesis (ISE) is a morphogenetic pathway in which somatic cells form callus and, later, somatic embryos. 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) is a synthetic auxins that promote the proliferation and dedifferentiation of somatic cells, inducing the ISE. However, 2,4-D can cause genetic, epigenetic, physiological and morpholo...

Marantaceae is a pantropically distributed family, which includes species with ornamental and food potential. Chromosome number change and its outcomes, such as nuclear 2C value variation, provide valuable information for cytotaxonomy as well as about evolution and speciation of the different taxa. Here, we aimed to determine the 2n chromosome numb...

Main conclusion Coffea karyotype organization and evolution has been uncovered by classical cytogenetics and cytogenomics. We revisit these discoveries and present new karyotype data. Abstract Coffea possesses ~ 124 species, including C. arabica and C. canephora responsible for commercial coffee production. We reviewed the Coffea cytogenetics, fro...

Learning is a systematic and interactive process that involves the exchange of information between pupils and teachers. The knowledge constructed during the learning process represents the basis for the cognitive, emotional and psychomotor education of the student, further contributing to the teacher's formation. Among the different subjects approa...

Aluminium (Al), a limiting factor for crop productivity in acidic soils (pH ≤ 5.5), imposes drastic constraints for food safety in developing countries. The major mechanisms that allow plants to cope with Al involve manipulations of organic acids metabolism and DNA-checkpoints. When assumed individually both approaches have been insufficient to ove...

Maize flowering time is an important agronomic trait, which has been associated with variations in the genome size and heterochromatic knobs content. We integrated three steps to show this association. Firstly, we selected inbred lines varying for heterochromatic knob composition at specific sites in the homozygous state. Then, we produced homozygo...

Cleomaceae is closely related to Brassicaceae and includes C3, C3–C4, and C4 species. Thus, this family represents an interesting system for studying the evolution of the carbon concentrating mechanism. However, inadequate genetic information on Cleomaceae limits their research applications. Here, we characterized 22 Cleomaceae accessions [3 genera...

Some forest trees have been polyploidized to improve their traits and to supply new germplasms for breeding programs. As trees have a long juvenile stage, the early characterization of the chromosome set doubling effects is crucial for previous selection. Thus, we aimed to characterize the chemical variability of essential oils from diploid and aut...

The stingless bee Partamona helleri (Meliponini) is distributed across the Atlantic rainforest biome in Brazil. Cytogenetic studies on P. helleri have shown a conserved diploid number and the presence of several B chromosome types. Our goal was to investigate the intraspecific karyotypic variation among 21 colonies of P. helleri from 14 different l...

Coffea arabica genotypes present distinct responses in vitro, and somaclonal variation occurrence has been reported. Global cytosine methylation is one of the epigenetic mechanisms that influences the Coffea in vitro responses. We aimed to establish the indirect somatic embryogenesis in C. arabica ‘Catuaí Vermelho’, ‘Caturra’ and ‘Oeiras’, associat...

Cadmium (Cd²⁺) is highly harmful to plant growth. Although Cd²⁺ induces programmed cell death (PCD) in plant cells, Cd²⁺ stress in whole plants during later developmental stages and the mechanism underlying Cd²⁺-mediated toxicity are poorly understood. Here, we showed that Cd²⁺ limits plant growth, causes intense redness in leaf vein, leaf yellowin...

“Híbrido de Timor” (HT) ‘CIFC 4106’ is a natural allotriploid formed from Coffea arabica×C. canephora, which has been used to elucidate morphogenic in vitro responses and to regenerate new individuals, owing to its resistance to coffee pathogens and its semifertile condition. However, seedlings have not been efficiently regenerated from somatic emb...

Autoallohexaploid plantlets of “Híbrido de Timor” (HT, Coffea) were recently regenerated by chromosome set doubling from allotriploid HT. Besides the in vitro propagation and chromosome doubling set, indirect somatic embryogenesis allows us to investigate the short-term polyploidy consequences. We aimed to establish and compare the indirect somatic...

Citrus cultivation has socioeconomic relevance, and gummosis Phytophthora diseases considerably reduce its yield. This infection has motivated the development of diagnostic procedures in the Citrus-Phytophthora pathosystem to assist breeding programs in selecting resistant rootstocks. The objective of this study was to standardize a method for dete...

Maize flowering time is an important agronomic trait, which is associated with variations in the genome size and heterochromatic knobs content. We integrated three steps to show this association. Firstly, we selected inbred lines varying for heterochromatic knob composition at specific sites in the homozygous state. Then, we produced heterozygous h...

Genome changes, evidenced through karyotype or nuclear genome size data, can result in reproductive isolation, diversification, and speciation. The aim of this study was to understand how changes in the karyotype such as chromosome number and nuclear genome size accompanied the evolution of neotropical stingless bees, and to discuss these data in a...

Due to rising concerns for environmental and human health, many toxic compounds, such as auxin-based herbicides, have been tested in relation their toxicity effect. Especially cyto- and phytotoxic assays have been performed on a number monocot and eudicot plant species. In these approaches the toxicity level of the auxin is compared to a positive c...

Polyploidy means having more than two basic sets of chromosomes. Polyploid plants may be artificially obtained through chemical, physical and biological (2n gametes) methods. This approach allows an increased gene scope and expression, thus resulting in phenotypic changes such as yield and product quality. Nonetheless, breeding new cultivars throug...

Polyploidy means having more than two basic sets of chromosomes. Polyploid plants may be artificially obtained through chemical, physical and biological (2n gametes) methods. This approach allows an increased gene scope and expression, thus resulting in phenotypic changes such as yield and product quality. Nonetheless, breeding new cultivars throug...

Aluminium is a limiting factor for crop productivity in acidic soils (pH ≤ 5.5). Since acid soil distribution on Earth cannot adequately explain the differential Al tolerance across the plant kingdom, we investigated photoperiod effects on plant Al tolerance. We observed that with increasing distance from the equator, Al tolerance disappears, sugge...

Polyploidy is a condition of having more than two sets of chromosomes. Polyploid plants may be artificially obtained through chemical, physical and biological methods (2n gametes). It is considered an interesting approach due to increased genescope and expression, thus resulting in phenotypic changes, such as yield and product quality. Nonetheless,...

Indirect somatic embryogenesis (ISE) establishment for Coffea species started in the 1970s. Since then, intraspecific variations in the morphogenic pathway have been reported, even in the common environmental condition in vitro. Several authors have suggested that these variations are the result of genetic, epigenetic, and/or physiological events,...

In vitro propagation of Psidium guajava L. has been significant for breeding programs and conservation. Hereby, distinct explants are chosen and inoculated into media supplemented mainly with the growth regulators 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) and α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA). As growth regulators have been considered the main inducers of somaclonal...

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.

The Passiflora genus, which is recognized for its economic and ecological potential, has been studied in botanical, systematic and evolutionary aspects. Currently, Passiflora is represented by five subgenera subdivided into 16 supersections, 31 sections and 13 series. However, their delimitations and relationships are still conflicting. We applied...

LTR-retrotransposons, knobs and structural chromosome alterations contribute to shape the structure and organization of the Zea mays karyotype. Our initial nuclear DNA content data of Z. mays accessions revealed an intraspecific variation (2 C = 2.00 pg to 2 C = 6.10 pg), suggesting differences in their karyotypes. We aimed to compare the karyotype...

Painting plant chromosomes through chromosomal in situ suppression (CISS) hybridization has long been considered impracticable. Seeking to build specific and complex probes from a single microdissected chromosome, we employed human chromosomes as models to standardize all the necessary steps for application in plants. Human metaphases were used to...

Polyploidy is more than two chromosomal sets per nucleus, as the allotetraploid Coffea arabica. Due to allotetraploidy, C. arabica shows different phenotypes compare to diploid Coffea species, highlighting by beverage quality produced from its grains. Looking for the possibility of new phenotypes coupled with economic feature, considerable progress...

Coal and its byproducts and mineral waste constitute complex mixtures, which contain a variety of chemical compounds that impact the ecosystems. For this reason, procedures are required to monitor coal-degraded areas, including the use of biomonitoring organisms. In this light, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the cytotoxicity, genotoxi...

The Passiflora coriacea complex encompasses the species P. megacoriacea K.Port.-Utl., P. coriacea Juss and P. sexocellata Schltdl, and the morphological similarities among the species have posed challenges for taxonomic and phylogenetic studies in the past. Image cytometry (ICM) has been used to improve the karyotype characterization in some plant...

Plant species of various families, such as those of Bromeliaceae, occur on inselbergs where they are subject to geographic isolation and environmental conditions that can lead to genetic erosion. This, in turn, can result in the loss of natural populations due to homozygosis, or changes in ploidy that may lead to reproductive isolation. The genetic...

Key message Polyploidy (diploid to octoploid) was evidenced from seven Psidium species, besides the outcomes of the whole-genome duplication about the nuclear DNA content, DNA sequence, and distribution. Abstract The previous studies have reported the occurrence of polyploid species in Psidium, all deriving from the basic chromosome number x = 11,...

Given the increased demand for wood producing species with fast growth, chromosome set doubling (CSD) is an option to enrich germplasm banks and breeding programs with synthetic polyploids in relatively short time. Here, we aimed to establish a feasible practice of an in vitro procedure to create solid polyploid Eucalyptus, and to verify the DNA pl...

The in situ detection of specific DNA sequences by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) is a widely used tool for physical mapping, which is important to understand genome structure and organization. For species with small chromosomes, detection of the position of marker sequences is useful to aid chromosome identification and classification....

Tissue culture in Passiflora has emerged as a strategy to propagate species with agronomic relevance, which is the main focus of most in vitro studies. Different morphogenic responses have been obtained under the same environmental in vitro conditions, mainly for species of the subgenus Passiflora with distinct 2n chromosome numbers. The aims of th...

Indirect somatic embryogenesis (ISE) is required for plant propagation and a prerequisite for applications that may provide new germplasms. Genetic, epigenetic and physiological features of the explant donor are barriers for ISE establishment, hindering its wide use. Despite the identification and/or expression analysis of genes during ISE, no appr...

Plant protoplasts are valuable in biotechnology, enabling from plantlet regeneration to the determination of gene function. Viability tests are required in protoplast applications to determine the rate of viable cells, allowing to decide on the most adequate isolation and purification procedures and to verify whether sufficient cells are available...

The DNA amount can be measured for each chromosome of the karyotype by image cytometry. Image cytometry (ICM) associates microscopy, digital image and software technologies and has been particularly useful in spatial and densitometric cytological analyses. ICM integrates the methodologies of microscopy optical calibration, standard density filters,...

The DNA amount can be measured for each chromosome of the karyotype by image cytometry. Image cytometry (ICM) associates microscopy, digital image and software technologies and has been particularly useful in spatial and densitometric cytological analyses. ICM integrates the methodologies of microscopy optical calibration, standard density filters,...

O Híbrido de Timor (HT) ‘CIFC 4106’ é um anortoploide (alotriploide, 3x=33, 2C=2,10 pg), semi-estéril, oriundo do cruzamento natural entre Coffea arabica (4x=44, 2C=2,62 pg) e Coffea canephora (2x=22, 2C=1,41 pg). Acredita-se que o ‘CIFC 4106’ é primeira planta de HT encontrada em 1927, numa plantação de C. arabica ‘Typica’ situada no Timor Leste....

Estudos citogenéticos para o gênero dioico Myrsine, assim como para outros táxons da família Primulaceae, apresentaram apenas o número cromossômico. Uma caracterização morfométrica minuciosa gera subsídios para a compreensão da sistemática e evolução das espécies. Dessa forma, padronizações meticulosas nos procedimentos citogenéticos, combinados co...

As diversas estratégias empregadas para indução da duplicação cromossômica geram indivíduos com diferentes ploidias, inclusive mixoploides. Nesse sentido, é fundamental o uso de métodos que distinguem esses indivíduos. Dentre os métodos diretos, o único que inequivocamente confirma o nível de ploidia é a contagem cromossômica. Dessa forma, o presen...

The karyotype is a basic concept regarding the genome, fundamentally described by the number and morphological features of all chromosomes. Chromosome class, centromeric index, intra- and interchromosomal asymmetry index, and constriction localization are important in clinical, systematic and evolutionary approaches. In spite of the advances in kar...

Karyogram showing positive DAPI regions, corresponding to the knobs located in the long arms of chromosomes 2–9. The knobs were identified according to the cytological map of Z. mays chromosomes [22]. Note the secondary constriction in the short arm of chromosome 6. Bar = 10 μm. (TIF)

Mean OD values of Z. mays chromosomes generated from 102 chromosomes (51 karyograms). The OD of the chromosomes ranged from 1.127 (chromosome 1) to 1.112 (chromosome 5). Note that the density of chromosomes 4 and 5 (1.112) is lower than that of chromosomes 6–10 (1.133–1.117); the density of chromosome 6 (1.113) is lower than that of chromosome 7 (1...

Mean values for area of each Z. mays chromosome, from measurement of 102 chromosomes (51 karyograms). The median chromosome areas ranged from 9.478 (chromosome 1) to 4.652 μm2 (chromosome 10). Note that the area of chromosome 9 (6.672 μm2) is greater in relation to chromosome 8 (6.342 μm2). (TIF)

Mean IOD values of Z. mays chromosomes measured from the ratio between area and OD values. IOD values ranged from 10.679 (chromosome 1) to 5.196 (chromosome 10). Note that the IOD of chromosome 9 (7.454) is higher than that of chromosome 8 (7.083). (TIF)

Since 1966, chromosome doubling has been performed mainly in vitro, associating anti-tubulin treatment and different plant tissues showing proliferative cells. Despite the achieved improvements, some bottlenecks have been pointed out, such as the low rate of polyploids and high rate of mixoploid plantlets. To overcome these hurdles, some approaches...

Myrsine coriacea is a Primulaceae species considered ecologically important for colonizing degraded areas and providing fruits for birds. This species has been gaining attention at present due to possessing pharmacological compounds explored in cancer treatment. This study aimed to establish the first procedure for in vitro propagation of M. coriac...

Chromosome morphometry and nuclear DNA content are useful data for cytotaxonomy and to understand the evolutionary history of different taxa. For the genus Bromus Linnaeus, 1753, distinct ploidy levels have been reported, occurring from diploid to duodecaploid species. The geographic distribution of Bromus species has been correlated with chromosom...

Cytogenetic studies in Primulaceae are mostly available for herbaceous species, and are focused on the chromosome number determination. An accurate karyotype characterization represents a starting point to know the morphometry and class of the chromosomes. Comparison among species within Myrsine, associating these data with the nuclear 2C value, ca...

Cytogenetic studies in Primulaceae are mostly available for herbaceous species, and are focused on the chromosome number determination. An accurate karyotype characterization represents a starting point to know the morphometry and class of the chromosomes. Comparison among species within Myrsine, associating these data with the nuclear 2C value, ca...

“Híbrido de Timor” (HT) is a natural interspecific hybrid of Coffea arabica L. with Coffea canephora Pierre ex Froehner that has played a substantial role in breeding programs as source of resistance genes. The original HT plant is represented by the anorthoploid accession ‘CIFC 4106’, an allotriploid plant with 3x=33 chromosomes and 2C=2.10 pg. Fr...

Avian karyotypes are remarkably conserved throughout evolution. Hence, studies have given priority to the chicken for characterizing and understanding the chromosome organization in this clade. Chicken chromosomes are conventionally classified as macrochromosomes (MACs), microchromosomes (MICs) and sexual chromosomes (ZW). For expanding karyotype d...

Euploidy plays an important role in the evolution and diversification of Psidium Linnaeus, 1753. However, few data about the nuclear DNA content, chromosome characterization (morphometry and class) and molecular markers have been reported for this genus. In this context, the present study aims to shed light on the genome of Psidium guineense Swartz...

SSR locus, annealing temperature (TA), motif, and allele number amplified in the genome of Psidium guineense and Psidium guajava.

Main conclusion: This article provides an up-to-date review concerning from basic issues of polyploidy to aspects regarding the relevance and role of both natural and artificial polyploids in plant breeding programs. Polyploidy is a major force in the evolution of both wild and cultivated plants. Polyploid organisms often exhibit increased vigor a...

Chromosome morphometry and nuclear DNA content are useful data for cytotaxonomy and for understanding the evolutionary history of different taxa. However, the chromosome number is the only karyotype aspect reported for the species of Dorstenia so far. In this study, the nuclear genome size of Dorstenia arifolia (Lamarck, 1786), Dorstenia bonijesu (...

RESUMO: Quinze primers ISSR (entre sequências simples repetidas) foram utilizados para avaliar a diversidade genética entre e dentro de pomares comerciais de Theobroma grandiflorum (Willd. ex Spreng.) K. Schum. Para isso, foram analisados sessenta indivíduos, distribuídos nos três cultivos. Um total de 102 bandas foi amplificado, com uma porcentage...

In vitro strategies for Passiflora have been developed owing to its economic and ecological importance. However, plantlet regeneration through somatic embryogenesis has presented some problems, such as the reproducibility of the protocol and formation of abnormal embryos and plantlets. Thus, this study aimed to establish a protocol exploring the em...

Sumary Solanum lycopersicum Mill. is a model plant for biological approaches and includes accessions with great agronomic relevance, such as the Santa Cruz Kada Gigante. For development of new S. lycopersicum accessions, in vitro tissue culture has proved relevant, contributing to the establishment of germplasm banks and breeding programs. In spite...

In Bromeliaceae, cytogenetic and flow cytometry analyses have been performed to clarify systematic and evolutionary aspects. Karyotyping approaches have shown the relatively high chromosome number, similar morphology and small size of the chromosomes. These facts have prevented a correct chromosome counting and characterization. Authors have establ...

Somatic embryogenesis is a relevant micropropagation technique in Carica papaya Golden in view of the difficulties met in conventional seed propagation and the lack of an effective method for early sex determination in this trioecious species. Considering the interest in large-scale production of C. papaya seedlings, we adapted a somatic embryogene...

Impact of Polyploidy on Food Production

Pisum sativum was one of the first plants for which the mitotic karyotype was recognized and the karyogram assembled. These achievements were required owing to the physical mapping of P. sativum, providing data for evolutionary approaches and breeding programs. In spite of significant advances, precise morphometric characterization of chromosomes a...

The supposedly first plant of the coffee cultivar “Híbrido de Timor” (HT) was found in 1927, being denoted as HT CIFC 4106. According to different researchers, this plant originated from a natural interspecific hybridation between Coffea arabica (4x = 44) and Coffea canephora (2x = 22). From HT CIFC 4106, other HT accessions were obtained and emplo...

The Bromeliaceae family has been traditionally distributed in the subfamilies Bromelioideae, Tillandsioideae and Pitcairnioideae. However, phylogenetic studies have provided other classifications, highlighting the need for analyses in order to characterize the genome of different species from this family. In this sense, the present work aimed to de...

Carica papaya L. is an economically relevant fruit crop in some tropical and subtropical countries. Though this species shows three polygamous sexual types, commercial production of the fresh fruit is mainly established from hermaphrodite lines. As a result of the cross-pollinating reproductive mechanism of hermaphrodite C. papaya, cultivation area...