Walter Klöpffer

Independent Researcher

This first hands-on guide to ISO-compliant Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) makes this powerful tool immediately accessible to both professionals and students. Following a general introduction on the philosophy and purpose of LCA, the reader is taken through all the stages of a complete LCA analysis, with each step exemplified by real-life data from a m...

This chapter spans the time from the early days of Life Cycle Assessment—LCA (the time of the so-called ‘proto-LCAs’ between about 1970 and 1990), until recent trends of simplified/streamlined LCAs, the footprint specifications (carbon footprint, water footprint) and Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment—LCSA. Important benchmarks along this span ar...

This editorial announces the extension on top of the editorship of this journal from three perspectives: that of Walter Klöpffer, sole editor in chief of volumes 1–17 (1996–2012), that of the incoming editor in chief Mary Ann Curran, and that of the manager responsible for the environmental journals of Springer, Paul Roos. We are in the good positi...

Einleitung Trockene Deposition Luft Boden Austausch von Schadstoffen zwischen Atmosphäre, Vegetation und Pedosphäre Adsorption im Boden Transport im Grundwasser

Wasserlöslichkeit Verteilungsgesetze Der Verteilungskoeffizient zwischen n-Octanol und Wasser Adsorption in Gewässern Dissoziation und Komplexbildung Flüchtigkeit aus Gewässern („Volatilität“)

Allgemeines Geschwindigkeitskonstantenmodell Fugazitätsmodell Anwendungen und Evaluierung der Fugazitätsmodelle Weiterentwicklung und Ausdifferenzierung der Multimedia-Boxmodelle Einbeziehung von Transformationsprodukten Multimedia-Modelle in der Ökobilanz

Einführung Kennzahlen für P&F Fortschrittliche Boxmodelle Die Grenzen der MMBM für globale Fragestellungen Multikompartiment-Chemie-Transportmodelle (MCTM)

Wozu Modelle? Einheitswelt-Gleichgewichtsmodell Expositionsabschätzung mit Hilfe des Modells EMSA Multimedia-Frachtmodelle Multimedia-Ringmodelle Ausblick

Oberflächeneffekte Hydrolyse im adsorbierten Zustand Abbau in anoxischen Sedimenten und Böden Abbaukinetik Okklusion, sehr starke Sorption und chemische Bindung Transformation in Pflanzen

Hydrolyse Bioabbau in Wasser Photochemischer Abbau in Wasser

Definition und Abgrenzung des Themas Relevanz des physikalisch-chemischen Verhaltens von Chemikalien in der Umwelt für die Chemikalienbewertung (Hazard und Risiko) Die wichtigsten Transferprozesse Allgemeines über Abbau, Senken und Persistenz Wissenschaftstheoretische Grenzen Ziele dieses Buches und Abgrenzung zu ähnlichen Werken

Dampfdruck Verteilung zwischen Gas- und Partikelphase Oberflächenspannung Verteilung zwischen Gas- und Tröpfchenphase Deposition

Purposes The revision of the ISO LCA (life cycle assessment) standards in October 2006 brought some changes of the critical review process compared to the older series ISO 14040–43 (1997, 1998, 2000a, b). Furthermore, the importance of LCA has grown rapidly in recent years, but this growth was not accompanied by a corresponding increase of knowledg...

Background The editor of this journal has been waiting for such a contribution of the life cycle assessment (LCA) practitioners and users for years, since the last debate of this kind dates back to beginning of the new century. It is remembered as the “Two planets debate” and coincided with the emergence of life cycle management, i.e. the use of li...

1 IntroductionSociety of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry(SETAC) has published a code of practice for environmentallife-cycle costing (LCC), which provides a framework forevaluating decisions with consistent, but flexible systemsboundaries as a component of product sustainabilityassessments (Swarr et al. 2011). The code of practicebuilds on a...

This book provides detailed information about comparative LCA of different solders used in electronics. As Life Cycle Impact Assessment, the Japanese LIME method is used.

In a recent letter to the editor, Jørgensen et al. questioned that life cycle costing (LCC) is relevant in life cycle-based sustainability assessment (LCSA). They hold the opinion that environmental and social aspects are sufficient. We argue that sustainability has three dimensions: environment, economy, and social aspects in accordance with the w...

This note describes the “a posteriori” critical review process of a large Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) study. This LCA study covered nine different recycling options of used tyres. The review was conducted by an international and multipartite seven-member review panel. It should be noted that the preliminary administrative tasks took more time than...

Polyvinylcarbazol (PVCA) zeigt im festen Zustand Excimerfluoreszenz. Diese Fluoreszenz wird durch geringe Mengen Perylen, Hexachlor-p-xylol (HCX) und Trinitrofluorenon (TNF) gelöscht. Die Messung der Fluoreszenzquantenausbeute des PVCA als Funktion der Löscherkonzentration zeigt, daß die Energieübertragung durch Excitonendiffusion zustande kommt. Ü...

The predecessor of today's increasingly important ecological balances was the Limits of Growth Report published by the Club of Rome in 1972. Ecological balances cover mass and energy flows and emissions from the raw materials via intermediates all the way to the end products, as well as waste disposal. This also includes the balance of ecological a...

Das Fluoreszenzspektrum von Biscarbazolylpropan (BCP) weist eine konzentrationsunabhngige Excimerbande auf. Die Quantenausbeute der Monomerfluoreszenz ist nur etwa halb so groß wie bei Carbazolderivaten, die keine intramolekularen Excimere bilden können. Monomer- und Excimerfluoreszenz von BCP werden durch Sauerstoff unterschiedlich gelöscht.Die qu...

Der Beitrag erläutert, im Rahmen der Ökobilanz, die Komponente der Wirkungsabschätzung im Unterschied zum Risk Assessment. Er beginnt bei den frühen Ökobilanzen, geht über zu den Ökobilanzen im modernen Sinn (Wirkungsabschätzung als eigene Komponente der Ökobilanz), beleuchtet die heute übliche Praxis der Wirkungsabschätzung, beschreibt deren Philo...

Background, aim, and scopeThis paper summarises the critical review process according to ISO 14040/44 performed for the European Aluminium Association (EAA), Brussels. Scope of the review was a life cycle inventory (LCI) project, aiming at providing the life cycle assessment (LCA) community with reliable generic data relevant for the European alumi...

Was ist eine Ökobilanz?HistorischesDie Struktur der ÖkobilanzNormung der ÖkobilanztechnikLiteratur und Information zur ÖkobilanzLiteratur zu Kapitel 1

Entstehung und Stellenwert der Komponente AuswertungDie Inhalte der Komponente Auswertung nach ISOMethoden der ErgebnisanalyseBerichterstattungKritische PrüfungIllustration der Komponente Auswertung am PraxisbeispielLiteratur zu Kapitel 5

NachhaltigkeitDie drei Dimensionen der NachhaltigkeitEntwicklungsstand der MethodenEin Life Cycle Assessment oder drei?SchlussfolgerungenLiteratur zu Kapitel 6

GrundbegriffeEnergieanalyseAllokationDatenerfassung, Datenherkunft und DatenqualitätDatenaggregierung und EinheitenPräsentation der Sachbilanz-ErgebnisseIllustration der Komponente Sachbilanz am PraxisbeispielLiteratur zu Kapitel 3

ZieldefinitionUntersuchungsrahmenIllustration der Komponente „Festlegung des Ziels und des Untersuchungsrahmens“ am PraxisbeispielLiteratur zu Kapitel 2

The book focuses on environmental LCC but also analyzes conventional LCC and societal LCC, providing case studies for each. It presents the link between life cycle costing and life cycle assessment and then explores public, private, and societal options. The book also explains all components of the method using the cross-cutting example of a washin...

Background Aims and ScopeSustainability was adopted by UNEP in Rio de Janeiro (1992) as the main political goal for the future development of humankind. It should also be the ultimate aim of product development. According to the well known interpretation of the original definition given in the Brundtland report, sustainability comprises three compo...

Sustainability was adopted by United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) in Rio de Janiero as the main political goal for the future development of humankind. It should also be the ultimate aim of product development. According to the well-known interpretation of the original definition given in the Brundtland Report, sustainability comprises thre...

On the occasion of the SETAC Europe 17th Annual Meeting in Porto, an Editors Meeting of the ScientificJournals took place. Prof. Maria Teresa Vasconcelos (ESPR Subject Editor) represented the University of Porto. It is due to Maria Teresa that we received the honour of celebrating the meeting at Circulo Universitario, the Guest House of the Univers...

We are happy and proud to announce that our book 'Atmospheric Degradation of Organic Substances - Data for Persistence and Long-range Transport' (see pp. 143-144) has recently been published by Wiley-VCH. It contains a critical compilation of photo degradation rate constants and quantum efficiencies relevant for calculating the atmospheric persiste...

Modelling of the fate of environmental chemicals can be done by relatively simple multi-media box models or using complex atmospheric transport models. It was the aim of this work to compare the results obtained for both types of models using a small set of non-ionic and non-polar or moderately polar organic chemicals, known to be distributed over...

Background, Aim and Scope Modelling of the fate of environmental chemicals can be done by relatively simple multi-media box models or using complex atmospheric transport models. It was the aim of this work to compare the results obtained for both types of models using a small set of non-ionic and non-polar or moderately polar organic chemicals, kno...

Report on the outcome of the workshop on Nanotechnology and Life Cycle Assessment, Washington, DC, 2-3 October 2006, co-organized by the EC and the Woodrow Wilson Center. Writing Team Coordinator: Walter Klöpffer, International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, Frankfurt, Germany Writing Team: Mary Ann Curran, US EPA, Cincinnati, USA Paolo Frankl,...

Monomeric carbazole derivatives show phosphorescence in the wavelength region between 400 and 500 nm. Poly(vinyl carbazole) (PVCA) in dilute frozen solutions also shows phosphorescence in this region and, in addition, delayed fluorescence owing to triplet-triplet annihilation. The latter depends on the molecular weight of the polymer, high-molecula...

The photostability of UV stabilizers of the ortho hydroxybenzophenone type is discussed in terms of excited state proton transfer and radiationless transitions in the “phenol” and “quinone” tautomers. The first triplet state of the phenol form derived by quenching experiments is located between 22,000 and 20,090 cm−1. These limits of T1, together w...

-1 A Short History of Scientific Publishing -2 The Importance of Publishing, Philosophical Background -3 The Special Role of LCA and Similar Assessment Tools: Can LCAs be falsified? -4 Where to Publish LCAs? 4.1 Survey 4.2 The Institute of Scientific Information -5 How to Prepare a Manuscript: The question of technical quail 5.1 General aspe...

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- DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1065/lca2006.04.019 Background Life cycle assessments have been performed using different methods before the name was coined since about 1970 in several countries of North America and Europe. It was the merit of SETAC to start a standardization process which culminated in the LCA-guidelines ('A code of practice') in 1993...

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Background The critical review is an important, though not always well understood and correctly applied element of Life Cycle Assessment studies. It is the intention of this paper to analyse the relevant standards and to present personal experiences in conducting critical reviews.Results and Discussion A peer review for LCA-studies was first propos...

Background LCA is the only internationally standardized environmental assessment tool (ISO 14040-43) for product systems, including services and processes. The analysis is done ‘from cradle-to-grave’, i.e. over the whole life cycle. LCA is essentially a comparative method: different systems fulfilling the same function (serving the same purpose) ar...

To me, the speed in the development of Life Cycle Assessment seems to be breath-taking. Last year we forgot to celebrate the 10-year jubilee of SETAC's 'Code of conduct' and the Sesimbra Workshop, and nobody reminded the missing reference to this milestone towards standardization. The main stream of the development led to ISO 14040-43, but there we...

Ecological Balances as an Instrument for Product Evaluation. The predecessor of today's increasingly important ecological balances was the Limits of Growth Report published by the Club of Rome in 1972. Ecological balances cover mass and energy flows and emissions from the raw materials via intermediates all the way to the end products, as well as w...

We would like to report on an innovation to be incorporated in Int J LCA beginning with the January edition in 2003; it concerns the expansion of the journal by a section on LCM (Life Cycle Management). This new section will clearly be separated from the LCA 'nucleus', has an Editorial Board of its own and is peer-reviewed as well. This activity ta...

Sustainability-a term originating from silviculture, which was adopted by UNEP as the main political goal for the future development of humankind-is also the ultimate aim of product development. It comprises three components: environment, economy and social aspects which have to be properly assessed and balanced if a new product is to be designed o...

It all started with a new version of the environmental scheme drafted by Helias Udo de Haes and Erwin Lindeijer in November 2000 for use in the final phase of SETAC Europe's 2nd Working group on (life cycle) Impact Assessment (WIA-2). This group convened the day after the 8th LCA Case Studies Symposium in Brussels, Dezember 1, 2000. There was not e...

Based on the precautionary principles and the functional model of the environment, the meaning of the criterion of sustainability is explained and applied on organic chemicals and genetically modified organisms (GMOs). It is shown that the criterion permits the sustainability of an operationalization of the precautionary principle as interpreted st...

Based on the precautionary principles and the functional model of the environment, the meaning of the criterion of sustainability is explained and applied on organic chemicals and genetically modified organisms (GMOs). It is shown that the criterion permits the sustainability of an operationalization of the precautionary principle as interpreted st...

The background of this work is the international decision process with regard to the selection of chemicals to be assessed with priority. In order to stress the precautionary principle, mass flows were analysed rather than concentrations, threshold values, etc., as preferred by the chemical legislation (which still excludes the marine area). Lindan...

Life cycle assessment (LCA) often seems to be "timeless", since it compares functional units of analysed alternatives per se. It is demonstrated that temporal aspects enter LCAs, however, in all main components from goal definition and scoping to valuation in an ad hoc manner; in fact, it cannot be without time. Its methodology and practical releva...

1: Textbook.- 1 Why Model Chemical Exposure?.- 1.1 Introduction.- 1.2 Good Modeling Practice.- 2 Compartment Systems.- 2.1 Compartments.- 2.2 Mass Balance / Linear Differential Equations.- 2.3 Differential Equation Systems.- 2.4 Numerical Solution Methods for Ordinary Differential Equations.- 3 Transport and Transformation Processes.- 3.1 Diffusion...

For the federal state of Baden-Wiirttemberg, Germany, the decision tool “Umweltbilanz von Altlastensanierungsverfahren” has been developed and found suitable for the quantification and evaluation of environmental impacts caused by remediation of contaminated sites. The developed tool complements the remediation toolbox of Baden-Wiirttemberg. The to...