Vladimir Rogalewicz

Vladimir Rogalewicz
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Vladimir verified their affiliation via an institutional email.
Verified
Vladimir verified their affiliation via an institutional email.
  • Prof. PhD.
  • Professor (Associate) at Czech Technical University in Prague

About

208
Publications
48,802
Reads
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1,028
Citations
Introduction
Vladimir Rogalewicz currently works at the Faculty of Biomedical Engineering (FBMI), Czech Technical University in Prague, and at the First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague. At present, Vladimir does research in Health Technology Assessment, Health Economics, Public Health and Health Services Research.
Current institution
Czech Technical University in Prague
Current position
  • Professor (Associate)
Additional affiliations
June 2017 - present
Charles University in Prague
Position
  • Professor (Associate)
June 1989 - January 1990
Institute of Hydrodynamics of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences
Position
  • Senior Researcher
March 1996 - February 2006
ROGALEWICZ, s.r.o.
Position
  • Owner, general manager
Education
October 1979 - June 1984
Czech Technical University in Prague, Faculty of Electrical Engineering
Field of study
  • Applied Mathematics
October 1973 - June 1978
Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics
Field of study
  • Probability theory and mathematical statistics

Publications

Publications (208)
Article
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Objective To identify the current challenges and barriers within the esports environment in the Central and East European countries and to explore the potential for collaboration between universities, particularly sports faculties, and the esports ecosystem. The research also aims to clarify the perceived roles of universities, including their rese...
Article
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Introduction Research on the effects of the COVID‐19 pandemic on alcohol sales and per capita consumption show mixed findings. The present study of alcohol sales in Czechia attempts to account for this heterogeneity by investigating three types of interventions: (i) limits on the movement of people into the country (i.e., tourism); (ii) social mobi...
Article
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Background: For standardized assessment of fine motor skills, therapists use the Nine Hole Peg Test (NHPT). The subject's task is to put nine pegs into the holes in the pegboard one by one as quickly as possible and then return them to the container, while their time is measured. The aim was to find out whether occupational therapists from the Czec...
Article
Objectives: Higher-than-recommended sugar consumption (< 10% of total energy intake; WHO) leads to negative health impacts and the development of serious diseases. Sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) proved to be among the leading sources of free sugar intake, as they contain large amounts of added sugar. Our article aims to propose tax measures that...
Article
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Objective Lower limb peripheral arterial disease in the symptomatic stage has a significant effect on patients´ functional disability. Before an intervention, an imaging diagnostic examination is necessary to determine the extent of the disability. This study evaluates cost-effectiveness of duplex ultrasonography (DUS), digital subtraction angiogra...
Chapter
International comparison of prices and costs in healthcare using Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) was investigated. The main goal was to design a suitable methodology for calculation of PPP for health technology assessment and interventions based on current approaches. The PPP calculation proposed is based on costs from the provider´s perspective and...
Chapter
This case study assesses the Sterlink plasma sterilizer's value proposition in the Czech healthcare market, considering economic, user, and clinical perspectives. The economic analysis includes TCO calculations, the user value is determined through interviews analyzed using MAQXDA 2022 software, while the clinical value is derived from a synthesis...
Chapter
Our investigation is focused on mapping the situation, to what extent Czech manufacturers of medical devices are familiar with the early stage health technology assessment. Data for the research was obtained through semi-structured interviews and was further evaluated in accordance with the principles of qualitative research. Interviews were conduc...
Chapter
Outcome evaluation of medical devices is an increasingly addressed issue. This study compiles publications addressing the issue of how outcomes are approached differently. Current legislation, particularly the MDR and IVDR, places a strong emphasis on the quality, efficacy and safety of medical devices, and some institutions are seeking to include...
Article
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Introduction Leber hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) is the most commonly diagnosed mitochondrial disorder, resulting in colour vision abnormalities and rapid but painless deterioration of central vision. While numerous studies have assessed the impact of LHON on the quality of life (QoL) of LHON patients, the financial impact of the disease remai...
Article
Effect of bimanual sensor glove and unimanual robot-assisted therapy for upper limb function after stroke Introduction: An upper limb functional disability in stroke patients signifi cantly aff ects activities of daily living (ADL). Most ADL are bimanual, whereas many conventional occupational therapy techniques are based on a unimanual approach. T...
Article
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Introduction: Leber hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) is the most frequent mitochondrial disease causing dyschromatopsia and progressive central visual loss that is subacute in progression and painless. Several studies have been published assessing QoL in patients with LHON, but no estimate of the economic burden has been reported to date. This s...
Article
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Spontaneous preterm birth (sPTB) is a major cause of perinatal morbidity and mortality, even in developed countries. Prediction of sPTB is therefore a valuable tool to reduce the associated risks. The current standard for the prediction of sPTB consists, in addition to anamnestic data, of previous sPTB and previous second trimester miscarriage, mea...
Article
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This paper focuses on research in expert elicitation as a part of the early stage health technology assessment (eHTA). The current state of affairs is analysed and two elicitation approaches are compared—the four fixed intervals method and the histogram method—as applied to an example of early assessment of clinical effectiveness of artificial thym...
Article
Sezónní a týdenní výkyvy v užívání alkoholu patří mezi doposud neanalyzované aspekty epidemiologického výzkumu užívání alkoholu českou dospělou populací. Cílem studie je nabídnout deskriptivní a analytický pohled na sezónní a týdenní vzorce užívání alkoholu u české dospělé populace. Výzkum byl realizován na reprezentativním vzorku 809 osob v rámci...
Article
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Pandemie COVID-19 přinesla několik změn v oblasti spotřeb-ního chování, včetně užívání alkoholu a dalších návykových lá-tek. Zatímco průměrná spotřeba alkoholu v České republice klesla, u některých rizikových skupin došlo naopak k jejímu zvýšení. Cílem článku je proto na vzorku 809 respondentů ana-lyzovat, k jakým změnám spotřebních zvyklostí v obl...
Article
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The paper focuses on electronic record of sales, a tool enabling continuous monitoring and control of declared sales of business entities. Such systems have been recently gaining popularity in European countries. The objective of the paper is to analyse the possible use of electronic record of sales for a fairer redistribution of shared taxes accor...
Article
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This study discusses the issue of disposable and reusable medical devices in the context of the circular economy. Its objective is to analyze the opinions of physicians in gynecological practice on the use of disposable and reusable gynecological speculums (GS). A questionnaire survey was carried out in a sample of 206 healthcare facilities in the...
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During the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in the spring of 2020, the government of the Czech Republic issued a nationwide ban on visitors to maternity wards. We studied whether the absence of a close person during labor due to this ban impacted perinatal indicators. This study was performed using an administrative observational questionnaire f...
Article
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INTRODUCTION: A recent survey of alcohol use in the Czech Republic representative for the adult online population presented some worrying findings about the use of alcohol during and in the last stages of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic among young adults. The goal of this study is to gain insight into the behavioural drivers of alcohol use among...
Article
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Lower limb ischemic disease (LEAD) affects a significant portion of the population, with most patients being asymptomatic. Patient screening is necessary because LEAD patients have an increased risk of occurrence of other cardiovascular events and manifestations of disease, in terms of leg symptoms such as intermittent claudication, critical limb i...
Article
Czech version of the Mini-BESTest and recommendation for its clinical use Introduction: There are a number of balance assessment tools available in clinical neurological and rehabilitation practice, but their use in individual workplaces within the Czech Republic varies. One of the tests is The Mini-BESTest (the Mini-Balance Evaluation Systems Test...
Article
Σκοπός: Η διερεύνηση των αλλαγών στην κατανάλωση αλκοόλ κατά τους πρώτους μήνες της πανδημίας COVID-19 στην Ευρώπη, καθώς και οι συσχετίσεις με το εισοδηματικό επίπεδο και τις εμπειρίες δυσφορίας που σχετίζονται με την πανδημία. Σχεδιασμός: Διαδικτυακή δημοσκοπική μελέτη που διεξήχθη μεταξύ 24 Απριλίου και 22 Ιουλίου 2020. Χώρος: Είκοσι μία ευρωπαϊ...
Article
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Citation: Hospodková, P.; Berežná, J.; Barták, M.; Rogalewicz, V.; Severová, L.; Svoboda, R. Change Management and Digital Innovations in Hospitals of Five European Countries. Healthcare 2021, 9, 1508. https:// Abstract: The objective of the paper is to evaluate the quality of systemic change management (CHM) and readiness for change in five Centra...
Article
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Evidence suggests that changes in alcohol consumption during the first months of the COVID-19 pandemic were unevenly distributed over consumer groups. We investigated possible inter-country differences in how changes in alcohol consumption are contingent on initial consumption (before or at the start of the pandemic), and how changes in consumption...
Article
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Objectives: The paper analyses real-world data on cost of treatment in patients after stroke hospitalized in early rehabilitation units within comprehensive stroke centres in the Czech Republic. This is the first study of the kind in the Czech Republic, while such information is extremely rare worldwide. Stroke treatment witnessed a dramatic devel...
Article
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Aims To investigate changes in alcohol consumption during the first months of the COVID-19 pandemic in Europe as well as its associations with income and experiences of distress related to the pandemic. Design Cross-sectional on-line survey conducted between 24 April and 22 July 2020. Setting Twenty-one European countries. Participants A total o...
Article
Východisko: Studie se zaměřuje na pacienty, kteří byli propuštěni z lůžkové rehabilitační péče do domácího prostředí, ale v důsledku nedostupnosti či nemožnosti dopravy na ambulantní rehabilitaci nemají možnost navazující ergoterapie pro horní končetiny (HK). Situace je ještě více akcentovaná v oblasti ambulantní ergoterapie, která je minimálně dos...
Article
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Objectives To fill the existing research gap related to long-term costs of postacute care in methanol poisoning survivors, healthcare cost for 6 years after the outbreak has been modelled and estimated. Design In a prospective longitudinal cohort study, data collected from 55 survivors of the Czech methanol mass poisoning outbreak in 2012 were col...
Article
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Objectives This contribution provides insights into the methodology of a pan‐European population‐based online survey, performed without external funding during the COVID‐19 pandemic. We present the impact of different dissemination strategies to collect data from a non‐probabilistic convenience sample and outline post‐stratification weighting schem...
Article
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Background SARS-CoV-2 reached Europe in early 2020 and disrupted the private and public life of its citizens, with potential implications for substance use. The objective of this study was to describe possible changes in substance use in the first months of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic in Europe. Methods Data were obtained from a cross-sectional online...
Article
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Quality of life and costs related to stroke survivors are important issues for the Czech healthcare system. Early rehabilitation after stroke has a great potential to improve patients' quality of life as well as to contribute to saving long-term societal costs. A tri-centre pragmatic longitudinal study was focused on the economic analysis of early...
Article
Summary: Background: The study focuses on patients who were discharged from inpatient rehabilitation care to their home environment, but due to the unavailability or impossibility of transport to outpatient rehabilitation, the patients do not have the possibility of a follow-up occupational therapy for the upper limbs. The situation is even more st...
Article
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Aim of the study. To evaluate the effectiveness of virtual reality therapy (VRT) Armeo Spring® upper limb exoskeleton (Armeo), in early post-stroke rehabilitation with a focus on the elderly. Clinical rationale for the study. Convalescence from a stroke is a complex process driven by a spontaneous recovery supported by multifactorial activation. No...
Preprint
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Background: SARS-CoV-2 reached Europe in early 2020 and disrupted the private and public life of its citizens, with potential implications for substance use. The objective of this study was to describe possible changes in substance use in the first months of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic in Europe. Methods: Data were obtained from a cross-sectional onlin...
Preprint
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Aims: The aim of this project was to investigate changes in alcohol consumption during the first months of the pandemic in Europe as well as its associations with income and experiences of distress related to the COVID-19 pandemic. Design: Cross-sectional online survey conducted between April 24 and July 22 of 2020. Setting: 21 European countries....
Preprint
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Aims: The aim of this project was to investigate changes in alcohol consumption during the first months of the pandemic in Europe as well as its associations with income and experiences of distress related to the COVID-19 pandemic. Design: Cross-sectional online survey conducted between April 24 and July 22 of 2020. Setting: 21 European countries....
Article
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PURPOSE OF THE STUDY This thesis presents the very current topic of general hospital preparedness to deal with crisis situations in mass casualty incidents. MATERIAL AND METHODS The key part of the work consists in a questionnaire survey of 26 foreign and domestic respondents, which provides a very good description of this issue in various count...
Article
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The purpose of this prospective study was to determine whether the cost and cost-effectiveness of early rehabilitation after stroke are associated with the degree of initial disability. The data for cost calculations were collected by the bottom-up (micro-costing) method alongside the standard inpatient care. The total sample included 87 patients w...
Article
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Background and aims: The current level of knowledge concerning the effect of socioeconomic status (SES) on internet use, gambling, and substance use in structurally disadvantaged regions is scarce. The objective of this study was an investigation of the relationship between SES and risky internet use, gambling and substance use in a structurally d...
Article
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Stroke treatment and prevention has witnessed a dramatic development in recent years, especially in developed countries. The objective of this study was to calculate the costs and cost effectiveness of the treatment of ischemic stroke in a Czech stroke center using semi-objective neurological measures-the modified Rankin Score (mRS), the National I...
Conference Paper
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Hospital-Based Health Technology Assessment (HB-HTA) tools seem to be effective in strategic planning in hospitals. The benefit they show in the decision-making phase of medical devices management, in their acquisition, implementation, or the whole life cycle is obvious. Health technology assessment more and more includes an application of the Tota...
Article
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The main objective of this study was the investigation of selected HB-HTA methods application capacity for medical devices specified for POCT blood glucose measurement, and their importance for decision processes in hospitals. Financing options for POCT blood glucose measuring technology were analysed. First, the cost-minimizing analysis was used t...
Chapter
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The early stage HTA (eHTA) is a commonly used tool for identifying economic indicators of health technology in early phases of research and development. It provides powerful influence instruments to manage the manufacturer’s investment risks and to improve the device design. There is no uniform generally accepted standard of eHTA implementation, bu...
Article
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Objectives: The study focuses on the 2012 methanol outbreak in the Czech Republic. The main goal of the present study was to apply analytical and descriptive tools to selected qualitative and quantitative processes related to the 2012 methanol outbreak in the Czech Republic. The secondary goal was to study and evaluate in detail their potential fo...
Article
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Objectives: The Czech Republic ranks among countries with the highest alcohol consumption per capita. Several older studies discuss Czech media portrayal of health effects of alcohol, but we found no recent analysis of media portrayal of harms caused by alcohol consumption. Our analysis aims to fill this gap in. Methods: The dataset of texts (n...
Chapter
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Total cost of ownership is studied as a part of Hospital-based HTA analyses for decision-making in the area of purchasing, implementation and/or disinvestment of technologies or interventions in hospitals. An estimation of Total cost of ownership for a D41 ST-analyzer for a neonatal department of a university hospital is presented as a case study....
Chapter
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Viscoelastometric tests have a specific position in haemocoagulation techniques. Representatives of these methods are thromboelastography (TEG), and/or rotational thrombo-elastometry (ROTEM). These are fast bedside (POCT) methods based on a measurement of viscoelastic whole blood properties during the formation, stabilization and lysis of a blood c...
Article
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Resources for health care are inevitably limited; thus, it is necessary to make decisions on a regular basis, what health care will be reimbursed from the public health insurance, and what care will be behind the limits of possibilities of the particular society. Since 1980s, methods of health technology assessment (HTA) have been developed, and HT...
Conference Paper
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The paper analyses the current state of HTA implementation and organisational initiatives in the Czech Republic. Although there have been some substantial ele-ments of HTA applied in the decision process of pharmaceutical reimbursement since 2008, HTA methods are rather disregarded in other technologies. Since there is practically no demand for HTA...
Chapter
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Backround: Intrabeam system is a technology used in oncology for intraoperative radiotherapy (IORT), a technique of partial delivery of radiation therapy to the tumour bed during surgery. The aim of this study is to evaluate cost effectiveness of the Intrabeam system compared to the standard treatment with external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) in early...
Article
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The study is aimed at quantifying the actual costs related to the MAST (Minimal Access Spine Technique) operative technique with the MIDLF (Midline Lumbar Fusion) instrumentation as compared to the costs related to the classic technique with transpedicular instrumentation complemented with PLIF (Posterior Lumbar Interbody Fusion) in the treatment o...
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A review of eHTA papers concerning medical devices.
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Objective: The objective of this research was to determine the prevalence of problematic and risky sexual behaviour after alcohol consumption and the correlation between this prevalence and sex, behavioural factors, problematic drinking, and alcohol consumption characteristics. Methods: A survey of students was carried out at four faculties. Dat...
Article
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Open Access - available here: https://rdcu.be/9R9T Background: Health technology assessment (HTA) is currently one of the major challenges in assessing medical innovations and healthcare systems. In Europe, the European Network for Health Technology Assessment (EUnetHTA) has been aspiring to develop and implement standards for international sharin...
Article
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The evidence suggests that limited health literacy (HL) may be associated with health risk behaviour such as smoking, alcohol drinking, or substance use. The aim of this study was to examine the level of HL in people undergoing treatment for alcohol abuse and to determine the most problematic domain of HL. The cross-sectional survey included 113 pa...
Article
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Cílem práce bylo analyzovat reálná data o dodržování léčebných opatření při diabetu mellitu 2. typu u příjemců invalidních důchodů a kvantifikovat závislost progrese onemocnění na (ne)dodržování předepsané farmakologické léčby a režimových opatření. Výzkum probíhal formou dotazníkového šetření zaměřeného na zjištění míry compliance, dodržování reži...
Article
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This paper studies the effect of smoking on post-operative complications in certain surgical interventions in Czech hospitals. Patients were divided into three groups – smokers, exsmokers and non-smokers. The first part was a retrospective study of cholecystectomies performed in Jihlava Hospital. The hospital provided anonymised data concerning 253...
Article
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The results of previous studies have shown a significant association between alcohol abuse and eating disorders. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study is to verify the association between alcohol abuse and eating disorders by detecting the prevalence of anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge eating disorder in women who are receiving treatment fo...
Article
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Cílem článku je představit jednu z alternativ zajišťování dostupnosti a udržitelnosti nových zdravotnických technologií prostřednictvím systému přeshraničních veřejných zakázek. Článek nabízí přehled základních zjištění publikace European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies a doplňuje je diskuzí o tématech, která by bylo v České republice vh...
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SOUHRN Příspěvek se zabývá trendy v HTA v celoevropském (možná celosvětovém) měřítku. Poukazuje na následující oblasti, které se v rámci komunity HTA v současnosti intenzivně zkoumají: hospital-based HTA, HTA pro zdravotnické prostředky, využití multikriteriálních rozhodovacích metod, včasné hodnocení (early assessment) zdravotnických technologií,...
Article
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Hodnocení zdravotnických technologií se dosud užívalo mnohem méně v případě zdravotnických prostředků než v případě léčivých přípravků nebo terapeutických intervencí. Ukazuje se, že problém (těžkosti s kvantitativním vyjádřením kvality života na základě pacientem vyplněného generického dotazníku) je vlastní zejména diagnostickým prostředkům, zatímc...
Conference Paper
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We summarize the criticism of utilizing the QALY and cost-effectiveness threshold concept in health-economic studies that is recently growing stronger. Despite of their strong limitations, these tools have been frequently used in many healthcare systems. However, some countries in their political decisions refuse utilization of QALYs and thresholds...
Conference Paper
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The aim of this paper is to present a specific patient population who were treated for alcohol addiction in the Department of Addictology of the General University Hospital in Prague (DoA) between 10/2016 and 02/2017, and discuss the psychopathologies, quality of life, levels of alcohol consumption and depression found in this group. After applying...
Conference Paper
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The main objective of the paper is to introduce a methodology for a quantification of social costs of elder abuse and neglect (EAN). Economic aspects of EAN have not been studied in the Czech Republic yet, and also abroad this is a quite unexplored area. Qualitative research methods are employed – the systematic review (worldwide), focus groups, an...
Conference Paper
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The objective of this study is to quantify direct costs related to different types of implanted intraocular lenses from the perspective of public health insurance and from the patient´s perspective. The calculations were carried out based on three scenarios. The first scenario describes the real current situation, when the health insurance company...
Article
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Cílem článku je stručné seznámení s nejvýznamnějšími poznatky aktuálně publikované studie OECD Nové zdravotnické technologie: řízení dostupnosti, hodnoty a udržitelnosti. Jsou představeny jednotlivé kapitoly studie věnované novým a inovativním technologiím, jejich přínosu pro zdravotnický systém i výzvám, které přinášejí do oblasti regulace, léčivý...
Article
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BACKGROUND: Social work students deal with the topic of alcohol both as part of their studies and later in practice as helping professionals. OBJECTIVES: The article focuses on experience with alcohol use and on experience with alcohol- related problems in bachelor’s students of social work. METHODS: The research was designed as a sample survey usi...
Article
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In the Czech environment, the WHOQOL-BREF questionnaire has been rather frequently used for quality-of-life assessment in the case of different diseases or different health limitations. The questionnaire exists in two Czech translations with different wording. The differences are so considerable that they might cause interpretation shifts in resear...
Article
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Controversies around QALYs The paper summarizes the criticisms of the QALY concept utilization in health-economic evaluations that has been growing stronger in the last years. Despite of its limitations, the QALY concept has been routinely used in many countries incl. the Czech Republic. However, some states disapproved QALYs as an optimizing crite...
Article
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The paper summarizes the criticisms of the QALY concept utilization in health-economic evaluations that has been growing stronger in the last years. Despite of its limitations, the QALY concept has been routinely used in many countries incl. the Czech Republic. However, some states disapproved QALYs as an optimizing criterion at the level of their...
Article
Full-text available
In the Czech environment, the WHOQOL-BREF (WHO Quality of Life-BREF) questionnaire has been rather frequently used for quality-of-life assessment in the case of different diseases or different health limitations. The questionnaire exists in two Czech translations with different wording. The differences are so considerable that they might cause inte...
Article
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Cílem práce je zhodnotit podstatu metody Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) při aplikaci na zdravotnické přístroje a vytvořit analýzu TCO u vybraného přístroje SPECT/CT. Z výsledků analýzy vyplývá, že náklady na provoz ve sledovaném pětiletém horizontu mohou být srovnatelné s kupní cenou. Zdravotnická zařízení se při nákupu nákladnější zdravotnické tech...
Article
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Currently, the cross-border healthcare still represents a marginal part of the Czech healthcare system's performance, though. Compared to the total healthcare expenditures in the Czech Republic that accounted for CZK 299.9 billion in 2014, the costs of the treatment provided to Czech patients abroad constitute mere 0.27%, and the (subsequently refu...
Article
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Hospital-based HTA (HB-HTA) consists in implementation of assessment activities "in" or "for" hospitals; hence, it covers processes and methods supporting organization and execution of health technology assessment (HTA) at the level of individual hospitals. This process is multidisciplinary, systematic and evidence-based.HB-HTA objectives and metho...
Article
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For full text see http://www.prolekare.cz/casopis-lekaru-ceskych Přeshraniční zdravotní péče v rámci EU je jedním z aspektů fungování volného trhu. Podle dostupných dat byla v roce 2014 poskytnuta zdravotní péče na základě práva EU a mezinárodních smluv ve vztahu k ČR ve více než 270 000 případech. Celkový objem nově vzniklých závazků a pohledávek...
Article
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For full text see http://www.prolekare.cz/casopis-lekaru-ceskych Hospital-based HTA (HB-HTA) spočívá v implementaci hodnotících činností "v" nebo "pro" nemocnici; zahrnuje tedy procesy a metody organizace a provádění hodnocení zdravotnických technologií (HTA) na úrovni nemocnice. Tento proces je multidisciplinární, systematický a založený na důkaze...
Article
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Health technology assessment (HTA): a source of information to support strategic decision-making Nowadays, health technology assessment (HTA) is an established method for synthetizing information to support decision processes in health care. It is traditionally applied to decide about new technology reimbursement and/or to compare cost-effectivenes...
Conference Paper
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HTA has been used much less in case of medical devices than drugs or therapeutic interventions. It was shown that the problem – difficulties in evaluation of (patient-reported) quality of life – appears above all when appraising diagnostic devices, while the therapeutic ones can be assessed as a part of the entire intervention. The idea of multiple...
Conference Paper
Full-text available
The paper deals with costs of the treatment of acute myocardial infarction treated with percutaneous coronary intervention in the General University Hospital in Prague, Czech Republic in 2012. The average amount of the cost of treatment in patients with ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) was CZK 119 600 when figured out by the botto...

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