Volker Gollnick

Technische Universität Hamburg | TUHH · Institute of AIr Transportation Systems

While different vehicle configurations enter the AAM market, airlines declare different ticket fares for their operations. This research investigates the operating cost of an airline and the economic viability with the announced fare per km rates. For this purpose, three use cases in the metropolitan area of Hamburg showcase representative applicat...

Airlines’ fleet assignment heavily affects the economic and ecological performance of the global air transportation system (ATS). Consequently, it is inevitable to include potential changes of the fleet assignment when modeling and assessing future global ATS scenarios. Therefore, this article presents a novel explanatory approach to modeling the f...

This paper presents an image processing-based method for analyzing satellite scans taken from 24 airports and runways different in size and location to detect and understand variations in landing behaviors by extracting aircraft wheels rubber spots deposited in runway touchdown zones. The analysis establishes a clear correlation between the observe...

Current technological developments open up the possibility of implementing airborne passenger transport in urban areas. The concepts for urban air transport are mostly based on so-called vertiports and vertical take-off and landing (VTOL) vehicles with rotary wings. Depending on the function of a vertiport in a network, various configurations are r...

For the future of urban mobility, further developments in the fields of automation, communication and energy storage technologies will enable the expansion of traffic space into the air. Various concepts and scenarios of urban air mobility (UAM) are already part of current research. In addition to the investigation of relevant physical effects and...

Aircraft trajectories are currently flown and optimized to reduce operating costs, keeping engine CO2-emissions from burnt fuel at a minimum by following fuel optimized routes under consideration of wind. However, research has shown that the location and time of non-CO2 emissions such as NOx, water vapor or the formation of contrail cirrus contribu...

Data link based real-time data transmission for air traffic services and aeronautical operational control provides for safe, efficient and timely exchange of information between aircraft and ground entities within the current air transportation system. This enables procedures and process optimization for air traffic service and airline operational...

In line with the Gartner Hype Cycle the perception of advanced air mobility (AAM) is already fading before the continuous market entry phase begins. In this time, there are many projects focused on the development of new vehicle configurations and designs. But most of the available funding is concentrated on a few vehicle projects. It seems that th...

Airline passenger decisions determine operation of airlines and aircraft. Therefore, global air transport models need to consider these decisions. Thereby, we develop a discrete choice model for passenger decisions describing global passenger flows based on different parameters. The model distinguishes between passenger itineraries defined by attri...

View Video Presentation: https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2022-3546.vid Long range drones (either fixed wing or VTOL) represent a novel approach for monitoring and inspection of extensive longitudinal infrastructures such as power lines, pipelines and railway tracks including overhead lines. This paper proposes a method to find efficient system of systems...

This paper presents a (pre)feasibility study of the rail-based ultra-short launch and landing system ElektRail for fixed-wing airborne wind energy systems, such as Ampyx Power. The ElektRail concept promises airborne mass reductions through the elimination of landing gear as well as decreased landing stresses and ground stability requirements, open...

Within the business model for urban air mobility (UAM), the passenger demand is a necessary input to build economic sustainable systems. This work aims to specify the UAM commuter demand in competition to other modes of transport by the example of the city of Hamburg in Germany. Based on pre-defined traffic cells by the city of Hamburg, a door-to-d...

In this paper, we present a globally applicable approach for estimating the potential passenger demand for On- Demand Inter-City Air Mobility based on three different use cases. All of these cases are concerned with pas- sengers who nowadays travel with conventional airlines, and might choose On-Demand Air Mobility (ODAM) as an alternative mode of...

In this study, four distinct approaches for flight frequency regulation are investigated with the objective to mitigate network congestion. The approaches differ in the way how a specific number of daily flights on a route is determined: (1) directly regulating the number of flights, (2) defining an average air traffic flow management (ATFM) delay...

Aircraft economies of scale do exist but are challenging to capitalize due to marketrelated, technical, and regulatory constraints. This study explores the temporal, economic, and ecologic impact of systematically up-gauged fleets with the overall goal to assess the potential of frequency regulation. Up-gauging refers to increasing aircraft size in...

How do changing jet fuel prices impact airline revenues? As expenses for jet fuel are one of the most relevant cost factors for airlines, their economic success largely depends on the ability to match changes on the cost side with an adaption on the revenue side. While previous studies primarily focused on the impact of fuel price changes to consum...

Approximately 50–75% of aviation's climate impact is caused by non-CO2 effects, like the production of ozone and the formation of contrail cirrus clouds, which can be effectively prevented by re-routing flights around highly climate-sensitive areas. Here, we discuss options how to incentivize re-routing approaches and apply multicriteria trajectory...

The European Air Traffic Management Network is unique in its complexity due to numerous stakeholders, airspace configurations and accommodated traffic volumes. Such a complexity challenges both tactical visibility and the network resiliency in general. Therefore we reviewed different perspectives of resiliency and robustness to explore advantages o...

The operational concept of aerodynamic formation flight, also referred to as aircraft wake-surfing for efficiency (AWSE), has high potential in terms of fuel savings and climate impact mitigation. In order to implement this concept, many technological and operational challenges have to be coped with. As the fuel consumption during a mission strongl...

Die Covid-19-Pandemie hat insbesondere auf die Luftfahrt gravierende Auswirkungen. Diese Arbeit analysiert vergleichbare Ereignisse der Vergangenheit in Ursache und Wirkung und schließt von dort auf mögliche Entwicklungen, die sich mit dem Ausklang der Pandemie für die Luftfahrt in Herstellung und Betrieb ergeben können. Hierzu werden Produktions-...

The European Air Traffic Management Network (EATMN) is comprised of various stakeholders and actors. Accordingly, the operations within EATMN are planned up to six months ahead of target date (tactical phase). However, stochastic events and the built-in operational flexibility (robustness), along with other factors, result in demand and capacity im...

The presentation describes the strategic approach of scientifically setting up an Urban Air Mobility Concept using Metropolitan Region of Hamburg as a Use Case

The aerodynamic formation flight, which is also known as aircraft wake-surfing for efficiency (AWSE), enables aircraft to harvest the energy inherent in another aircraft’s wake vortex. As the thrust of the trailing aircraft can be reduced during cruise flight, the resulting benefit can be traded for longer flight time, larger range, less fuel consu...

Die ganzheitliche Bewertung von Maßnahmen zur Reduktion der Klimawirkung des Luftverkehrs erfordert die Berücksichtigung potentieller Veränderungen in der globalen Flugzeug-Routen-Zuordnung. Die hierfür entwickelte Methodik basiert auf der Formulierung und Lösung eines Optimierungsproblems, welches die Flugzeug-Routen-Zuordnung im Lufttransportsyst...

Elektrisches Fliegen gilt als eine große Hoffnung der Luftfahrt zur Reduktion der Klimawirkung. Dabei liegt ein Fokus auch auf Batterien als Energiespeicher. Zudem werden elektrische Antriebe als eine nahezu unabdingbare Voraussetzung zur Realisierung der Urban Air Mobility gesehen. Zur Urban Air Mobility bestehen bereits zahlreiche Konzepte. Der k...

The overall European Air Traffic Management aims for an efficient utilisation of ATM sub-systems like the European Air Traffic Management Network. Highly congested hub airports and controlled airspaces may lead to Demand-Capacity-Balancing issues during high demand periods. Air Traffic Flow Management as one of the European ATM domains resolves the...

The current push in automation, communication, and electrical energy storage technologies has the potential to lift urban mobility into the sky. As several urban air mobility (UAM) concepts are conceivable, all relevant physical effects as well as mutual interrelations of the UAM system have to be addressed and evaluated at a sufficient level of fi...

Within this paper two methods to estimate the aerodynamic benefits of a two-aircraft formation will be compared. The first model calculates the average up-wash velocity at the follower’s wing resulting from the leaders wake and superimposes it on the aircraft speed during the trajectory calculation. The second model uses a vortex lattice method to...

To overcome airport and airspace congestion the amount of aircraft movements needs to be managed. However, even with slot limits in place at most major European airports congestion persists, particularly at airline hubs. In this study the amount of flight frequencies between individual city pairs as a target value to be regulated is investigated. F...

There is a considerable interest in air transportation resilience as a mechanism for coping with the consequences of disruptions to local authorities. Although the identification of metrics and baselines for measuring resilience are still regarded as challenges, we believe that the meaning of disruptions is no longer driven solely by safety threats...

The European Air Traffic Management Network is unique in its complexity due to numerous stakeholders, airspace configurations and volumes of accommodated traffic. Such a complexity challenges the overall situational awareness during tactical network operations and improvment of network resilience. Before defining network states, different perspecti...

Within this study, the lack of incentivizing airlines to internalize their climate costs is tried to be closed by the introduction of climate-charged airspaces, as non-CO2 emissions have locationand time-dependent effects upon the climate. In order to create an incentive for airlines to minimize flight time and emissions in highly climatesensitive...

Application of Integrated Vehicle Health Management (IVHM) tools to aircraft repair and maintenance use cases can reduce maintenance periodicity, durance and costs, delays and turnaround time while optimizing planned vehicle maintenance and logistics. Whereas, structural health monitoring as a part of IVHM is focused on developing the technical mea...

Besides CO2, the climate impact of commercial aviation is strongly influenced by non-CO2 effects, which are highly sensitive to meteorological conditions and their spatial variations. To assess the cost-benefit potential (climate impact mitigation vs. cost increase) of climate and weather optimized flight trajectories in the North Atlantic flight c...

Purpose This paper aims to report on the physical distortions associated with the use of additive manufactured components for wind tunnel testing and procedures adopted to correct for them. Design/methodology/approach Wings of a joined-wing test aircraft configuration were fabricated with additive manufacturing and tested in a subsonic closed-lo...

An approach to derive a take-off field length for the initial specification of a new aircraft design is introduced in this paper. Based on a passenger demand forecast the runway lengths of the origin and destination airports are analyzed. The physical lengths of the runways are corrected by airports’ elevation and reference temperatures. The approa...

With respect to the growing urbanization and subsequently increasing traffic in urban areas this paper presents future potential markets worldwide for interurban air mobility up to 300 km. For this analysis a gravity model is developed to forecast interurban air passenger demand for 2042 between 4435 settlements worldwide based on socio-economic fa...

The paper studies air vehicle port spatial distributionswithin an urban area and their noise impact on population. The aim of thepaper is to provide a vision ofthe tradeoff between the infrastructure size of the urban air transportation system (including potential revenues) and the number of negatively affected by noise produced by the system. It w...

Costs are a crucial basis for every decision process that combines resources to provide a product or service. Airlines decide on cost information about aircraft orders, route adaptions and business model changes. This paper shows a hierarchical metamodeling approach for airline total operation costs. In particular, we establish a hierarchy that sup...

This paper describes a methodology of quantifying network states. In order to develop operational measures towards improving ATM network performance and resilience, the study initially reviews the difference between resilience and robustness to clarify contribution of resilience in ATFM tactical phase. The importance of network states in defining k...

The paper analyzes the influence of wind on the optimal rendezvous and separation points of a two-aircraft aerodynamic formation flight. For a set of origin and destination airports the optimal formation routing is determined for each day of the year 2012 using an optimal control approach and a pattern search optimization to maximize the benefits e...

Within this study, a method is proposed that allows an effective fuel planning for a follower aircraft in aerodynamic formation flight missions. The special characteristic of such formation missions in the context of fuel planning is the uncertainty of the successful formation execution. The required trip fuel of the follower, therefore, strongly d...

The recent retirements of the first Airbus A380 aircraft raise the question if there is a second-hand market for this aircraft type. This study examines the economic viability of used A380 compared to new A380 by applying a fleet planning tool to Airlines that plan to expand their fleet by this aircraft type. A competitive price for used A380 as we...

With the first batch of used A380 entering the market the question arises if there is a second-hand market for this type of aircraft. Aircraft prices – for new and used aircraft – are generally subject to significant discounts and confidentiality, which impedes the development and validation of scientific quantification methods. In this study a fle...

Passagiere empfinden Wartezeiten während ihrer Reise als verlorene Zeit. Auf Flugreisen treten Wartezeiten jedoch häufig an verschiedenen Prozessstellen innerhalb eines Flughafens auf und können Unzufriedenheit oder sogar Stress auslösen. Am Beispiel des Flughafens Hamburg werden Einflussfaktoren analysiert, die speziell beim Check-in zu zeitlichen...

In this study, the aerodynamics of wings using an active high-lift system are investigated. The target is the flight mechanical description of the spanwise forces and resulting moments and the influence of the active high-lift system to their distribution. The high-lift system is a blown flap system divided into six segments per wing. Each segment...

In this study, the aerodynamics of wings using an active high-lift system are investigated. The target is the flight mechanical description of the spanwise forces and resulting moments and the influence of the active high-lift system to their distribution. The high-lift system is a blown flap system divided into six segments per wing. Each segment...

In this study, the aerodynamics of wings using an active high-lift system are investigated. The target is the flight mechanical description of the spanwise forces and resulting moments and the influence of the active high-lift system to their distribution. The high-lift system is a blown flap system divided into six segments per wing. Each segment...

Das Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, die operationelle und ökonomische Effizienz von Flugzeugen mit Hybridlaminarhaltung zu bewerten. Im Vordergrund steht dabei die Frage, wie kritisch die Degradation der Laminarität durch Wolkeneinflüge ist und welche Gegenmaßnahmen zur Minderung des Einsparpotenzialverlustes geeignet sind. Dazu wurden zwei Mittel-Langs...

Due to flight density in the European airspace, numerous conflicts between aircraft arise. Avoiding conflicts before take-off could improve safety; however, stochastic disturbances to trajectories inhibit deterministic conflict prevention. Conflict probabilities between planned flights can be calculated with departure distributions. We reduce confl...

This paper provides the development of a decision model to support the repair decision process for composite structures. Aircraft structures are susceptible to various damages affected by accidental impact, fatigue loads and other environmental conditions. Maintenance strategies implemented for specific damage have to be more accurate and cost effi...

Within this study, climate-restricted airspaces are defined in analogy to military exclusion zones. Airspaces are closed if the climate sensitivity of an area exceeds a threshold value, and affected flight trajectories are rerouted cost optimally around them. The evaluation of the concept is performed based on optimal control techniques. Therefore,...

Among the various transport modes aviation's impact on climate change deserves special attention. Due to typical flight altitudes in the upper troposphere and above, the effect of aircraft engine emissions like e.g. water vapour, nitrogen oxides and aerosols on radiative forcing agents is substantial. The projected doubling of aircraft movements in...

In Clean Sky 2 project DEMETER the potential of Structure Health Monitoring (SHM) is investigated in the context of Condition Based Maintenance. Data generated through SHM systems can be managed by Direct or Indirect measurement techniques. Indirect measurements comprise of selecting physical parameter or signals which have a negative effect on str...

Impacts of commercial aircraft operation upon the environment, which are caused primarily from emissions of CO2CO2, NOxNOx and the formation of contrails, are matter of growing concern, as aviation is one of the fastest developing industrial sectors worldwide and the awareness of its effects is expanding. Recent research has focused on the cost-ben...

Robustness of transportation networks is one of the major challenges of the 21st century. This paper investigates the resilience of global air transportation from a complex network point of view, with focus on attacking strategies in the airport network, i.e., to remove airports from the system and see what could affect the air traffic system from...

This paper presents methods to model potential formation flight routes based on global flight schedule data. The underlying dataset covers a period of one week comprising over 34000 long-haul flights of seven different aircraft types. In a first step, potential formations are identified by a series of different filters that consider parameters of t...

Aviation guarantees mobility, but its emissions also contribute considerably to climate change. Therefore, climate impact mitigation strategies have to be developed based on comprehensive assessments of the different impacting factors. We quantify the climate impact mitigation potential and related costs resulting from changes in aircraft operation...

Air traffic is an important part of our mobility with an increasing rate in transport volume of around 5% per year. Air traffic also contributes to anthropogenic warming by around 5%. This warming is caused by emissions of carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides, water vapour, particles and contrail-cirrus. The emitted species change the chemical and micro...

The chapter starts with different ways of aircraft classification systems. The principles of cabin design follow, as the cabin is the important interface for the airline to the customer and where differentiation between business and leisure travellers for different comfort levels can be implemented. The principles of flight are outlined without goi...

This chapter gives a global view of the challenges of future air transport starting first with a reflection of the ACARE Vision 2020 and Flightpath 2050 goals. The situation and perspective of energy demand and provision for air transport addresses especially the current developments in alternative fuels. A deeper look is provided at the structural...

The chapter starts with the history of mergers of aircraft manufacturers in US and Europe, leading to the duopoly of Airbus and Boeing as leading players worldwide. Their product portfolio seems to be fairly identical, which is good for market competition but could also be a sign of reducing innovation and risk. Several smaller aircraft manufacture...

This chapter gives an introduction to the global regulatory and organizational setup of air transport. Based on the freedoms of the air, which are given, the main international contracts are introduced as well as major organizations like ICAO. Here also the way how international regulations are transferred into national rules is described.

The complexity of European Air Traffic is accompanied by a continuous risk of conflicts between aircraft. In particular, inaccurate forecasts of aircraft positions prevent a fail-proof prediction of conflicts, especially for large look-ahead times. Uncertainty of departure times is one of the most important factors in trajectory prediction. Therefo...

In this study the aerodynamics of wings using an active high-lift system are investigated. The target is the flight mechanical description of the spanwise forces and resulting moments and the influence of the active high-lift system to their distribution. The high-lift system is a blown flap system divided into six segments per wing. Each segment i...

The "4th International Conference on Transport, Atmosphere and Climate (TAC-4)" held in Bad Kohlgrub (Germany), 2015, was organised with the objective of updating our knowledge on the impacts of transport on the composition of the atmosphere and on climate, three years after the TAC-3 conference in Prien am Chiemsee (Germany). The TAC-4 conference...