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Publications
Publications (108)
Recently, Ti–Ta-based metallic glass surface alloys (MGSAs) with attractive surface properties were successfully synthesized on TiNi substrates by additive pulsed melting of film/substrate systems. However, undesirable nanobubbles are often formed in the amorphous matrix. In this work, to reveal bubble characteristics and clarify the origin of its...
An important factor limiting the wide application of thin-film metallic glass (TFMG) coatings for improving the surface-sensitive properties of structural alloys is the poor adhesion of TFMG to substrates. This problem can be overcome through the synthesis of MG surface alloys (MGSAs) by additive pulsed electron-beam melting of film/substrate syste...
An important factor limiting the wide application of magnetron-sputtered amorphous or nanocomposite thin-film coatings for improving surface-sensitive properties of structural alloys is the poor adhesion of coating to substrate. This problem can be overcome through the synthesis of surface alloys (SAs) by additive pulsed electron-beam melting of fi...
The book summarizes for the first time the results of a study of the modification of surface layers of metallic materials based on pulsed melting using wide-aperture (up to 80 cm^2) Low-Energy (10-40 keV) High-Current (up to 30 kA) Electron Beams (LEHCEB) of microsecond (0.7- 5 µs) duration. All practically important aspects are presented: generati...
The paper presents research data on the physicomechanical surface properties of NiTi alloy after microsecond low-energy high-current electron beam treatment and subsequent magnetron TiTa coating deposition. Nanoindentation shows that after electron beam treatment, the material at a depth of <0.2 µm have the following surface characteristics: Vicker...
The physical-mechanical properties of the Ti-Ta based surface alloy with thickness up to ∼2 μm fabricated through the multiple (up to 20 cycles) alternation of magnetron deposition of Ti70Ta30 (at.%) thin (50 nm) films and their liquid-phase mixing with the NiTi substrate by microsecond low-energy, high current pulsed electron beam (LEHCPEB: ≤15 ke...
TiNi shape memory alloys (SMAs) are unique metallic biomaterials due to combination of superelastisity and high corrosion resistance. Important factors limiting biomedical applications of TiNi SMAs are a danger of toxic Ni release into the adjacent tissues, as well as insufficient level of X-ray visibility. In this paper, the method for fabrication...
We present the results of a comparative study of the shock-wave hardening regularities and mechanisms revealed for bulk (thickness h = 6 and 9.3 mm) targets made of austenitic 304L stainless steel and Hadfield steel. A high-current relativistic electron beam (45 ns, 1.35 MeV, 34 GW/cm²) produced by the SINUS-7 accelerator was used for generation of...
The regularities of surface cratering in commercial and precision TiNi alloys irradiated with a low-energy, high-current electron beam (LEHCEB) in dependence on non-metallic (TiC(O)) or intermetallic (Ti2Ni) inclusions presented in TiNi matrix are studied. The melting threshold of TiNi alloy was found to be achieved in the range of LEHCEBs energy d...
Irradiation of TiNi shape memory alloys with microsecond low-energy (10–30 keV), high-current (10–25 kA) electron beam in surface melting modes induces microcrater formation, which limits the practical use of this method of surface modification. Potential centers of crater formation are inclusions, which are inherent to TiNi alloys. However, there...
The results of numerical and experimental investigations of the shock-wave induced spall fracture of bulk samples with thickness up to 10 mm made of 304L stainless steel irradiated by a nanosecond relativistic high-current electron beam with duration of \({\sim }\)45 ns, electron energy of 1.35 MeV, and peak power density of \(\hbox {34 GW/cm}^{2}\...
Experiments with stainless steel (304L grade) samples exposed to microsecond pulses of high-current low-energy (10–30 keV) electron beam have been performed to determine dependences of the morphology, average diameter, and density of irradiation-induced microcraters on the beam energy density. A mechanism is proposed, according to which the crater...
The regularities of surface
cratering in TiNi alloy
irradiated with a low-energy, high-current electron beam (LEHCEB) in dependence on energy density and number of pulses are studied. LEHCEB processing of TiNi samples was carried out using RITM-SP facility. Energy density E
s
was varied from 1 to 5 J/cm2, pulse duration was 2.5–3.0 μs, the number...
This work comprises a study of the influence of the pulse number of low-energy high-current electron beam (LEHCEB) exposure on the value and character of distribution of residual elastic stresses, texturing effects and the relationship between structural-phase states and physical and mechanical properties of the modified surface layers of TiNi allo...
The phase composition and defect substructure formed in carbon steel subjected to a microsecond high-current e-beam have been studied by the thin-foil electron diffraction microscopy. It has been shown that the mechanism and the degree of globular cementite dissolution, phase composition and the morphology of the appearing structure depend on the d...
Ti–Al surface alloy was fabricated using a cyclic pulsed liquid-phase mixing of predeposited 100 nm Al film with α-Ti substrate by low-energy high-current electron beam. Electron probe micro-analysis (EPMA), grazing incidence X-ray diffraction analysis (GIXRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and nanoindentation were used to investigate the...
This paper presents our first results of an ongoing research dedicated
to the analysis of Ti-Al surface alloy obtained by a new duplex e-beam
treatment. The crack-free Ti3Al-based surface alloy was
synthesized by cyclic pulsed melting/mixing of pre-deposited Al film
(100nm) on Ti substrate with a low-energy (10-20keV) high-current
electron beam (3μ...
We describe a method of obtaining anode-supported ZrO2:Y2O3 (YSZ) electrolyte films produced by reactive magnetron sputtering for intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cell applications. A pulsed electron beam treatment was used as a method of preliminary modification of the porous structure in anode substrates. We studied the influence of this...
Findings of comparative investigations are presented for phase formation, characteristics of hardening, tribological properties, and oxidation resistance of Ti-Al intermetallic surface alloys formed by multiple alternation of deposition of an Al film (0.1–1 μm) on a Ti substrate and pulsed liquid-phase mixing of Al and Ti by intense low-energy (∼15...
Comparative studies of regularities in plastic deformation and fracture of the Hadfield polycrystalline steel upon quasi-static
tension, impact failure, and shock-wave loading with rear spall are performed. The SINUS-7 accelerator was used as a shock-wave
generator. The electron beam parameters of the accelerator were the following: maximum electro...
Phase formation and surface hardening in the 100-nm-thick Al(film)/Ti(substrate) system under conditions of pulsed electron-beam
melting (∼15 keV, ∼3 μs, 3–4 J/cm2) have been studied depending on the number of film deposition-melting cycles. Using this method, submicrocrystalline and
nanocrystalline surface alloys with thicknesses ≥3 μm based on Ti...
The paper reviews the results of investigations of surface modification and alloying of Al, Ti, and its alloys with a low-energy (up to ~40 keV), high-current (up to 25 J/cm2) electron beams of microsecond duration under systematically varied conditions. The microstructural evolution of the surface layers of Al alloys (Al2024 and Al6061) and Ti-6Al...
Using X-ray structural analysis and transmission electron microscopy of thin layers we have studied the mechanism of heat-affected zone formation in as-hardened steel irradiated by a low-energy microsecond high-current electron beam. It has been found that the above zone consists of three characteristic layers. We have analysed the conditions of fo...
Using X-ray structural and transmission electron microscopy analyses, specific features of the phase and structure transformations in armco-iron and steel 45 affected by a high-current electron beam up to 1011 W/cm2 power density have been studied. It was revealed that hardening of steel with martensite structure has a quasi-periodic character that...
Features of the plastic deformation and dynamic spall fracture of Hadfield steel under conditions of shock wave loading at
a straining rate of ∼106 s−1 have been studied. The shock load (∼30 GPa, ∼0.2 μs) was produced by pulses of a SINUS-7 electron accelerator, which generated
relativistic electron bunches with an electron energy of up to 1.35 MeV...
Plasma sources based on vacuum-arc discharge have a big disadvantage due to the high fraction of droplets in plasma flow produced during the operation of cathode spots. To avoid droplets, various kinds of curved magnetic filters are used. We have suggested one more approach to reduce the droplet content in an arc-discharge plasma basing on the inte...
Experimental data are presented on the fracture mechanism and plastic deformation and thickness of the spalled layer obtained
on irradiation of targets made from coarse- and fine-grained fcc metals (copper and aluminum) by a nanosecond high-current
relativistic beam. The general and special features inherent in the modification of the microstructur...
We have studied characteristics of the surface doping of VT6 alloy (Ti-6Al-4V) with zirconium, which was effected in order
to reduce the concentrations of Al and V at the surface. The doping was performed by liquid-phase mixing of a [Zr(20 nm)/Ti(20
nm)]12 multilayer film with a total thickness of 480 nm and the substrate (VT6 alloy) under the acti...
Microstructure and properties of the surface alloys resulted from a pulsed
liquid-phase mixing of metallic substrates with pre-deposited films were
studied. As a tool for the liquid-phase mixing, a low-energy (~30 keV), high-current (~30 kA) pulsed (0.8–3 µs) electron beam
of energy density ranging from 1 to 15 J cm−2 has been employed. Three
i...
The paper reports experimental results on elemental and structural phase compositions of thin surface layers and physical-mechanical behavior of the TiNi dental implants processed by the high-dose ion (Ti, Zr, Pd, Si, etc.) implantation (HDII) and the pulsed electron beam melting. The types of implanted ions and irradiation doses were varied from 0...
The results of investigations of fracture behavior in coarse-grained and ultrafine-grained aluminum under the action of a
nanosecond relativistic high-current electron beam in a SINUS-7 accelerator and under conditions of quasi-static tensile loading
are reported. It is shown that for both types of deformation, irrespective of the grain size, the f...
Structural-phase conditions, nano- and microhardness of the Ti49.5Ni50.5 alloy surface layers modified by the high-dose ion implantation (HDII) and the pulsed low-energy high-current electron beam (LEHCEB) were studied by Auger electron spectroscopy, grazing incidence X-ray diffraction analysis and the CSEM Nano Hardness Tester. It was found that t...
This paper presents the results of investigations of the dynamic spall fracture of bulk (2–6 mm) copper targets under the
action of a relativistic high-current electron beam (1.3 MeV electron energy, 50 ns pulse duration, ∼1010 W/cm2 power density) generated by the SINUS-7 accelerator. By numerical simulation with the use of the BETAIN1 software pa...
Cu–Cr alloys are very interesting materials to study non-equilibrium phase transformations in binary systems containing immiscible metals as well as for practical applications as high-thermal conductivity and contact materials.We studied by high resolution secondary ion mass spectrometry and atomic force microscopy the chemical element distribution...
The surface morphology, chemical composition, microstructure, nanohardness, and tribological properties of a film (Cu)–substrate (stainless steel 316) system subjected to pulsed melting with a low-energy (20–30 keV), high-current electron beam (2–3 μs, 2.8–8.4 J/cm2) have been investigated. The film was deposited by sputtering a Cu target in the Ar...
During the last decade Proskurovsky and Ozur 1 ; 2 ; 3 at the Institute of High Current Electronics (Tomsk) have developed and built sources of wide-aperture (≥50 cm 2 ) low-energy (up to ∼40 keV), high-current (up to ∼50kA) electron beams (LEHCEBs) of microsecond duration, intended for surface treatment of materials. At the present time, these sou...
The surface topography, chemical composition, microstructure, nanohardness, and tribological characteristics of a Cu (film,
512 nm)-stainless steel 316 (substrate) system subjected to pulsed melting by a low-energy (20–30 keV), high-current electron
beam (2–3 μs, 2–10 J/cm2) were investigated. The film was deposited by sputtering a Cu target in the...
The paper presents a review of some new results of investigations on surface treatment of materials with pulsed (2–3 μs) low-energy (up to 10–40 keV), high-current (up to 30 kA, 1–40 J/cm2) electron beams (LEHCEB). Effect of pulsed melting on chemical and phase composition of the near-surface layers of a pre-quenched high-speed steel (HSS) as well...
The paper presents a review of some new results of investigations on surface treatment of materials with pulsed (2–3 μs) low-energy (up to 10–40 keV), high-current (up to 30 kA, 1–40 J/cm2) electron beams (LEHCEB). Effect of pulsed melting on chemical and phase composition of the near-surface layers of a pre-quenched high-speed steel (HSS) as well...
The surface morphology, chemical composition and microstructural evolution of the near-surface (up to 0.5 mum) layers of austenitic stainless steels (SS) 304L and 316L irradiated with a pulsed (2.5 mus) low-energy (20-30 keV), high-current (up to 30 kA) electron beam (2-10 J/cm(2)) have been studied. It was revealed that the cratering on irradiatio...
The results of investigations on the formation of a relativistic high-current electron beam with a SINUS-7 accelerator and its application to the materials modification are presented in the paper. The maximum electron energy of the beam and pulse duration were 1.4 MeV and 50 ns, respectively. The current density at the center of the beam measured w...
Results of study on the main physical processes determining availability
of low-energy high-current e-beams production in guns with explosive
emission cathode and plasma anode placed in longitudinal magnetic field
are reported. Methods of plasma anode formation and the conditions of
effective initiation of explosive electron emission on large-area...
Large area stainless steel electrodes have been treated with a pulsed electron beam for the avoidance of electron emission and plasma induced arcs that limit high voltage hold-off. High-voltage tests have shown that for electrodes of area ∼100 cm<sup>2</sup> this treatment can provide pulsed (∼100 ns) breakdown fields over 1 MV/cm. The results obta...
This article reviews experiments on the production of low-energy, high-current electron beams (LEHCEB) and their use for surface modification of materials. It is shown that electron guns with a plasma anode and an explosive emission cathode are most promising for the production of this type of beams. The problems related to the initiation of explos...
The structural and phase transformations occurring in the near-surface layers of pre-quenched high-speed steel subjected to pulsed electron beam melting have been investigated. Melting was induced by a low-energy (20–30 keV), high-current electron beam with a pulse duration of 2.5 μs and an energy density ranging from 3 to 18 J/cm2. Using electron...
The mechanisms for changes in the structure-phase state, microhardness, and wear resistance have been investigated for carbide inserts made of type T15K6 (WC–15TiC–6Co) hard alloy, irradiated with a low-energy (20–30 keV, high-current (∼102 A cm−2) electron beam of duration 2.5 μs. Using transmission electron microscopy, it has been established tha...
The paper presents a review of original investigations on the surface modification of metallic materials with low energy (up to 40 keV), high current (up to 40 J/cm2) electron beams of microsecond duration. Based on material research and on simulations of temperature and stress fields, the regularities and mechanisms for the changes in the defect s...
Based on the results of numerical simulation of temperature fields, the reasons for the growth of the layer thickness of the
zone of thermal effect in a target of 45 steel during pulse-periodic stimulation by a low-energy high-current electron beam
in the mode of initial melting are analyzed. It is concluded that the growth of thickness of these l...
Irradiation of metals and alloys by pulsed electron beams modifies their structure and properties. When irradiating a copper foil with a high-current electron beam of energy ∼20 keV, power density ∼107 W/cm2, and pulse duration 50 ns, we observed microtwins in the near-surface region of the target, testifying to the fact that the loading was high-s...
Monolithic TiN coatings deposited onto cemented carbide cutting tool inserts coated by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) or physical vapor deposition (PVD) methods, respectively, were subjected to pulsed intense electron beam treatments in the energy range 3 to 5 J·cm-2. The temperature profiles for this rapid thermal processing (RTP) covered the ran...
Monolithic TiN coatings deposited onto cemented carbide cutting tool inserts coated by PVD methods have been subjected to pulsed intense electron beam treatments in the energy range 3–5Jcm−2. The temperature profiles for this rapid thermal process (RTP) covered the range between fusion of the cobalt binder in the carbide to surface fusion of the Ti...
Monolithic TiN coatings deposited onto cemented carbide cutting tool inserts coated by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) or physical vapor deposition (PVD) methods, respectively, were subjected to pulsed intense electron beam treatments in the energy range 3 to 5 J·cm−2. The temperature profiles for this rapid thermal processing (RTP) covered the ran...
Bulk changes in the microhardness of a solid WC-110G13 steel alloy are studied as a function of the energy density of a low-energy,
high-current electron beam, the number of pulses, and the target thickness. It is established that the beam energy density
has a threshold at which quasiperiodic changes in the microhardness occur in the bulk of the a...
It has been demonstrated that in thin quenched-steel targets irradiated with a high-energy, high-current electron beam of moderate power density, in parallel with the near-surface microhardness maximum formed by a thermal mechanism (quenching from high temperatures), two other maxima appear. One of them is situated in the zone of reflection of the...
This article concerns the foundations of a new technology for surface modification of metallic materials based on the use of original sources of low-energy, high-current electron beams. The sources contain an electron gun with an explosive-emission cathode and a plasma anode, placed in a guide magnetic field. The acceleration gap and the transporta...
A method for preliminary treatment of electrodes with a
low-energy, high-current electron beam of microsecond duration is
proposed. This method, combined with subsequent conditioning of the
vacuum gap by pulsed discharges, makes it possible to achieve high
values of the breakdown electric field. Projected uses of the method for
increasing the elect...
The paper reviews the results of studies of the mechanisms for modification of the structure and properties of metals and alloys with intense pulsed electron beams over wide ranges of beam parameters (10-10 <sup>3</sup> keV 0.02-300 μs, 1-2000 J/cm<sup>2</sup>). For pure metals (Fe and Cu) and Fe-C alloys used as examples, if has been demonstrated...
Based on metallographic studies and measurement of the depth distribution of microhardness, we have determined the dimensions of hardened and tempered zones in the pre-quenched and tempered U7A steel irradiated with the electron beam with the duration 10 -5 s, electron energy 170-180 keV, and energy density 40-110 J/cm 2. The experimental results a...
The paper describes how irradiation of the electrode surface with
a LEHCEB (low-energy high-current electron beam) affects the
prebreakdown current and the electric strength of vacuum insulation.
This study is an extension of a study described earlier. Experiments
have been performed for 0.1 mm vacuum gaps formed by refractory metal
electrodes and...
This article describes the characteristics of original sources of low-energy (10–45 keV), high-current (up to 50 kA) electron beams of microsecond duration, designed for the surface thermal treatment of materials.Under the action of this type of beam, graded structures are formed which may impart improved physicochemicai properties and strength to...
Based on metallographic data and microhardness depth distributions measured in preliminarily quenched and tempered U7A steel (0.7% C) after irradiation with an electron beam of duration 10-5 s, electron energy 170-180 keV and energy density 40-150 J/cm2, the dimensions of the hardened and tempered zones have been determined. The experimental result...
The paper presents the results of a study of the pulsed electric
strength of millimeter vacuum gaps with stainless-steel electrodes
preirradiated with a low-energy, high-current electron beam. With 250
kV, 40 ns pulses, a breakdown strength of ≃2.2 MV/cm has been
achieved. The possibility of using pulsed electron beam irradiation for
treating...
The paper is devoted to the study of how the irradiation of the electrode surface with a low-energy, high-current electron beam affects the prebreakdown current and the electric strength of the vacuum insulation. This study is an extension of the work by A.V. Batrakov et al. (see Proc. XVI Int. Symp. on Discharges and Elect. Insul. in Vacuum, p.360...
A technique for determination of residual stresses at various distances from the irradiated surface is proposed. It is established for iron and molybdenum that compressive stresses are set up under irradiation by low-energy high-current electron beams and that their values decrease sharply with increasing distance from the surface. The residual str...
The influence of irradiation regimes by low energy intensive current electron beams of microsecond duration on chemical composition and phase-structural state of titanium alloy parts surface layers. It is shown that this treatment enables: to purify surface of details from the oxygen and carbon impurities; to improve the element distributions homog...
A method for preliminary treatment of electrodes by a microsecond
low-energy intense electron beam is proposed. It has been demonstrated
that such a beam melts off the electrode surface and cleans the surface
layers from impurities and dissolved gases. In combination with
subsequent conditioning of the vacuum gap with low-current pulsed
discharges,...
A method for preliminary treatment of electrodes by a microsecond low-energy intense electron beam is proposed. It has been demonstrated that such a beam melts off the electrode surface and cleans the surface layers from impurities and dissolved gases. In combination with subsequent conditioning of the vacuum gap by low-current pulsed discharges, h...
The regularities of the surface hardening and the peculiarities of the transformations in a carbon steel (0.7 % C) quenched from melt under the action of an electron beam of electron energy 160–170 keV, pulse duration 20–200 µs. and power density 106−107 W/cm2 have been studied based on heat calculations, X-ray crystal analysis and transmission ele...
Calculations were made of the time variation of the temperature in iron at different depths from a surface irradiated with a low-energy high-current electron beam. The mutual relationship betwen the changes in the dislocation and grain structures of the iron polycrystals and the maximum temperature reached during irradiation was traced. The variati...
The results of investigation of the mechanism of hardening of previously hardened carbon steel (0.45–1.2 % C) by microsecond low — energy high-current electron beam are presented. It is shown that maximum hardening is reached beyond the thermal action zone and is caused by effect bipolar stress wave on martensite. Intense deformation processes init...
Using the X-ray structural and the transmission electron microscopy analyses specific features of the phase and structure transformations in Armco-iron and steel 45 affected by a high-currentelectron beam of ∼ 1011 W/cm2 power density have been studied. It was revealed that hardening of steel with the martensite structure is of a through quasi-peri...
Results are given for the electrochemical behavior of steel 12Kh18N10T irradiated by a pulsed electron beam.. The electrochemical behavior was studied by means of anodic polarization curves (1 mV/sec) in 1% HCl solution at room temperature. The results confirm the possibility of using nanosecond electron beams for alloying a surface layer of steels...
Results are presented from study of surface strain-hardening and measurements of the structure of carbon (St. 45, U7A, 40Kh) and alloy (R6M5, Kh6VF) steels subjected to surface fusion by pulsed electron beams with the following parameters: electron energy 20–250 keV, pulse duration 5·10-8-3·10-4 sec, power density 105–109 W/cm3. It is shown that th...
Investigations were conducted into surface hardening and changes in the structure of carbon steels (steels 35, 45, U7A, 40Kh) under the effect of a pulsed electron beam with the parameters q approximately equals 10**5 W/cm**2 eU congruent 20 kev, and a duration of t//i congruent 10** minus **4 sec. It is shown that the effect of the electron beam l...