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Vladimir Pletser

Vladimir Pletser
Blue Abyss Diving Ltd

Prof. Dr. Ir.

About

566
Publications
78,120
Reads
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1,161
Citations
Additional affiliations
July 2017 - July 2017
Centre for Space Utilization, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China (2017);
Position
  • Professor
Description
  • Lectures and seminars on Microgravity Research, Parabolic Flights, and Preparation of Mars missions
July 2016 - July 2017
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Huairou, Beijing, China (2017); ESA Academy, Redu, Belgium (2017); Polytechnic University of Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain (2016); Centre for Space Utilization, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China (2016)
Position
  • Professor
Description
  • Lectures and seminars on Microgravity Research, Parabolic Flights, and Preparation of Mars missions
June 2015 - August 2016
Technion University, Haifa, Israel (2016); ESA Academy, Redu, Belgium (2016); Free University of the Great Lake States, Goma, Congo (2015); Kinshasa University, Congo (2015); Centre for Space Utilization, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China (2015)
Position
  • Professor
Description
  • Lectures and seminars on Microgravity Research, Parabolic Flights, the Ishango Rod
Education
September 1989 - July 1990
Catholic University of Louvain
Field of study
  • Astronomy and Astrophysics
September 1979 - July 1980
Catholic University of Louvain
Field of study
  • Geophysics
September 1976 - July 1979
Catholic University of Louvain
Field of study
  • Mechanical Engineering in Dynamics and Systems

Publications

Publications (566)
Article
Abstract Using Fibonacci polynomials, a general expression of all quadratic irrationals is given such that their continued fraction development has a same integer value for all periodic terms but last. General analytical expressions are then deduced for the fundamental solutions of the associated Pell equation.
Conference Paper
Full-text available
During exposure to microgravity in parabolic flights, it has been shown that the control of interaction forces when manipulating an object adapts partially to the lack of gravity, yet evidence indicates that anticipation of gravity's effects persists in the short term. The motivation for these experiments to be performed in long-duration space flig...
Conference Paper
Full-text available
Aircraft parabolic flights provide repetitively short periods of reduced gravity and are used to conduct scientific and technology microgravity investigations, to test instrumentation prior to space flights and to train astronauts before a space mission. Since 1997, CNES, DLR and ESA use the Airbus A300 ZERO-G, currently the largest airplane in the...
Article
Full-text available
The Protein Crystallization Diagnostics Facility (PCDF) is an instrument developed by Astrium under an ESA contract to observe and study nucleation and crystallisation processes of molecules from solutions in long duration microgravity experiments on board the International Space Station using advanced diagnostics. The experiment PROTEIN, performed...
Article
Full-text available
In the early fifties, the Belgian Prof. J. de Heinzelin discovered a bone in the region of a fishermen village called Ishango, at one of the farthest sources of the Nile, on the border of Congo and Uganda. The Heinzelin's Ishango bone has notches that seem to form patterns, making it the first tool on which some logic reasoning seems to have been d...
Article
The new step in space exploration coupled with an exponential increase in the number of astronauts flying in space and preparing future Moon and Mars missions in the coming years will be possible if research and training at different gravity levels is actively pursued. Blue Abyss proposes a versatile approach for astronaut training and research at...
Preprint
Full-text available
In the search of all integer solutions (M, a, c) to the problem of the sums of M consecutive cubed integers (a + i)^3 (a > 1, 0 ≤ i ≤ M − 1) equaling cubed integers c^3, an infinite solution family is known for M = m 3 > 2 with m ≡ ±1 (mod 3). In addition, 24 integer solutions in triplets (M, a, c) are also known where M is not a cube. During sever...
Article
Full-text available
In two previous papers, a new generalized denition of Mersenne numbers was proposed of the form GMa,n = (a n − (a − 1) n) called Global Generalized Mersenne numbers, or Generalized Mersenne numbers in short. For prime exponents n, primes and composites are generated. We give here the factors f1 and f2 for n = 11, 13 and 17 for the decomposition of...
Article
Squares of odd index Fibonacci polynomials are used to define a new function \(\Phi\left(10^{n}\right)\) to approximate the number \(\pi\left(10^{n}\right)\) of primes less than \(10^{n}\). Multiple of 4 index Fibonacci polynomials are further used to define another new function \(\Psi\left(10^{n}\right)\) to approximate the number \(\Delta\left(\p...
Article
We study analytical solutions of a bi-dimensional low-mass gaseous disc slowly rotating around a central mass and submitted to small radial periodic perturbations. Hydrodynamics equations are solved for the equilibrium and perturbed configurations. A wave-like equation for the gas-perturbed specific mass is deduced and solved analytically for sever...
Article
Full-text available
A new generalized definition of Mersenne numbers is proposed of the form an−a−1n, called global generalized Mersenne numbers and noted GMa,n with base a and exponent n positive integers. The properties are investigated for prime n and several theorems on Mersenne numbers regarding their congruence properties are generalized and demonstrated. It is...
Preprint
Full-text available
A new generalized definition of Mersenne numbers is proposed of the form (a^n - (a-1)^n), called Global Generalized Mersenne numbers, or simply Generalized Mersenne numbers and noted GM_{a,n} where a is the base and n is the exponent, both being positive integers. The properties are investigated for prime exponents n and several theorems on Mersenn...
Article
Full-text available
The classical problem of finding all integers a and M such that the sums of M consecutive squared integers a+i2 equal the squared integer s2, where M is the number of terms in the sum, a2 the first term and a≥1, 0≤i≤M−1, yields remarkable regular linear features when plotting the values of M as a function of a. These linear features correspond to g...
Book
Full-text available
Ces notes de cours de Physique Générale sur l'Electromagnétisme sont une seconde édition du syllabus du cours du Professeur Francis Steffens, Professeur Ordinaire à l’Université Nationale du Zaïre, Campus de Kinshasa. Ce cours était donné à partir de 1981 jusque dans les années 1990 aux étudiants de la Faculté des Sciences, de la Faculté des Scien...
Preprint
Full-text available
Sums of M consecutive squared integers (a+i)^2 equaling squared integers (for a<=1, 0<= i<= M-1) yield remarkable regular linear features when plotting values of M in function of a. These features correspond to groupings of pairs of a values for successive same values of M around straight lines of equation mu*M = 2a and are characterized in this pa...
Article
Full-text available
Long bone fractures are a concern in long-duration exploration missions (LDEM) where crew autonomy will exceed the current Low Earth Orbit paradigm. Current crew selection assumptions require extensive complete training and competency testing prior to flight for off-nominal situations. Analogue astronauts (n = 6) can be quickly trained to address a...
Article
Full-text available
Long bone fractures in hostile environments pose unique challenges due to limited resources, restricted access to healthcare facilities, and absence of surgical expertise. While external fixation has shown promise, the availability of trained surgeons is limited, and the procedure may frighten unexperienced personnel. Therefore, an easy-to-use exte...
Preprint
Full-text available
Long bone fractures are a concern in long-duration exploration missions (LDEM) where crew autonomy will exceed the current Low Earth Orbit paradigm. Current crew selection assumptions require extensive complete training and competency testing prior to flight for off-nominal situations. Analog astronauts (n=6) can be quickly trained to address a sin...
Conference Paper
Full-text available
Training at Blue Abyss: Your next steps toward space V. Pletser, J. Vickers, S. Evetts (Blue Abyss) The number of humans having flown in space will increase dramatically and exponentially in the coming years as the number of commercial suborbital and orbital flights, and in due course, human missions to the Moon and Mars expand significantly. This...
Conference Paper
Full-text available
Blue Abyss (https://blueabyss.uk/) develops training facilities to prepare the future space and ground force needed to sustain the expansion of human activities in space. The three main Blue Abyss training facilities are: centrifuges for training at different gravity levels from 1g to 12g; aircraft parabolic flights for training at zero, partial an...
Conference Paper
Full-text available
The new step in space exploration seeing an exponential increase in the number of astronauts flying in space and preparing future Moon and Mars missions in the coming years will be possible if research and training at different gravity levels is actively pursued. Blue Abyss, a UK company based in Newquay, Cornwall, with expected expansion to Clevel...
Conference Paper
Full-text available
The new step in space exploration seeing an exponential increase in the number of astronauts flying in space and preparing future Moon and Mars missions in the coming years will be possible if research and training at different gravity levels is actively pursued. Blue Abyss, a UK company based in Newquay, Cornwall, with expected expansion to Clevel...
Conference Paper
Full-text available
The new step in space exploration seeing an exponential increase in the number of astronauts flying in space and preparing future Moon and Mars missions in the coming years will be possible if research and training at different gravity levels is actively pursued. Blue Abyss, a UK company based in Newquay, Cornwall, with expected expansion to Clevel...
Preprint
Full-text available
Human long duration exploration missions (LDEMs) raise a number of technological challenges. This paper addresses the question of the crew autonomy: as the distances increase, the communication delays and constraints tend to prevent the astronauts from being monitored and supported by a real time ground control. Eventually, future planetary mission...
Preprint
Full-text available
This is the first of two papers where we study analytical solutions of a bi-dimensional low-mass gaseous disc slowly rotating around a central mass and submitted to small radial periodic perturbations. Hydrodynamics equations are solved for the equilibrium and perturbed configurations. A wave-like equation for the gas perturbed specific mass is ded...
Article
Full-text available
In the first part of this paper, we considered several theoretical models, a static and four dynamic models without rebounds, of the throw of a fair coin landing on its edge, to demonstrate that the probability of heads or tails is less than 50%, depending on the initial toss conditions, the coin geometry and conditions of the coin and landing surf...
Article
Full-text available
Considering that a fair coin has two sides and a cylindrical edge, the probability that it would fall on its edge is calculated, yielding the probability of heads or tails of less than 50%. In this first part, the theoretical models for a static case and for five dynamic cases, without rebounds, show that there is a small probability that the coin...
Conference Paper
Full-text available
The number of astronauts in space will increase exponentially in the coming years as the number of commercial suborbital flights and orbital flights increase, and as human missions to the Moon and Mars become a reality. This new step in space exploration will only be possible if research and training at different gravity levels is actively pursued.
Preprint
Full-text available
We show that Euler's relation and the Taxi-Cab relation are both solutions of the same equation. General solutions of sums of two consecutive cubes equaling the sum of two other cubes are calculated. There is an infinite number of relations to be found among the sums of two consecutive cubes and the sum of two other cubes, in the form of two famili...
Article
Full-text available
Les vols spatiaux sont une entreprise à haut risque et à gain élevé qui nécessite beaucoup de ressources. Pour ces raisons, les expériences de vol spatial sont rares et la sélection est très compétitive au niveau international. Les critères de sélection des expériences de vol spatial comprennent l'excellence scientifique, l'innovation, la faisabili...
Preprint
Considering that a fair coin has two sides and a cylindrical edge, the probability that it would fall on its edge is calculated, yielding the probability of heads or tails less than 50%. Theoretical models for a static case and for five dynamic cases, without and with rebounds, show that there is a small probability that the coin does not fall on i...
Preprint
Full-text available
This preprint is a short paper on the training and preparation of future astronauts at Blue Abyss as a critical element to enable the development and access to space resources on the Moon and Mars.
Preprint
Full-text available
The number of humans having flown in space will increase dramatically and exponentially in the coming years when first commercial suborbital flights, orbital flights, and human missions to the Moon and Mars will become a reality. This new step in space exploration will only be possible if adequate and professional training is provided, a contention...
Preprint
Full-text available
More than 500 human beings have flown in space. This number will increase dramatically and exponentially in the coming years with increasing frequency of commercial orbital flights, and with commercial suborbital flights, followed by human missions to the Moon and Mars. This new step in space exploration will only be possible if proficient, profess...
Preprint
Full-text available
The number of human beings having flown in space will increase dramatically and exponentially in the coming years with increasing frequency of commercial orbital flights, and with commercial suborbital flights, followed by human missions to the Moon and Mars. This new step in space exploration will only be possible if proficient, professional train...
Article
Full-text available
Considering that a fair coin has two sides and a cylindrical edge, the probability that it would fall on its edge is calculated, yielding the probability of heads or tails less than 50%. Theoretical models for a static case and for five dynamic cases, without and with rebounds, show that there is a small probability that the coin does not fall on i...
Article
Full-text available
We show that Euler's relation and the Taxi-Cab relation are both solutions of the same equation. General solutions of sums of two consecutive cubes equaling the sum of two other cubes are calculated. There is an innite number of relations to be found among the sums of two consecutive cubes and the sum of two other cubes, in the form of two families...
Preprint
Full-text available
This is the first of two papers where we study analytical solutions of a bidimensional low mass gaseous disc rotating around a central mass and submitted to small radial perturbations. Hydrodynamics equations are solved for the equilibrium and perturbed configurations. A wave-like equation for the gas perturbed specific mass is deduced and solved a...
Preprint
Full-text available
This is the second of two papers where we study additional analytical solutions of a bidimensional low mass gaseous disc rotating around a central mass and submitted to small radial perturbations. In a first Paper, hydrodynamics equations were solved for the equilibrium and perturbed configurations and a wave-like equation for the gas perturbed spe...
Preprint
Full-text available
This is the second of two papers where we study additional analytical solutions of a bidimensional low mass gaseous disc rotating around a central mass and submitted to small radial perturbations. In a first Paper, hydrodynamics equations were solved for the equilibrium and perturbed configurations and a wave-like equation for the gas perturbed spe...
Conference Paper
Full-text available
Aircraft parabolic flights provide repeti¬tively up to 20 seconds of reduced gravity during ballistic flight manoeuvres. They are used to conduct short microgravity investiga¬tions in Physical and Life Sciences, to test instrumentation and to train astronauts be¬fore space flights. As the only earth-based facility for in¬vesti¬gations on human subj...
Conference Paper
Full-text available
Abstract of conference paper on the ESA Parabolic Flight Programme for Physical Sciences
Presentation
Full-text available
Space is a key asset for Europe, providing essential information needed by decision-makers to respond to global challenges. Space provides indispensable technologies and services, and increases our understanding of our planet and the Universe. Since 1975, the European Space Agency (ESA) has been shaping the development of this space capability and...
Conference Paper
Full-text available
Commercial orbital spaceflight vehicles are now a reality and are expected to carry passengers in the next year or two. SpaceX and Boeing should begin their commercial flight services to the ISS before or during 2020. Furthermore, companies such as Bigelow, Axiom and Orion Span aim to provide LEO destinations in the years ahead as ISS operations co...
Article
Full-text available
We search for triangular numbers that are multiples of other triangular numbers. For any positive non-square integer multiplier, there is an innity of multiples of triangular numbers that are triangular numbers and recurrent relations are deduced theoretically in function of two parameters. If the multiplier is a squared integer, there is either on...
Conference Paper
Full-text available
The paper will present the latest planning for the unique capability to train astronauts at various gravity levels, including 0g and partial g, under development at Blue Abyss.
Article
Full-text available
For any non-square integer multiplier \(k\), there is an infinity of triangular numbers multiple of other triangular numbers. We analyze the congruence properties of indices \(\xi\) of triangular numbers multiple of triangular numbers. Remainders in congruence relations \(\xi\) modulo \(k\) come always in pairs whose sum always equal \((k-1)\), alw...
Article
Full-text available
For all positive non-square integer multipliers, there are infinitely many triangular numbers that are multiples of other triangular numbers. Recurrent relations yielding the triangular numbers and their multiples and indices are given for non-square multipliers between 1 and 102.
Article
Full-text available
For all positive non-square integer multipliers, there are infinitely many triangular numbers that are multiples of other triangular numbers. With a simple change of variables, one obtains a Pell equation, whose odd solutions provide the indices of the many infinitely triangular numbers multiple of other triangular numbers. General algebraic expres...
Conference Paper
Full-text available
More than 500 human beings have flown in space. This number will increase dramatically and exponentially in the coming years with increasing frequency of commercial orbital flights, and with commercial suborbital flights, followed by human missions to the Moon and Mars. This new step in space exploration will only be possible if proficient, profess...
Preprint
Full-text available
For all positive non-square integer multiplier, there is an infinity of multiples of triangular numbers which are also triangular numbers. Several searching methods are proposed to find parameters of recurrent equations and analytical expressions of parameters and coefficients of recurrent equations are deduced in some cases. For certain values of...
Preprint
Full-text available
It is known that, for any positive non-square integer multiplier k, there is an infinity of multiples of triangular numbers which are triangular numbers. We analyze the congruence properties of the indices ξ of triangular numbers that are multiples of other triangular numbers. We show that the remainders in the congruence relations of ξ modulo k co...
Preprint
Full-text available
For all positive non-square integer multiplier k, there is an infinity of multiples of triangular numbers which are also triangular numbers. With a simple change of variables, these triangular numbers can be found using solutions of Pell equations. With some conditions on parities of fundamental solutions of the simple and generalized Pell equation...
Preprint
Full-text available
Triangular numbers that are multiple of other triangular numbers are investigated. It is known that for any positive non-square integer multiplier, there is an infinity of multiples of triangular numbers which are triangular numbers. If the multiplier is a squared integer, there is either one or no solution, depending on the multiplier value. Inste...
Chapter
Full-text available
Une histoire romancée dans le futur d'un voyage d'exploration et de découverte de Mars en 2034.
Preprint
Full-text available
We search for triangular numbers that are multiples of other triangular numbers. It is found that for any positive non-square integer multiplier, there is an infinity of multiples of triangular numbers that are triangular numbers and recurrent relations are deduced theoretically. If the multiplier is a squared integer, there is either one or no sol...
Article
Full-text available
Access to earthbound weightlessness is critical to many branches of applied sciences. Besides, several space systems require microgravity testing before their launch. Existing solutions (drop towers, parabolic flights, sounding rockets) offer variable durations and qualities of microgravity environment, but their cost and lead times make them unpra...
Technical Report
Full-text available
Microgravity can be achieved also on earth, though for shorter durations. Aircraft parabolic flights is one of the means that scientists use to conduct research in 0g, and which astronauts use to train for their space mission. The following simple physiological experiment on the heart rate will give you an idea of what astronauts are experiencing e...
Chapter
Full-text available
The aim of the GRIP experiment is to investigate how gravity impacts the kine-matics and dynamics of the upper limb during dexterous manipulation of objects and how the central nervous system adapts to long-term exposure to microgravity and subsequently back to Earth gravity. Hence, we proposed to conduct a set of experiments on healthy human subje...
Chapter
Full-text available
Microgravity is the state encountered in a vehicle in free fall, whether on Earth, in low Earth orbit or in deep space. Microgravity research has opened up new possibilities for investigations in physical and life sciences that are necessary to enhance our knowledge of how physical systems and the human body, from cells to whole body systems, perfo...
Article
Full-text available
This paper provides an historical perspective of the involvement of Prof. J.C. Legros in microgravity research during aircraft parabolic flights. Prof. Legros conducted 27 experiments during 33 campaign of microgravity research organised by the European Space Agency. Nearly all fields of fluid physics were investigated in microgravity by this indef...
Article
Full-text available
It is shown that orbital period ratios of successive secondaries in the Solar planetary and giant satellite systems and in exoplanetary systems are preferentially closer to irreducible fractions formed with Fibonacci numbers between 1 and 8 than to other fractions, in a ratio of approximately 60% to 40%. Furthermore, if sets of minor planets are ch...
Conference Paper
Full-text available
More than 500 human beings have flown in space. This number will increase dramatically and exponentially in the coming years when first commercial suborbital flights, then orbital flights, followed by human missions to the Moon and Mars will become a reality. This new step in space exploration will only be possible if proficient training will be pr...
Article
Full-text available
It is shown that orbital period ratios of successive planets in the Solar System, of satellites in giant planet systems and of exoplanets in exoplanetary systems are preferentially closer to irreducible fractions formed with Fibonacci numbers between 1 and 8 than to other fractions, in a ratio of approximately 60% vs 40%. Furthermore, if sets of mi...
Chapter
Hamilton–Jacobi equations are treated in the fifth chapter. Hamilton–Jacobi equations, their solutions, and the case of a time independent Hamiltonian are first recalled. Thirteen exercises are then solved, namely on a third harmonic oscillator, on a free falling particle, on a projectile ballistic flight, on a particle sliding on an inclined plane...
Conference Paper
Full-text available
Space travel is about putting people into space. Whether they are governmental agency astronauts, commercial astronauts or people looking to have a space adventure experience, they all will need training to accomplish their specific objectives or mission requirements. As commercial suborbital transportation nears practical reality, preparation for...
Article
Full-text available
Aircraft parabolic flights are a useful tool for performing short duration scientific and technological experiments in reduced gravity, to train astronauts in this new environment and in associated procedures and protocols, and to test experiments and instrumentation prior to future space missions. The principal value of parabolic flights is in the...
Chapter
Full-text available
Preface of the Book 'Africa and Mathematics' of D Huylebrouck
Chapter
Full-text available
Preface du livre 'Afrique et Mathématique' de D. Huylebrouck.
Chapter
Gravity disturbs certain experiments and reduces the field of investigation of some scientific domains. Gravity is omnipresent on Earth. However, gravity can only exist if the gravitational attraction is thwarted by the presence of a solid surface that prevent the gravitational force of continuing its action of attraction. Although gravitation is o...
Chapter
A body upon which no force other than the force of gravity (or weightiness), is acting is in free-fall state, i.e. that it is falling freely in an external inertial reference frame, while it is weightless, i.e. its weight is null in a non-inertial reference frame attached to the body. This simple concept, sometime difficult to grasp, is introduced...
Chapter
Perfect weightlessness is an idealized state that is practically impossible to realize in a free-falling vehicle, because of various perturbations. Therefore, one prefers to talk about microweightiness or, as commonly said, microgravity (although this being a language abuse).
Chapter
The microgravity state as a research environment is also of interest to life sciences, i.e. the whole body of researches in medicine, biology, zoology and botany, studying the influence of gravity on living organisms, including the human being. In this chapter we limit ourselves in giving some general considerations on research in human physiology...
Conference Paper
Full-text available
The African scientific community is invited to reflect upon the need to define a set of ethical rules that would apply to scientists in their research and knowledge transfer activities. These ethical rules could be included in a document to be drawn up, called “The Oath of Ishango”, in homage to the rod of Ishango, the earliest man-made object of a...
Preprint
It is shown that orbital period ratios of successive secondaries in the Solar planetary and giant satellite systems and in exoplanetary systems are preferentially closer to irreducible fractions formed with Fibonacci numbers between 1 and 8 than to other fractions, in a ratio of approximately 60% to 40%. Furthermore, if sets of minor planets are ch...
Chapter
Yes, the last day. What happened this Saturday 20 April 2002? Well, as announced, it was an extremely busy day. So busy that I did not have time to write anything. I will give you now some recollections of these last two days.
Chapter
This is the daily diary that I kept during the journey to and my stay in the Desert of Utah. Large excerpts have been published on the web site of ESA, and of the French Chapter of The Mars Society, and daily in the Belgian newspaper ‘La Dernière Heure’. This is the text in its integrality. Dates are indicated and days are counted since the day of...
Chapter
So, what has happened on Mars in the last 15 years? Where do we stand now? Are we ready to go? This chapter will try to bring some answers to these questions.
Chapter
We arrived at Grand Junction (GJT), Colorado, in dispersed order last night (Wednesday 28 January). I arrived first from Salt Lake City (SLC), coming from Minneapolis and before that from Amsterdam.
Chapter
So, what happened afterwards? Well, as for my previous simulations, suddenly, it was time to leave and there was no more time to write down all that happened. But here is an accountant from my memory.
Chapter
First, that it was possible for a crew to live and work in harmony while in isolation during two weeks. Quite strangely, not one of us really felt isolated. Of course, we were cut off from the world and from what was happening there. But we were so busy with our various research tasks that we did not see the time pass by.
Chapter
Well, a lot of things. During the two months of the short Arctic summer, six crews took turns in the Hab and numerous experiments were conducted. It would be too long to summarize them all here. The interested reader can find more details in the various daily reports and scientific reports that were published every day on the web site of The Mars S...
Chapter
This is the daily diary that I kept during my travels and during my stay on Devon Island. Large excerpts were published on the ESA website and in the Belgian newspaper ‘Le Soir’. Here it is in its entirety. Dates are indicated and day 0 corresponds to the planned day of entrance in the Mars Habitat.
Chapter
One fine morning of January 2002, I received an e-mail from Robert Zubrin. In his characteristic direct and concise style, in less than ten words, he asked me to go again with them, this time in the desert, in the new Hab installed in the middle of the desert of Utah.
Chapter
One day of December 2000, I ran across an article in Space News on Robert Zubrin and The Mars Society telling about the installation of the first Martian module on Devon Island, an uninhabited island of the Canadian Great North, way beyond the Arctic Circle. This article announced also the beginning of a series of international campaigns of Martian...
Chapter
Beside how to get to Mars and how to live on Mars (see the last part on this), there is also the question of how to conduct science experiments from the surface of Mars. Like all space agencies in the world, people at ESA start to think also about that aspect and more particularly how to conduct geology, biology and astrophysical experiments from t...

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