Wei-Ta Fang

• PhD
• Professor (Full) at National Taiwan Normal University

Background Road running and similar community events boost local economies but also generate significant disposable waste, raising environmental concerns. According to the Theory of Planned Behavior, eco-friendly intentions are influenced by attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control. This study explores these psychological facto...

Tourism Geographers in Anglo-American geographical departments migrate to teach and research tourism in applied schools and departments such as business, resource and environment, and even cultural and creative industry. Under national research assessment and funding pressures, tourism geographers are not encouraged to keep on undertaking serious t...

Beaches provide a buffer zone between the sea and the land, which mitigates the impact of natural hazards on waterfront residents. In this study, the beach at the Dakenggu community in Suao Township, Yilan, was used as a long-term monitoring site for ghost crabs. The survey was conducted by researchers in collaboration with local residents, which c...

Background The literature for assessing online and offline shopping behaviours that are linked to intelligent robotic goods and services is inadequate. In this study, we applied the Theory of Planned Behaviour model for guidance regarding how consumer behaviour affects their purchase intentions for intelligent robotic goods and services. Methods D...

Simple Summary In this study we examined reptile pet ownership trends and animal welfare practices in Hong Kong. Over 200 owners from Hong Kong were surveyed and their responses were then used to understand the current preferences for reptile species and how these animals are cared for. The results revealed a growing popularity for reptiles, partic...

A value–belief–norm (VBN) model for understanding the pro-environmental behaviors (PEB) of Taiwanese was developed. This formulated VBN model included personal values, openness to change, awareness of consequences, personal norms, social norms, and PEB. Ecological world view and ascription of responsibility were excluded to develop a tighter model....

The application of assisted ecotourism planning is an emerging technology. In the ecotourism planning stage, through larger environmental and ecological resources, we can assist ecotourism planners to understand and discuss the characteristics and distribution patterns of bio-distribution in ecotourism destinations and landscape distribution models...

In this chapter, we openly discuss the benefits ecotourism and propose that ecotourism revenue is an opportunity for local development, not all of ecotourism. Because ecotourism is not a tangible product, it belongs to a project portfolio of natural resources, and social services, and is affected by economics, politics, culture, and society. Theref...

The ecotourism evaluation is the second step in design ecotourism destinations and ecotourism routes, and the evaluation of ecotourism destinations and ecotourism routes is to determine that ecotourism has the basic conditions of being friendly to the environment, so evaluation is also indispensable. This chapter uses survey and evaluation examples...

In ecotourism, we learned in Chaps. 7 and 8, that ecotourists are the mainstay of tourism. This chapter discusses ecotourism attractions as the object of tourism. Tourist attractions are a very important part of tourism resources and mainly provide a feast for tourists to experience in depth. Through the sight, hearing, touch, taste, and smell in t...

Ecotourism requires professional education and explanations to gain a deeper understanding of the essence of education in ecotourism destinations. Ecoeducation and commentary are the cornerstones of nurturing econarrators, providing appropriate ecoeducation, natural experience services for different tourists’ attributes, and needs. The tour guides...

The ecotourism survey is the first step in planning ecotourism destinations and ecotourism routes, and the evaluation of ecotourism destinations and ecotourism routes is to determine that ecotourism has the basic conditions of being friendly to the environment, so both survey and evaluation are indispensable in this chapter and Chap. 3. This chapte...

In recent years, due to the oversaturation of the population, the development behavior caused by the needs of the people’s livelihood has led to the excessive use of resources and at the same time caused a large number of destruction of biological habitats, and the number and type of living beings have declined sharply. Therefore, how to carry out...

This chapter teaches the philosophical foundation, management structure, system feedback, and plan feedback methods of ecotourism planning and management. Based on the theory of ecotourism, the natural system and social system mentioned by Fennell and Dowling (Ecotourism policy and planning, 2003) are used as the basis for discussion. With the publ...

This chapter discusses the possibilities of the future ecology of the earth with the future of ecotourism. We introduce the follow-up prospects of ecotourism, including the development of various ecotourism research themes, based on the trends of scientific research, government assistance, and private promotion. For the vision of future life, the e...

We promote follow-up ecotourism planning projects through ecological surveys, and after detailed investigations, we formulate plans, plans, or strategies for environmentally friendly behaviors. This chapter discusses the planning, and design concepts of ecotourism destinations. These concepts are different from the traditional leisure facility plan...

Asian countries have rich and diversified humanities and ecological resources because of their special geographical and environmental conditions. In the past, they talked to international people and had excellent conditions for the development of the tourism industry. In recent years, in addition to expanding their knowledge through overseas travel...

Wetlands provide important ecological services and aesthetic value at the landscape level. A landscape that makes people feel or appreciate the beauty of nature and is ecologically healthy and aesthetically beautiful can elicit positive emotions for people that are exposed to such landscapes. This then translates into protective environmental behav...

The coral reef is a critical ecosystem that provides mitigation of natural disasters, food sources, and tourism resources for the people living adjacent to the sea. Recreational scuba diving was considered a relatively eco-friendly tourism activity before. However, more and more research has revealed that scuba diving without proper management can...

The present study surveyed the land hermit crab species, body size, shell type, and shell suitability, at five sites over four seasons in the Penghu County Wang-an Island Green Turtle Nesting Refuge. Coenobita rugosus H. Milne Edwards, 1837 was the only species recorded and found at three sites (Tiantai Hill, Xi’an Reservoir, and Tudigong). The den...

Coastal forests can increase the resilience of seaside communities against natural disasters. These forests also provide other benefits, including food and an avenue for economic growth. The Dakenggu community in Suao, Yilan (Taiwan), is adjacent to a coastal forest with an area of nearly 114,000 m². Artificial plantation has been performed locally...

While studies on the damaging effects of PM2.5 air pollution are abundant, studies seeking to understand the factors that influence human behaviors for the avoidance of exposure to PM2.5 are lacking. Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) can be used to investigate the effects of Attitudes (AT), Subjective Norms (SN), and Perceived Behavioral Controls (P...

We discuss the importance and role of urban wetlands using Taiwan as a model to illustrate how water could be managed to support a growing world population while facing the social, economic, and environmental uncertainties that arise as the effects of global change become more prominent. Taiwan was selected because the island is densely populated,...

Constructed wetlands and the associated flora and fauna have had important roles in human history, such as providing food, water purification, flood control, biological habitat, recreation, and education functions. As the human population increases and living space becomes limited, the integration of constructed wetlands into the urban landscape wi...

During a study of Taiwan’s Indigenous Tayal people and their symbiotic relationship with the environment, a conflict between environmental justice and culture was identified. The conflict is driven by environmental laws developed to protect society and the environment. Although Indigenous people such as the Tayal are part of a larger society, they...

In this study, the environmental education (EE) component of the pre-school teacher training programs at six (6) universities in Vietnam were examined to identify the challenges of implementing EE in these programs. The framework for the pre-school teacher training program at these universities were analyzed and 18 students in their final year of u...

p style="text-align: justify;">In this study we modeled the environmental literacy of Vietnamese preschool teachers. 324 in-service preschool teachers from Ha Noi, Da Nang, and Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam contributed to the study via an online survey. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was used to test the hypotheses of the relationships between environme...

We explore environmental cognition, personality traits, social norms, environmental stress, and the healing environment. Cognition is the learning process of identifying the light, sound, smell, and feel of the space around us and then forming concepts of what we sense and then create visual images in our minds of what we are perceiving. This then...

Environmental learning is an act of communication. Whether it is self-directed learning, learning through teachers or professors, or learning through an online platform, all need a learningmedium and content. Therefore, environmental learning and communication in this chapter refer to how individuals, institutions, socialgroups, and cultural commun...

The framework of environmental ethics is built, challenging the way we view or interpret environmental education through the eyes of different stakeholders. In this chapter we consider aspects of land and ecological ethics as well as pedagogy as they relate to environmental ethics to form modelling. We classify that environmental ethics are “anthro...

Environmental literacy is an abstract concept and a subjective imagination. We see that this chapter discusses environmental educationlearningmotivations, awareness and sensitivity, values and attitudes, mobilization skills, mobilization experience, environmental behavior, and aesthetic literacy in the cultivation of literacy. The above connotation...

Research methods are the sum of knowledge, plans, strategies, tools, steps, and processes. In this chapter, we seek to understand the “research” nature of Environmental Education (EE), define the scope of research through a systematic investigation process by gathering and understanding past facts and discovering new facts through practical investi...

Environmental Education (EE) promotes the complex interrelationships between humanculture and ecosystems. Due to the political nature of environmental decision-making, the field of Environmental Education faces many disputes. For example: What is the correct definition and purpose of environmental education? Should the curriculum include environmen...

The concept of education is changing and that of the environment is also becoming different. Is environmental education: (1) a type of education to improve the environment; (2) education to improve the environment of education; or (3) a type of education to improve the education of people? In this chapter we focus on the ontology of the environment...

In the first chapter, we discussed the definition of environmental education. In Chap. 2 , we discuss environmental education based on the pragmatic view of environmental protection. This view is that the interpretation of the living environment is complicated, but because the process of human reasoning it is finite in nature. Our actions should be...

Background Employees are considered as one of the most important assets in many organizations, and their health well-being is critical to help achieve a sustainable and motivated workforce that is committed to delivering quality hospitality services through enhanced performance and productivity. Given the extent of the challenges and impact present...

Background Air pollution has fast become an issue with great environmental and human health problems that can be attributed to rapid global industrialization and urbanization that has strong negative impacts on human health. Children are particularly vulnerable. While studies on the effects and toxicology of particulate matter pollutants that are 2...

This study proposes an approach based on data envelopment analysis to assess the effectiveness of environmental training for tourists. Most studies have considered only outcomes (i.e., the continuance or halting of improper behavior towards the environment) to represent the effectiveness of environmental training but this approach does not consider...

In this digital era, young children spend a considerable amount of time looking at telephone, tablet, computer and television screens. However, preventative eye health behavior education could help avoid and relieve asthenopia. The effects of parental influence on their children’s eye health behavior through the preschool eye health education inter...

Land hermit crabs are widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions, and play important roles in the coastal-forest ecosystem, such as contributing to seed dispersal and scav-enging; however, they face serious threats such as habitat loss and smuggling for the exotic pet trade. Information on their reproductive biology is thus crucial for...

Humans first appeared on the planet about 3.5 million years ago and like most biota, they settled near wetlands because of the availability of food and water. The ancestors of our species understood and knew that water, wetlands, and healthy landscapes were essential for life. In Taiwan, the indigenous people have a long history being a part of and...

The outbreak of the coronavirus disease in 2019 (COVID-19) has greatly impacted the life and mental health of many people globally. The objective of this study was to investigate the factors associated with preventive behaviors and mental health among Chinese adults during their home quarantine in the COVID-19 period. An online questionnaire survey...

Vegetation successions of coastal wetlands were influenced by the changes in relative surface elevation and soil salinity. In this study, the vegetation successions of coastal wetlands in southern Laizhou Bay and the factors influencing the successions were investigated by quadrat survey. The changes of relative surface elevation and soil salinity...

Introduction Although there is evidence linking the relationships between smartphone usage with health, stress, and academic performance, there is still inadequate knowledge about the influence on pro-environmental behaviors. This study seeks to bridge this gap by adapting the theory of attribution framework to examine the effects of personal norms...

A Correction to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s13157-021-01447-0

Increasingly stringent environmental regulations and consumer awareness around environmental protection and sustainability are driving forces in the hotel industry. We explore the Proactive Environmental Strategies being implemented in the hotel industry using Resource-Based View (RBV) and Resource Dependence Theory (RDT) to help companies with Eco...

This exploratory study aims to fill the gap by adopting Hirose’s two-phase decision-making model with the theory of social networks to explore the environmentally friendly attitudes and environmental behavioral intentions toward pro-environmental behaviors of the citizen scientists who participated in the Bird Survey in Taoyuan’s Farm Ponds Project...

This paper arose from collaboration and discussions over the past years between the authors about what wetlands should be restored to in landscapes that have been intensively altered due to human activities over many centuries and where reference conditions are lacking. It is not intended as an in-depth review of the thinking about reference condit...

Probiotics are live microorganisms that may be able to help prevent and treat some illnesses. Most probiotics on the market are bacterial, primarily Lactobacillus. Yeast are an inevitable part of the microbiota of various fermented foods and beverages and have several beneficial properties that bacteria do not have. In this study, yeast strains wer...

With the occurrence of rapid global economic growth concerns about waste and its related effects on the environment are on the rise. There has been an increasing focus towards sustainable development and waste recycling as part of environmental sustainability strategies, and the encouraging of recycling behavior has received considerable attention...

Farm ponds or irrigation ponds, providing a vital habitat for diverse bird communities, are an environmental feature with characteristics that cross over typical urban and natural conditions. In this study, the species richness and community structure of irrigation ponds were characterized on the local and landscape scales. Within a landscape compl...

The objective of this study was to explore the mediators of environmental protective behaviors in Christians in Taiwan. Questionnaire data from a total of 699 participants were collected and subjected to a confirmatory factor analysis. The results revealed that the environmental behaviors of Taiwanese Christians are affected by their faith in three...

Taiwan’s cities exhibit high levels of urbanization, which has resulted in limited recreation space in urban areas. In response, government policies have been enacted to promote the large-scale greening of rivers in urban areas and the establishment of aquatic recreation areas that do not interfere with water flow areas, pavilions for recreation pu...

Taiwan has promoted bicycle tourism for nearly 20 years, and the bicycle paths it has constructed throughout the island are diverse in design. In the present study, an evaluation scale for bicycle path sightseeing potential was devised with a focus on the overall service quality of the paths; 30 popular bicycle paths were analyzed using a field sur...

Engaging in social contributions to enhance social participation and attending community experiential service learning or internship courses have become an essential learning experience for university students. On the basis of postmodern education theories, this study adopted images and oral accounts involving personal experiences to construct a po...

Engaging in social contributions to enhance social participation and attending community experiential service learning or internship courses have become an essential learning experience for university students. On the basis of postmodern education theories, this study adopted images and oral accounts involving personal experiences to construct a po...

Ongoing global environmental problems nowadays can be attributed to increasing population, economic development and industrialization, pollution, urbanization, and resource depletion.

Rapid global industrialization and urbanization have led to increasing numbers of environmental problems that have attracted widespread attention. Among others, smog and air pollution are two of the most compelling environmental problems that have produced significant negative impacts on human health, national economies, and medical expenditures.

Humans like to play freely, and we do not like to be forced to study because studying is more difficult than learning freely.

Regarding the meaning of working to have a meaningful life, we may face challenges balancing decent work, economic growth, and environmental protection. Looking at the definition of decent work (Sustainable Development Goal 8; SDG 8), it not only refers to a specific product with its own sustainable economic growth and higher levels of productivity...

Agriculture has traditionally focused on maximizing production yields and profitability, which has more recently been further supported by modern farming technologies (Bohlen and House in Sustainable agroecosystem management: integrating ecology, economics, and society. CRC Press, Boca Raton, 2009).

There have been increasingly significant efforts made to address Taiwan’s environmental challenges in recent years by different stakeholders at varying levels (e.g., individuals, businesses, and governments). As you read and study Chap. 4: Environmental Governance, you will begin to be reminded that “while the governments are responsible for design...

When I worked at the Taiwan Environmental Protection Administration (EPA) between 1994 and 2006, I established excellent quantification techniques to serve as basic tools to analyze environmental problems. For instance, the composite assessment phase of environmental issues classifies three types of assessment indices: individual, combined, and com...

Environmental education has been promoted in Taiwan for more than two decades. In related fields, pedagogical materials and methods of environmental educational curricula and pro-environmental behaviors are two major research topics, both of which touch on the so-called attitude-behavior gap; that is, knowledge does not necessarily lead to positive...

The current literature on environmental education reveals a range of prior studies conducted that were consistently related to developing an environmentally literate citizenry (Moseley in Clear House 74(1):23–24, 2000; Hsu in J Environ Educ 35(2):37–48, 2004).

During the period of human development, experiences gained through interactions with the environment can have significant impacts on a person’s perceptions of the environment (Bandura in Perspect Psychol Sci 1:164–180, 2006). In particular, children are known to have more positive experiences in natural outdoor environments than adults since they h...

The gradual and steady increase in the world’s population has brought about many negative factors that have adversely affected the flora and fauna and which are great threats to the environment. The tide of international conservation has surged over the past decade.

Tourism on campuses is the best practice of social relations in recent years. Tourism agencies on campus locally registered, succeeded, and received good reputations from the perspective of university social responsibility (Vasilescu et al. in Procedia Soc Behav Sci 2:4177–4182, 2010). This form of tourism includes activities and experiences, mostl...

「無痕山林運動」源起於 1960 年代的美國自然環境界，主要內容是針對山林環境之保育行為，說明人類應該善盡應有的關懷行動與對自然界的責任感，並減少對於自然環境之中衝擊及破壞生態保護的活動，以達成愛護山林、友善山林，以及保育山林的模式。為推動陽明山國家公園之無痕山林之親環境行為研究，依據「尊重野生動植物」之保育行為觀察，進行親環境行為理論驗證。本研究中，依據調查方法進行問卷分析，並依據推論性統計，以獨立樣本 t 檢定、結構方程式模型驗證分析，瞭解不同變項之間的關聯性。研究團隊於 2019 年 1 至 6 月回收 434 份有效問卷，針對造訪陽明山國家公園的遊客對於尊重野生動植物的態度、主觀規範、知覺行為控制、行為意圖，以及行為表現進行調查分析。結果顯示「聽說或知道無痕山林尊重野生動植物的相關內...

Since 2004, fourteen clustered constructed wetland systems have been built along the Danshui River and its tributaries. This “big-dig” project was designed to: 1) achieve water-quality standards according to the regulations of the Taipei municipal governments for connecting households to public sewage systems from clustered constructed wetland syst...

Since 2004, fourteen clustered constructed wetland systems have been built along the Danshui River and its tributaries. This “big-dig” project was designed to: 1) achieve water-quality standards according to the regulations of the Taipei municipal governments for connecting households to public sewage systems from clustered constructed wetland syst...

Background: Although there are evidences linking the relationships between smartphone usage with health, stress, and academic performance; however, there is still inadequate knowledge about the influence on pro-environmental behaviors. This study seeks to bridge this gap by adapting the theory of attribution framework to examine the effects of pers...

The objective of the research was to explore and compare the differences in potential creative thinking that media richness had on learners in creativity training through two different types of communication formats; computer-mediated communication, and face-to-face communication. The results indicated that the computer-mediated communication forma...

Ecotourism is the best practice of tourism in recent years. Many people or tourism operators registered, succeeded, and received good reputations.

Mass Tourism plays a very essential role in the development of the tourism industry after the World War II (Jayawardena 2002). Due to that, the trend and popularity has helped in the up grading the mass tourism cross to domestic products. The destinations have involved in motivating tourist to come in large numbers to various destinations. It has l...

Religious Tourism is also known as faith based tourism stated by different authors. This is a form of tourism, which motivate many people from different parts of the world, to travel to destination of their choices, either individually or in groups. Basically, their visitation is based on religious reason, which can be either be on pilgrimage, miss...

Despite the world economic and financial crises, the future of tourism is determined to be successful with more travelers, hotel development.

Cultural tourism has been identified as one of the most important areas for global tourism demand. The importance of this market has created a need for information on the characteristics, behaviors, and motivations of cultural tourists. These include experiencing the local culture, tradition and lifestyle, participating in arts-related activities,...

Tourism is a diversityDiversity industry that helps to improve the gross domestic products (GDPGross Domestic Product (GDP)) of so many countries (Pyo et al. 1991), especially that of the developing countries. Based on the following factors, like economical social and environmental, the trend of tourism today in most developing countries, are comin...

Today tourism is account for its high quality, and high volume. It ranks number one among the global popular uprising diverse businesses, like MICE. The abbreviation, MICE, is defined as the combination of Meetings, Incentive Travel, Conferences, and Exhibition.

Rural tourism has been considered as a means of achieving economic and social development and regeneration that can benefit to local people.

Sustainable tourism is a form of tourism and tourism practice in destinations endeavoring to minimize the impact of conventional mass package tourism. With a vision to make a decrease in the effects of tourist activities on the natural environment and the culture of the local communities, at the same sustainable tourism, facilitates to create job o...

Pro-poor tourism is a form of tourism geared and operated to results in, well again, disposable benefits for poor people to benefit from tourism. It operates within their societies and communities as a whole in both developed and developing countries.

Responsible tourism is a new concept in tourism industry. This concept was developed by Jost Krippendorf (1938—2003), one of the Swiss scholars, during 1980s.

This book bridges the gap between the vital issues of the tourism industry, practices and destinations, discussing various topics from Asian and African perspectives. Each chapter presents extensive research on tourism development and tourism education, people’s work and travel experiences, as well as broader philosophies concerning the global tour...

This book bridges the gap between two critical issues – environmental literacy and social norms – and explores various topics and case studies from Sinophone and Taiwanese perspectives. Each chapter includes extensive information on pro-environmental behaviors, and on people with working experiences, home experiences, and actual philosophies in the...

Constructed wetlands are one of the many popular eco-engineering products for wastewater treatment and environmental education. In this study, questionnaires were distributed to collect information regarding the place attachment, satisfaction, responsible environmental behavior, and behavioral intentions of individuals who had visited the construct...

An understanding of the environmental value-action gap between public servants at the central and local governments is essential for the effective implementation of environmental policies, which is limited in the extant literature. This study has adopted the norm activation model to explore the pro-environmental behaviors of public servants at the...

Caprimulgus affinis is an endemic species commonly known as the Taiwan nighthawk, forest nighthawk, or South Asian nighthawk. In recent years, the C. affinis population has gradually moved outward from river habitats into the metropolitan areas of Taiwan. Because male birds’ booming sounds at night can reach up to 90 dB or higher and they can be in...

Simple Summary Identification of existing and potential irrigation ponds is essential for creating waterbird refuges to secure habitats for wintering waterbirds in anthropogenically influenced areas. In total, 45 ponds were surveyed in the Taoyuan Tableland in northwestern Taiwan. The association between pond dimensions and bird-species richness an...

Locus of control is a crucial factor in pro-environmental behavior. However, studies on pro-environmental behavior investigating the predisposing factors of internal locus of control are limited. Therefore, the objective of this study further explored the predisposing factors of locus of control and revealed that emotional stability may be a predis...

Phenotypic plasticity is the ability of organisms to change phenotypes in response to environmental selection pressures. With the characteristic of no mobility, the ability to respond to fluctuating environments plays a crucial role in the evolutionary success of microorganisms. Aureobasidium pullulans (de Bary) Arnaud is a yeast-like fungus found...

Aureobasidium pullulans is a yeast-like fungus exhibiting various morphologies in different niches. It is one of the most widespread saprophyte fungi and is distributed across a wide range of terrestrial and aquatic habitats. Previous studies have reported that A. pullulans can be used as biopesticide. However, the morphological variations may infl...

Terrestrial hermit crabs play a significant role in coastal ecology. For example, as seed dispersers and debris scavengers in coastal forests, they accelerate the decomposition of organic substances. In the Indo-Pacific Ocean, Coenobita rugosus, C. brevimanus, and C. cavipes are the three most common species of terrestrial hermit crab. Because the...

Citizen science has become a major source of scientific research in recent years. Many studies have concluded that citizen science projects not only contribute to the sciences but also considerably improve the scientific and environmental literacy of participating volunteers (citizen scientists). A dynamic citizen science project can accomplish goa...

Smog and air pollution have fast become significant environmental problems and are attributed to rapid global industrialization and urbanization. Emissions of fine particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of ≤2.5 μm (PM2.5) increase smog and air pollution, with strong impacts on human health. Children are particularly vulnerable. While incre...