Wayne Sandholtz

• University of Southern California

In a period of rising threats to constitutional government within countries and among them, it is a crucial time to study the rule of law in transnational context. This framework chapter defines core concepts, analyzes the relation between national and international law and institutions from a rule-of-law perspective, and assesses the extent to whi...

The Law and Politics of International Human Rights Courts addresses three key topics. First, the book provides an account of the origins and evolution of six regional human rights courts. In each, judges sought to overcome political forces and legal obstacles that threatened to neutralize the regime and render it irrelevant to the daily lives of th...

The Law and Politics of International Human Rights Courts addresses three key topics. First, the book provides an account of the origins and evolution of six regional human rights courts. In each, judges sought to overcome political forces and legal obstacles that threatened to neutralize the regime and render it irrelevant to the daily lives of th...

The Law and Politics of International Human Rights Courts addresses three key topics. First, the book provides an account of the origins and evolution of six regional human rights courts. In each, judges sought to overcome political forces and legal obstacles that threatened to neutralize the regime and render it irrelevant to the daily lives of th...

The Law and Politics of International Human Rights Courts addresses three key topics. First, the book provides an account of the origins and evolution of six regional human rights courts. In each, judges sought to overcome political forces and legal obstacles that threatened to neutralize the regime and render it irrelevant to the daily lives of th...

The Law and Politics of International Human Rights Courts addresses three key topics. First, the book provides an account of the origins and evolution of six regional human rights courts. In each, judges sought to overcome political forces and legal obstacles that threatened to neutralize the regime and render it irrelevant to the daily lives of th...

The Law and Politics of International Human Rights Courts addresses three key topics. First, the book provides an account of the origins and evolution of six regional human rights courts. In each, judges sought to overcome political forces and legal obstacles that threatened to neutralize the regime and render it irrelevant to the daily lives of th...

The Law and Politics of International Human Rights Courts addresses three key topics. First, the book provides an account of the origins and evolution of six regional human rights courts. In each, judges sought to overcome political forces and legal obstacles that threatened to neutralize the regime and render it irrelevant to the daily lives of th...

The Law and Politics of International Human Rights Courts addresses three key topics. First, the book provides an account of the origins and evolution of six regional human rights courts. In each, judges sought to overcome political forces and legal obstacles that threatened to neutralize the regime and render it irrelevant to the daily lives of th...

The Law and Politics of International Human Rights Courts addresses three key topics. First, the book provides an account of the origins and evolution of six regional human rights courts. In each, judges sought to overcome political forces and legal obstacles that threatened to neutralize the regime and render it irrelevant to the daily lives of th...

The Law and Politics of International Human Rights Courts addresses three key topics. First, the book provides an account of the origins and evolution of six regional human rights courts. In each, judges sought to overcome political forces and legal obstacles that threatened to neutralize the regime and render it irrelevant to the daily lives of th...

International relations scholarship assumes that states weigh the costs and benefits of treaty ratification. In human rights, the worse a particular state's record, the higher the presumptive costs of ratification and the lower the likelihood of ratification. But prior work neglects variation in the extent of obligation that different treaties crea...

International relations scholarship assumes that states weigh the costs and benefits of treaty ratification. In human rights, the worse a particular state’s record, the higher the presumptive costs of ratification and the lower the likelihood of ratification. But prior work neglects variation in the extent of obligation that different treaties crea...

International trustee courts embody a specific form of delegation, in which state principals confer on such courts the authority to interpret and apply treaties agreed by the states in order to realize specific values and interests. Human rights courts help states resolve commitment and enforcement problems that are inherent in human rights treatie...

International courts (ICs) with human rights mandates have recently faced instances of backlash, aiming to curb their authority. Taking cues from research on the functioning of ICs, we argue that ICs will be resilient-able to maintain their competences and authority in the face of backlash-to the extent that they are embedded in domestic "legal com...

International relations scholarship has made significant strides in explaining how states design treaty obligations and why they accept treaty commitments. However, far less attention has been paid to factors that may influence states’ modification of their treaty obligations via reservations. We theorize that states will be more likely to enter re...

International relations scholarship has made significant strides in explaining how states design treaty obligations and why they accept treaty commitments. However, far less attention has been paid to factors that may influence states’ modification of their treaty obligations via reservations. We theorize that states will be more likely to enter re...

In this chapter, we develop a new framework for analyzing the politics of international law. Research based on the traditional paradigms of international relations — realism, institutionalism, liberalism and constructivism — tends to generalize about the relationship between politics and international law. In contrast, our premise is that there are...

This is an authoritative, one-volume, and independent treatment of the history, functioning, and nature of the European integration. Written by leading scholars, it covers the major institutions, policies, and events in the history of integration, whilst also providing a guide to the major theoretical approaches that have been used to study it over...

McGann, Anthony and Wayne Sandholtz. (2012) Patterns of Death Penalty Abolition, 1960–2005: Domestic and International Factors. International Studies Quarterly, doi: 10.1111/j.1468-2478.2011.00716.x © 2012 International Studies Association On the eve of World War II, eight countries had completely abolished the death penalty and another six had ban...

Early theorists of European integration speculated that economic integration would lead to political integration and a European identity. A European identity has not displaced national identities in the EU, but, for a significant share of EU citizens, a European identity exists alongside a national identity. At the same time, political parties asse...

The effects of treaties on human rights performance may depend in part on how domestic legal systems articulate with international law. The idea motivating this study is that constitutional law can make a difference not necessarily by including rights but by acknowledging and connecting to treaty law. This study is a first attempt to explore the in...

The Russian Federal Law on Cultural Valuables Displaced to the USSR as a Result of the Second World War and Located on the Territory of the Russian Federation purports to establish the legal basis for the Russian state to hold permanent title to the vast majority of the cultural valuables removed from Germany to the Soviet Union at the end of World...

How do rising levels of international interconnectedness affect social, economic, and political conditions for women? Research on gender and international relations frequently offers clear propositions but seldom submits them to broad, quantitative testing. This article begins to fill that gap. We advance the hypothesis that, on balance and over ti...

Cultural factors, as measured by the two dimensions of values identified by Inglehart, explain 75% of the variation in the Perceived Corruption Index across non-communist countries. A strong 'survival' orientation contributes twice as much as a strong 'traditional' orientation to higher levels of corruption. When controlling for these cultural vari...

Politics and law appear deeply entwined in contemporary international relations. Yet existing perspectives struggle to understand the complex interplay between these aspects of international life. In this path-breaking volume, a group of leading international relations scholars and legal theorists advance a new constructivist perspective on the pol...

The politics of international law are inextricably linked to the issue of governance. In this chapter we approach the central themes of the book by considering this vexed issue, developing four key arguments. First, we define and conceptualise institutions and governance so that any alleged distinction between law and politics becomes untenable or...

We argue that greater degrees of international integration lead to lower levels of corruption, which we define as the misuse of public office for private gain. We theorize that international factors affect a country s level of corruption through two principal channels. One acts through economic incentives, altering for various actors the costs and...

In their recent article, “The Institutional Foundations of Intergovernmentalism and Supranationalism in the European Union,” George Tsebelis and Geoffrey Garrett profess to offer a “unified model of the politics of the European Union.” Unfortunately, the article provides something much more limited. Along the way, it misrepresents the current state...

In 1950, a European political space existed, if only as a very primitive site of international governance. Now, at the beginning of the twenty-first century, the European Union governs in an ever-growing number of policy domains. Increasingly dense networks of transnational actors representing electorates, member state governments, firms, and speci...

Airbus strategies in Asia operate in an environment shaped by three forces: the technical constraints of building modern aircraft, the demands of world and regional markets, and the structure and objectives of the consortium itself. These factors map onto an integrated strategy analysis. The positional analysis for Airbus must focus on its status a...

In an era when almost any kind of transnational business activity is taken as evidence of “globalization,” for many companies little has changed. As they have for at least a century, international firms manage overseas production facilities and seek to expand their sales in foreign markets. In this sense, the difference between a globalized market...

Though corruption poses fundamental challenges to both democratic governance and market economies, political science research has only recently begun to address corruption in a comparative context. In this article we explain variation in the perceived level of corruption (defined as the misuse of public office for private gain) across fifty countri...

We published 'European integration and supranational governance' (Stone Sweet and Sandholtz 1997) knowing that the piece could not stand entirely on its own. Being an abridged introduction to a forthcoming book and the product of intensive collaboration with a small group over several years, it suffers from its removal from the contextual richness...

The contributions in this book address several themes relating to the institutional development of the European Community, and range in focus from the specific to the panoramic. Some analyse specific policy sectors such as free movement, competition policy, external trade, monetary and exchange‐rate policies, social provisions, structural policy, t...

We argue that European integration is provoked and sustained by the development of causal connections between three factors: transnational exchange, supranational organization, and EC rule-making. We explain the transition in any given policy sector, from national to intergovernmental to supranational governance, in two ways. First, cross-border tr...

A yearlong nightmare for the European Monetary System (EMS) began in September 1992. Amid name–calling, finger–pointing, and hand–wringing, the British pound and the Italian lira dropped out of the Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM). In succeeding months, virtually every other ERM currency came under attack.1 Three of them—the Spanish peseta, the Portug...

The turmoil that engulfed the European monetary system in 1992 and 1993 extinguished the sense of inevitability that the project for economic and monetary union had acquired. The exchange rate crisis led many to conclude that monetary union had been derailed once and for all. This article argues, in contrast, that the monetary crisis did not prove...

The Nice and Laeken Declarations put at the top of the agenda of EU reform the attainment of a clearer delimitation of the EU powers. This project is taking place in the context of a system of competences which is problematic in various senses. One of the items falling within the mandate of the Convention on the future of Europe includes the reform...