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Artemether, an artemisinin derivative, is used in the management of life-threatening severe malaria. This study aimed to develop an intravenous dosage form of artemether using nanotechnology. Artemether-loaded zein nanoparticles were prepared by modified antisolvent precipitation using sodium caseinate as a stabilizer. Subsequently, the physicochem...
The inhaled corticosteroids are considered the first line of defence for the treatment of persistent asthma and COPD in adults and children. However, clinically, up to 50% of asthmatics and the majority of COPD patients have been reported to respond sub-optimally to inhaled corticosteroid therapy. Therefore, reduced responsiveness to corticosteroid...
In order to improve the aqueous solubility and dissolution of Tacrolimus (TAC), amorphous solid dispersions of TAC were prepared by hot melt extrusion with three hydrophilic polymers, Polyvinylpyrrolidone vinyl acetate (PVP VA64), Soluplus®and Hydroxypropyl Cellulose (HPC), at a drug loading of 10%w/w. Molecular modeling was used to determine the m...
To enhance the therapeutic efficacy of oral dosage forms, the development and application of mesoporous excipients with pore size ranging 2–300 nm has attracted much attention from both academia and industry in recent years. As drug carriers, mesoporous excipients rank among the top few that have the highest specific surface area to volume ratios....
Biopharmaceutical properties of poorly water-soluble antimalarial drug, Artemisinin (ART), were improved by formulating amorphous solid dispersions with transglycosylated food additives (Hsp-G and Stevia-G) via co-spray drying. Both the formulated ART/Hsp-G and ART/Stevia-G showed superior dissolution properties with a burst release of more than 95...
Despite the rising interest in pharmaceutical cocrystals in the past decade, there is a lack of research in the solid processing of cocrystals downstream to crystallization. Mechanical stress induced by unit operations such as milling could affect the integrity of the material. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of milling on ph...
The objective of this study is to enhance the dissolution rate, supersaturation and physicochemical stability of combination of two poorly water-soluble anti-malarial drugs, artemisinin (ART) and mefloquine (MFQ), by encapsulating them inside mesoporous silica (SBA-15) via co-spray drying. Characteristic studies such as powder X-ray diffraction (PX...
The influence of mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) loaded with antibiotics on the mechanical properties of functional poly(methyl methacrylate)-(PMMA) based bone cements is investigated. The incorporation of MSNs to the bone cements (8.15 wt%) shows no detrimental effects on the biomechanical properties of the freshly solidified bone cements....
Amorphous Solid Dispersions (ASDs) were formulated to stabilize amorphous Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs). We investigated the feasibility of using spray-drying (SD) to generate ASD of indomethacin (IDMC) with a water-soluble polymer excipient poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP), and compared the physicochemical properties of SD IDMC-PVP ASD to I...
Quercetin is well known for its beneficial health effects on the human body. However, the slow dissolution rate leading to poor bioavailability constitutes a barrier to being further developed for nutritional products. In this work, quercetin was co-precipitated with dietary fibers into a fast-dissolving nanoformulation via antisolvent precipitatio...
To improve the dissolution properties of poorly water soluble active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), a solvent-free melt-absorption process was applied to directly load the APIs into mesoporous SBA-15 silica powder as an amorphous solid dispersion. Two model compounds, poorly aqueous soluble ibuprofen (IBU) and fenofibrate (FEN), were individual...
Besides its poor dissolution rate, the bitterness of quercetin also poses a challenge for further development. Using carnauba wax, shellac or zein as the shell-forming excipient, this work aimed to microencapsulate quercetin by hot-melt extrusion for taste-masking. In comparison with non-encapsulated quercetin, the microencapsulated powders exhibit...
Respiratory lung infections due to multidrug-resistant (MDR) superbugs are on a global upsurge and have very grim clinical outcomes. Their MDR profile makes therapeutic options extremely limited. Although a highly toxic antibiotic, colistin, is favored today as a “last-line” therapeutic against these hard-to-treat MDR pathogens, it is fast losing i...
To improve antibiotic properties, poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)-based bone cements are formulated with antibiotic and nanostructured materials, such as hydroxyapatite (HAP) nanorods, carbon nanotubes (CNT) and mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSN) as drug carriers. For nonporous HAP nanorods, the release of gentamicin (GTMC) is not obviously imp...
A relatively unexplored method to enhance the sensory and nutritional properties of chocolate is to use plant polyphenols. In this study, a low cost agricultural waste product – mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana Linn.) pericarp – was added as powder in graded amounts (1%, 2% and 3% w/w) to dark and compound chocolates during the mixing stage and eval...
Herein the potential of a relatively new water soluble fiber, resistant maltodextrin (RMD) to encapsulate grapefruit polyphenol, naringin, using spray drying was evaluated. Full factorial Design Of Experiments (DOE) for spray drying with two levels of fiber-naringin ratio and spray dryer inlet temperature was executed. Resulting powders were charac...
Milling is simple and inexpensive method for particle size reduction. The micronization process such as fluid-energy impact mills (e.g. spiral jet mills and fluidized bed jet mills) is commonly used in the pharmaceutical industries to attain optimal/desire particle size distribution for pharmaceutical powders. However, this process may also cause s...
Dissolution of poorly water-soluble drug, Artemisinin (ART), was enhanced by encapsulating the drug particles inside pore channels of ordered mesoporous silica, SBA-15, via co-spray drying. The drug release profiles of ART were investigated by using flow-through cell (USP IV) and in vitro dissolution tester (USP II). The co-spray-dried ART/SBA-15 s...
Airway mucus hypersecretion is a common clinical feature of many severe respiratory diseases, and when complicated by a recalcitrant bacterial infection, the whole treatment regimen thereby becomes more challenging and protracted. The accumulation of thickened mucus secretions in the lower airways provides a nutrient-rich breeding ground for bacter...
Slow dissolution rate is responsible for poor oral bioavailability of fenofibrate. This work aimed at synthesizing a redispersible and rapidly-dissolved fenofibrate nanoformulation by combination of antisolvent precipitation-in-microfluidics and spray drying. 196-296 nm fenofibrate nanoparticles (NPs) were achieved by the developed process. Increas...
The present invention encompasses formulations and methods for producing solid dispersions comprising mesoporous materials with poorly aqueous soluble active ingredients. The active ingredient is formed in the amorphous state and entrapped in the nanosized pores of the mesoporous excipients using a co-spray drying process. The pore walls of mesopor...
Monodispersed mesoporous carbon (MMPC) submicron carbon particles have been fabricated by co-spray drying of SBA-15 submicron particles and sucrose, followed by carbonization in a nitrogen environment and removal of the hard SBA-15 template in NaOH solution. The ratio of sucrose/SBA-15 used for the co-spray drying affected the integration and dispe...
Abstract Encapsulation of drugs in mesoporous silica using co-spray drying process has been recently explored as potential industrial method. However, the impact of spray drying on manufacturability, physiochemical stability and bioavailability in relation to conventional drug load processes are yet to be fully investigated. Using a 2(3) factorial...
Despite advances in vaccination and antimicrobial therapy, community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) remains as a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. As the severity of CAP has been linked to the extent of inflammation in the body, adjunctive therapeutic measures aimed at modulating the immune response have therefore become increasingly at...
Utilization of sugars (e.g. lactose, sucrose) as matrix formers for spray drying of drug nanosuspensions is associated with two drawbacks: 1) sugars are incapable of preventing agglomeration of drug nanoparticles (NPs) in the suspension state; and 2) the spray-dried sugars are usually amorphous and hygroscopic. This work aimed to apply a clay, mont...
The objective of this study was to develop and evaluate solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) and nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) utilizing sucrose ester as a stabilizer/emulsifier for the controlled release of drug/active. Both SLNs and NLCs were prepared using different sugar esters to screen out the most suitable stabilizer. Clotrimazole was use...
This study focused on: (i) feasibility of the previously developed sucrose ester stabilized SLNs and NLCs to encapsulate different imidazole antifungal drugs and (ii) preparation and evaluation of topical gel formulations of those SLNs and NLCs. Three imidazole antifungal drugs; clotrimazole, ketoconazole and climbazole were selected for this study...
Polyphenols are naturally occurring potent antioxidants which have been shown to have anti-inflammatory and cardiovascular protective effects but have processing and formulation challenges since they are sensitive acidic pH and are bitter in taste. In order to overcome these challenges, they are often encapsulated, mainly using technologies such as...
Purpose:
The aim of this work was to develop and characterise S-SEDDS containing fenofibrate (FF) for dissolution enhancement.
Methods:
The self-emulsifying pre-concentrate was prepared by using different proportion of Labrafac WL1349 as oily phase, Cremophor EL as surfactants and Gelucire 44/14 as co-surfactant. The prepared pre-concentrate was...
Recently, amorphization methods are used to enhance the dissolution of poorly water-soluble drugs. There are a number of different methods to generate amorphous drug substances such as solvent deposition, co-milling (COM), spray-drying, melt-quenching and supercritical fluids technology. In this study, the effectiveness of a low-cost and easily sca...
Combination products play an important role in medicine as they offer
improved clinical effectiveness, enhanced patient adherence, and reduced
administrative costs. In combination antimicrobial therapy, the desired
outcome is to extend the antimicrobial spectrum and to achieve a
possible synergistic effect. However, adverse antagonistic species may...
The effectiveness of the dry powder inhaler (DPI) in treating respiratory diseases lies in its ability to deliver consistent and reliable drug dosage with each actuation. From aerosolization upon actuation to throat impaction, the deagglomeration with subsequent detachment of the drug from the carrier particles depend on the interaction forces, inc...
Dry powder inhalers (DPIs) are used predominantly for the treatment of pulmonary diseases by delivering drugs directly into the lungs. The drug delivery efficiency is typically low and there is significant drug retention inside the DPI. An innovative 'green' initiative aimed at minimizing drug wastage via channeling the residual drug into the usefu...
Amorphization is a commonly used method to enhance the dissolution of poorly water-soluble drug. There are a number of different methods to generate amorphous drug substances such as solvent deposition, co-milling (COM), melt-extrusion, spray-drying, melt-quenching and supercritical fluids technology. In this study, the effectiveness of a low-cost...
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a chronic ailment of the lungs, exhibiting elevated arterial pressure and vascular resistance; with a mean arterial pressure above 25 mmHg at rest and above 30 mmHg during exercise. It is associated with poor prognosis, and its prevalence is estimated to be 15 cases per one million. The current treatment opt...
The aim of this study was to produce micron-sized spherical agglomerates of pure drug nanoparticles to achieve improved aerosol performance in dry powder inhalers (DPIs). Sodium cromoglicate was chosen as the model drug. Pure drug nanoparticles were prepared through a bottom-up particle formation process, liquid antisolvent precipitation, and then...
Singapore's chemical industry has been boosted by investment in infrastructure and the creation of an industrial island complex, Jurong Island. Chemical industry is a key driver of Singapore's economy. In 2010, the chemicals industry, including pharmaceuticals, produced the largest share, that is 37%, of Singapore's manufacturing output, with a val...
Due to uniquely ordered nanoporous structure and high surface area as well as large pore volume, mesoporous materials have exhibited excellent performance in both controlled drug delivery with sustained release profiles and formulation of poorly aqueous-soluble drugs with enhanced bioavailability. Compared with other bulk excipients, mesoporous mat...
Powder processing operations such as blending or pneumatic transport can potentially induce triboelectric charging with subsequent agglomeration. Traditionally the charging behavior is investigated using a Faraday cage. In this paper, an alternative nonintrusive probe connected to a voltmeter for comparative triboelectric charging studies of sieved...
In combination antimicrobial therapy, the desired outcome is to broaden the antimicrobial spectrum and to achieve a possible synergistic effect. However, adverse antagonistic species may also emerge from such combinations, leading to treatment failure with serious consequences. It is therefore imperative to screen the drug candidates for compatibil...
A facile dry-gel conversion process was developed for crystallization of trihydrate-alumina nanoparticles and boehmite AlOOH nanofibers with controllable morphologies from solid powder of amorphous aluminum hydroxide precipitate. By steam treatment at 200 °C, the amorphous dry gel of aluminum hydroxide precipitate was crystallized, and the morpholo...
In recent years, solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) and nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) are among the popular research topics for the delivery of lipophilic drugs. Although SLNs have demonstrated several beneficial properties as drug-carrier, limited drug-loading and expulsion of drug during storage led to the development of NLCs. However, the s...
The obstacles in translating liposome formulations into marketable products could be attributed to their physical instabilities upon long-term storage as aqueous dispersions. Lyophilization is the most commonly used technique to improve physical stability of liposomes. The development of stable, lyophilized liposomes is focused primarily on the cho...
In dry powder inhaler therapy, it is often highly desirable to maximise the fine particle fraction (FPF) while reducing the throat and inhaler retention. While there are a number of factors affecting aerosolization, there is at present no combinatorial study comparing the relative importance of each variable on dispersion and retention. In this wor...
The sections in this article are
In order to enhance the oral bioavailability, trans-resveratrol (t-RVT) nanoparticles were prepared by temperature-controlled antisolvent precipitation with the hydroxypropyl methylcellulose as the stabilizer. The mean particle size was reduced by decreasing the precipitation temperature, mainly due to the higher nucleation rate and slower growth r...
This work aimed at developing continuous and scalable nanoprecipitation synthesis of solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) by mixing lipids acetonic solution with water using static mixers. The developed platform exhibited good control over the nanoprecipitation process and enabled the production of SLN below 200 nm at a throughput of 37.5-150 g/h (for 2...
This book is as a result of the conference NanoFormulation 2011 held in Singapore as part of the ICMAT group of symposia. It covers advances in research, development and applications of innovative formulation technologies where nanomaterials play an essential role. With contributions from leading researchers and practitioners worldwide, the book is...
Milling, also known as comminution or grinding, is typically regarded as a particle size reduction process across many industries, including the manufacturing of pharmaceuticals and fine chemicals. In secondary pharmaceutical processing, milling is often used to increase the specific surface area of poorly water-soluble drugs, so as to improve thei...
3-Aminopropyltriethoxysilane modified monodispersed silica nanoparticles were synthesized by a rapid sonochemical co-condensation synthesis procedure. The chemical nature of surface organic modifier on the obtained modified silica nanoparticle was characterized by 13C and 29Si MAS Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopies, Fourier-transform i...
Poly(methyl methacrylate)-based bone cements are functionalized with mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSN) to enable a highly efficient and sustained release of antibiotics to reduce the risk of post-operative joint infection. To overcome the limited drug release of 5% for only 1 day with the current commercial-grade bone cements, a 8 wt% MSN-formu...
This study aimed to prepare solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) of a hydrophobic drug, tretinoin, by emulsification-ultrasonication method. Solubility of tretinoin in the solid lipids was examined. Effects of process variables were investigated on particle size, polydispersity index (PI), zeta potential (ZP), drug encapsulation efficiency (EE), and dr...
A combination of small parallel plate condenser with Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) glass slides as electrodes and an atomic force microscope (AFM) is used to characterize the electrostatic behavior of single glass bead microparticles (105–150μm) glued to the AFM cantilever. This novel setup allows measurements of the electrostatic forces acting on a parti...
The aim of this study is to examine the physical mechanisms during the dissolution of a solid dispersion, so as to provide further understanding behind the enhanced dissolution properties. X-ray amorphous solid dispersions of ketoconazole (KC), a poorly aqueous soluble drug, were prepared by melt extrusion with polyvinlypyrrolidone 17 (PVP 17) and...
Introduction:
Spray drying is an extremely well-established technology for the production of micro-particulate powders suited for a variety of drug delivery applications. In recent years, the rise in nanomedicine has placed increased pressure on the existing systems to produce nanoparticles in good yield and with a narrow size distribution. Howeve...
With the advent of structured mesoporous materials in the 1990s, research and development in application areas ranging from catalysis and active ingredient delivery to separation and purification have gained momentum. We review here the recent patents in these and other emerging areas.
Continuous antisolvent precipitation of spironolactone nanoparticles were performed by impingement mixing in this work. In the range of Reynolds numbers (Re) 2108-6325 for the antisolvent water stream and 1771-5313 for the solvent stream, i.e. acetonic drug solution, 302-360 nm drug nanoparticles were achieved. Increasing drug concentration from 25...
Enhanced dissolution of poorly soluble active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) in amorphous solid dispersions often diminishes during storage due to moisture-induced re-crystallization. This study aims to investigate the influence of moisture protection on solid-state stability and dissolution profiles of melt-extruded fenofibrate (FF) and ketocon...
A model poorly aqueous-soluble drug, ibuprofen (IBU), was co-spray dried with mesoporous silica materials having different pore sizes and particle sizes for dissolution enhancement. Drug molecules were entrapped inside the mesoporous channels at a high drug loading of 50:50 (w/w). The pore sizes were found to affect the physical state and particle...
This article reports a novel and facile solid-based steam-assisted conversion method for the synthesis of hydroxyapatite (HAP,
Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2) nanorods and nanoparticles. After steam treatment at 180°C for 20h, the wet solid of brushite (CaHPO4·2H2O), which was precipitated from reaction between calcium nitrate [Ca(NO3)2] and diammonium hydrogen p...
This work investigates the technical feasibility of formulating water-redispersible nanocrystals of a poorly aqueous soluble drug by a continuous and scalable route. By coupling antisolvent precipitation with immediate spray-drying, fenofibrate nanoparticles were precipitated and formulated into a dry powder form containing lactose or mannitol as r...
There has been an increasing interest in the development of protein nanotherapeutics for diseases such as cancer, diabetes and asthma. Spray drying with prior micro mixing is commonly used to obtain these powders. However, the separation and collection of protein nanoparticles with conventional spray dryer setups has been known to be extremely chal...
A novel analytical method to detect and characterize active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) trace crystallinity in an amorphous system using Raman microscopy and chemometric methods, namely band-target entropy minimization (BTEM) and target transformation factor analysis (TTFA) is developed. The method starts with Raman mapping measurements perform...
The aim of this work is to investigate the feasibility of using supercritical anti-solvent (SAS) co-precipitation process to influence the crystallinity or amorphous character of a crystalline non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), indomethacin (IDMC) for solubility enhancement. Co-precipitations of IDMC and the water-soluble polymer excipie...
The purpose of this research was to investigate why and how mechanical milling results in an unexpected shift in differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measured fusion enthalpy (∆fusH) and melting point (T
m) of adipic acid, a pharmaceutical excipient. Hyper differential scanning calorimetry (hyper-DSC) was used to characterize adipic acid before...
Drug insolubility is one of the most challenging problems in the development of pharmaceutical products. Currently, over a third of drugs listed in US Pharmacopoeia and half of new chemical entities (NCEs) are classified as poorly water soluble or insoluble. Poor solubility in the digestive fluid will normally result in low bio-availability which i...
Rapid and homogeneous mixing of the solvent and antisolvent is critical to achieve submicron drug particles by antisolvent precipitation technique. This work aims to develop a continuous and highly effective static mixing process for antisolvent precipitation of nanoparticles of poorly water-soluble drugs with spironolactone as a model drug. Contin...
Nonionic sucrose ester microemulsions composed of sucrose laurate (SL), propylene glycol (PG) and water were prepared with the essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia, commonly known as tea tree oil (TTO), as oil phase to investigate the phase behavior, microstructure, and antiradical activity. The pseudo-ternary phase diagrams were constructed to...
Due to low aqueous solubility and slow dissolution rate, spironolactone, a synthetic steroid diuretic, has a low and variable oral bioavailability. Nanoparticles were thus prepared by antisolvent precipitation in this work for accelerating dissolution of this kind of poorly water-soluble drugs. Effects of surfactant type/concentration and feed drug...
Nanofibers of AlOOH with controllable aspect ratios have been synthesized by a facile steam-assisted solid-phase crystallization route. The morphology and aspect ratios of resulting AlOOH nanofibers were significantly influenced by the alkaline medium used in the preparation of solid precipitates from Al(NO3)3 solution. When tetramethylammonium hyd...
Extractive Distillation is an important tool for the separation of isomers and close boiling species. An extractive distillation solvent is added to the column increasing the relative volatility of the close boiling species allowing distillation to be utilized. Several applications of extractive distillation have been successfully commissioned. Two...
Distillation is the application and removal of heat to separate hydrocarbons by their relative volatility or boiling points. This necessary addition of heat normally in the feed stream or at the tower bottoms via a reboiler can also lead to other unwanted consequences such as polymerization, corrosion and reverse solubility. The removal of heat can...
A novel formulation process via co-spray drying ibuprofen (IBU) with mesoporous SBA-15 submicron particles exhibited excellence in production of stable amorphous IBU with significantly enhanced dissolution rate. With drug loading of IBU/SBA-15 ratio being 50:50 (w/w) or below, most drug molecules were entrapped inside the straight mesoporous channe...
The feasibility of using excipients to suppress the amorphization or structural disorder of crystalline salbutamol sulphate (SS) during milling was investigated. SS was subjected to ball-milling in the presence of alpha-lactose monohydrate (LAC), adipic acid (AA), magnesium stearate (MgSt), or polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP). X-ray powder diffraction,...
The purpose of this research was to analyze and compare the responses of three Process Analytical Technology (PAT) techniques
applied simultaneously to monitor a pilot-scale fluidized bed granulation process. Real-time measurements using focused beam
reflectance measurement (Lasentec FBRM) and near-infra red spectroscopy (Bruker NIR) were taken by...
Drying of nylon (Geldart D) and expanded polystyrene (Geldart B) particles in fixed and fluidized beds were studied experimentally and theoretically. Fluidized bed dryers are sometimes operated at velocities beyond bubbling fluidization to mitigate against de-fluidization of surface wet particles. It was found that theoretical analysis using three...
Over the past two decades increasing attention has been focused on solid-state chemistry of pharmaceuticals because the selection of solids with suitable physicochemical properties is a key factor within pharmaceutical development strategies (York, 1999). Recently, a new approach using supercritical fluids for particle design of pharmaceutical mate...
Electrostatic charge has been known to have great influence on the performance of dry powder inhalation (DPI) drug delivery. However our understanding on the electrostatic charge is still limited. The purpose of this work was to evaluate the role of electrostatic charge on the efficiency of drug emission and drug dispersion during inhalation drug d...
In recent years, co-milling of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) with excipients is being investigated as a promising technique to improve physicochemical properties such as solubility[1], bioavailability[2], aerosolization[3] and physical stability[4] of various APIs. Excipients are added to a drug formulation to enhance the manufacture pro...
Purpose
To develop a device for simultaneous measurement of particle aerodynamic diameter and electrostatic charge of inhalation aerosols.
Method
An integrated system consisting of an add-on charge measurement device and a liquid impinger was developed to simultaneously determine particle aerodynamic diameter and electrostatic charge. The accuracy...
The purpose of the present work was to analyze the moisture sorption and distribution of pharmaceutical powders at various relative humidities (RHs), to investigate its impact on the inter-particle adhesion force as well as the performance of drug delivery through a dry powder inhaler (DPI). Moisture sorption isotherms were measured and the moistur...
N-Epoxymethyl-1,8-naphthalimide (ENA) is a novel antiproliferative drug candidate with potent anticancer and antifungal activity. It has an aqueous solubility of 0.0116mg/mL and also exhibits hydrolytic instability with a first-order hydrolysis rate of 0.051 h(-1). The present preformulation study aimed to characterize the physicochemical propertie...
To investigate the anomalous phenomenon of particle size shift during post-milling storage.
Crystallised and ball-milled adipic acid were stored under different humidity conditions. Analyses were carried out to characterise changes in particle size distribution (laser diffraction), morphology (SEM), bulk flow properties (annular shear tester), surf...
Magnetic nanocomposite particles were synthesized by encapsulating nanosized magnetite with an acrylate-based cationic co-polymer made of MMA, BA, and QMA and modifying with MeOPEGMA using the water replacement method. The composition of the co-polymer formulation was optimized based on zeta-potential measurements and freeze-thaw stability. Electro...
Achieving acceptable bioavailability for new chemical entities (NCEs) with low solubility, poor physical or/and chemical stability has become a challenge across the pharmaceutical industry. Traditional formulation methods have not been very successful in eradicating such problems, e.g. solubilising a drug by amorphisation may lead to physical or ch...
