Vinod K. Shahi

• Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute

Functionalizing the membrane framework with the introduction of MOFs, robust hybrid membranes separator devised in ARFBs that outperformed the pristine membrane separators in terms of electro-chemical efficiencies and capacity retention rates.

The long-term durability of vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFBs) depends on the stability and performance of the membrane separator. We have architected a hybrid membrane by uniform dispersion of MIL-101(Cr) (Cr-MOF) in a partially fluorinated polymer grafted with sulfonic acid groups (PHP@AMPSCr-MOF(1.0)). The single cell VRFB performance of the...

Membrane fouling is the major hindrance to the extensive application of membrane-based treatment techniques. In this study, we synthesized the antibacterial membranes with varying wt.% (1–5) of curcumin-enriched sodium dodecyl benzenesulfonate (Cur-NaDBS) nanoparticles in the polysulfone polymer matrix. The membranes were characterized by scanning...

Polyimide (SPI) was functionalized using dianhydride with a high electron density in the carbonyl carbon atoms, and on active-sites (2,4,6-tris(dimethylaminomethyl) phenol: TAP) multi-cationic groups were grafted. Further, we fabricated multi-cationic cross-linked anion-exchange membrane (AEM) with tuneable polymer design by varying number of carbo...

Green liquor solution (GLS) is waste pollutant from pulp and paper mills. Causticization process is a common treatment method for GLS, which is energy intensive and environmentally unsafe, because of high operating cost, and solid waste generation. We reported synergetic effect of titanium dioxide nanoparticle (TiO2) incorporated sulfonated PEEK, o...

The vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB) is a promising candidate for storage of renewable energy, its performance and long-term durability depends on core component, stable ion exchange membranes. We report...

Heavy metal pollution is a critical environmental issue to provide safe potable water. Here, we prepared bio-adsorbent (PC@PN) by blending of phytochelatins (PCs) (derived from Suaeda maritima (L.) Dumort plant) in poly(acrylonitrile) (PN). We report bio-adsorbent hybrid electro-deionization (EDI) for the selective removal of Hg²⁺/As3+/5+ in aqueou...

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b01635.].

We synthesize cross-linked aliphatic polymer with side chain grafted imidazole based anion exchange membranes (AEMs) using alkyl chain spacer. Prepared AEMs exhibit excellent stabilities, ionic conductivity, and vanadium ion impervious nature. These AEMs with rigid polymer matrix show low swelling ratio in spite of high molality of exchangeable fun...

Kraft paper industries perform causticization (NaOH production) by fresh lime (CaO) addition in green liquor (rich in sodium carbonate) resulting calcium carbonate (CaCO3) as precipitate, which is washed, dried and calcined at ~900 oC to regain CaO, making the process energy intensive and environmentally polluting. Current investigation reports ele...

Causticizing process of pulp and paper mills, is highly energy intensive and environmentally unsafe. We report environmental friendly electro-electrodialysis (EED) process using in-house prepared cation exchange membranes (CEMs) for NaOH production from green liquor solution (GLS) of agro-based paper mills. Different composite CEMs with varied comp...

Water resources are getting limited, which emphasises the need for the reuse of wastewater. The conventional waste(water) treatment methods such as reverse osmosis (RO) and multi-effect distillation (MED) are rendered limited due to certain limitations. Moreover, the imposition of stringent environmental regulations in terms of zero liquid discharg...

In-sight understanding of synergetic and trade-off behaviour between chemical and structural properties of emerging redox active membrane separator for batteries is necessary for high performance and widespread adoption of technologies. Our aim is to provide sustainable solution such as stable membrane with fast ionic-transport (low resistivity), a...

A series of monovalent anion selective membranes were synthesized by crosslinking of chloromethylated polysulfone with 1,4-diazabicyclo [2.2.2] octane functionalized graphene oxide (QGO). Cross-linking of QGO provides dense polymer matrix as well as additional functional sites to the membrane. The effect of QGO on physicochemical and electrochemica...

Electrolysis is seen as a promising route for the production of hydrogen from water, as part of a move to a wider “hydrogen economy”. The electro-oxidation of renewable feedstocks offers an alternative anode couple to the (high-overpotential) electrochemical oxygen evolution reaction for developing low-voltage electrolysers. Meanwhile, the explorat...

Water and energy are critical components for human, and govern the growth and progress of societies. Desalination is an important process to meet ever-increasing water demand, although it is an energy-intensive alternative compared to conventional water treatment techniques. Demand for desalination has been expanded rapidly as traditional water sou...

A new age strategic route to synthesize cross-linked nanocomposite anion exchange membranes (AEMs) from functionalized graphene oxide was reported here. Nanocomposite crosslinking networks were formed by reacting aminopropylsilane graphene oxide (AGO) with brominated poly (2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide) (BPPO). Amine ended functionalized graphen...

We report synthesis of acrylonitrile-vinylimidazole copolymer (PVACN) as novel cross-linking agent, for the fabrication of highly conducting stable and thermal responsive cross-linked polysulfone based anion exchange membrane (AEM) for the recovery caustic soda from industrial waste by electrodialysis. Reported cross-linker (PVACN) showed synergise...

Bi-functional electro-catalysts are expected to improve the efficiency of overall water splitting in alkaline media by simultaneous oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). We prepared free-standing anion conducting and stable polyaniline (PAni) membrane, where central secondary and two terminal tertiary amine groups,...

Synthesis of 4-(N-isopropylacrylamido)butane-1-sulfonic acid monomer has been achieved by sultone ring opening followed by condensation reaction. Stable and flexible bi-functional cation exchange membranes have been prepared by dehydofluorinated poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) and 4-(N-isopropylacrylamido)butane-1-sulfonic acid in...

Alkaline membrane (AM) shows fast transport of OH⁻ towards the anode, separates both electrodes, and prevents fuel cross-over. To achieve good membrane conductivity and performance, high concentration of positively charged groups (quaternary ammonium) is an essential requirement, which also leads excessive swelling and mechanical instability of the...

Herein, we report a novel synthesis of sulphonated poly(ether ether ketone) (SPK) grafted with 2,4,6-tris(dimethylaminomethyl)phenol (TAP) for preparation of amphoteric ion-exchange membrane (AIEM). Cross-linking has been achieved by using di-bromo alkane with different number of carbon chains (C6 & C10), and different AIEMs are assessed for vanadi...

We are reporting synthesis of novel cross-linking agent 1,4-bis(4-vinylbenzyl)-1,4-diazabicyclo[2,2,2]octane-1,4-diium) and cross-linked dehydro-halogenated poly (vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoro propylene) (DHPVDF-co-HFP) based anion exchange membranes (AEMs). Reported di-quaternized fluorinated polymer based AEMs are analysed for stabilities, an...

We report in-sight studies on concentration polarization and water splitting, responsible for in-situ regeneration of ion-exchange resin during electro-deionization (EDI) without any use of acid/base. Herein, we introduced rapid EDI (REDI) with high productivity of ultrapure water (resistivity: 18.2 MΩ cm). The effect of membrane surface charge con...

Under strong oxidative environment of vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFB), membrane instability is a serious challenge. Anion exchange membranes (AEMs) are expected to reduce vanadium ion permeability due to Donnan exclusion. Herein, we report long alkyl chain grafted quaternized graphene oxide bonded poly(ether sulfone) by 1,4-diazabicyclo[2,2,2]...

We propose a new cross-linking agent grafted with –SO 3 H groups via side chain spacer by sultone group ring-opening reaction. The effective cross-linking of sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) (SPK) has been achieved by sulphonamide bonding. In the reported methodology, during cross-linking –SO 3 H groups (2 functional groups per cross-linked repe...

The nanochannels are created in poly(vinylidene fluoride) and its nanohybrid films by bombarding high energy swift heavy ions. The nanochannel dimensions of the membranes are varied from 80 to 100 nm using 5×107 ion fluence of SHI. The wall of nanochannels is grafted with monomer (3-hexylthiophene) using the free radicals generated by swift heavy i...

Acid and oxidative resistant sulphonated copolymer cation exchange membrane (CEM) was prepared and electro-electrodialysis experiments were performed to improve HI molality in the HIx (HI + I2) mixture. Reported membrane was prepared by chemical grafting of 2-methyl-2-(N-(3-sulfopropyl)acrylamido)propane-1- sulfonic acid with dehydofluorinated poly...

A sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) (SPEEK) and phosphorylated graphene oxide (PGO) composite of a cation-exchange membrane with low frictional coefficient and high limiting current density has been reported for water desalination by rapid electrodialysis. The incorporation of PGO in the membrane matrix showed a significant impact on the macrosco...

Functionalization of poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoro propylene) (HFP) is made to prepared membrane for its application in fuel cell. The sulphonation of HFP membrane is carried out under control condition to maintain its stiffness and toughness of the membrane. The evidence of functionalization (sulphonation) is confirmed through different s...

To mitigate the membrane stabilities (dimensional and mechanical) and ionic properties, we report well functionalized hydrophilic and hydrophobic (responsible for stabilities) phase separated quaternized anion exchange membrane (AEM). The N,N,N,N-Tetramethyl-1,3-propanediamine quaternized AEM spliced with alkyl chain (DQCP-36) formed self-amassed m...

Sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) (SPK)/imidized graphene oxide (IGO) composite cation exchange membrane (CEM) with varied composition was prepared and assessed as a promising candidate for water desalination by electrodialysis (ED). Incorporation of multi-functionalized (–SO3H and –COOH) IGO in SPK matrix leads a high performance CEM with improv...

The acid/oxidative-resistant aliphatic-polymer-based cation-exchange membrane (CEM) is urgently required for water splitting by iodine-sulfur electrochemical Bunsen process (I-S cycle). Under operating environment of I-S cycle, commercially available CEM (perfluorosulfonic acid polymers such as Nafion) exhibits excessive mass transfer via electro-o...

Through nanochannels are created in the polymer/hybrid films by irradiating swift heavy ions followed by selective chemical etching of the amorphous latent track caused by irradiation. The dimensions of the nanochannels are varied from 30 to 100 nm by either using small (lithium) and large (silver) size of swift heavy ions with high energy (80 MeV)...

We disclosed an alternative method for controlled chloromethylation of poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide) (PPO) in presence of paraformaldehyde, tri-methyl chlorosilane and Lewis acid catalyst. About 35–74% degree of chloromethylation (DCM) of PPO was achieved under optimized conditions. Reported method avoids the use of hazardous chemicals (su...

Nano-spherical amine-rich polyethylenimine (PEI) grafted on mesoporous silica (MCM-41) (PEI/MCM-41) was developed for Cd(II) and Ni(II) removal from water. Characterization of PEI/MCM-41 using various techniques confirms its successful fabrication. Adsorption results reveal that pH and adsorbent dosage must be controlled for maximum removals. The a...

In context of many applications, such as polymer composites, energy-related materials, sensors, ‘paper’-like materials, field-effect transistors (FET), and biomedical applications, chemically modified graphene was broadly studied during last decade, due to its excellent electrical, mechanical, and thermal properties. Presence of reactive oxygen fun...

Herein, we are reporting bipolar membranes (BPMs) for water splitting. BPMs are sandwiched structure of anion-exchange layer (AEL) and cation-exchange layer (CEL) with a protein (lysozyme (LYS) or bovine serum albumin (BSA) as interfacial layer (IL). CEL and AEL were prepared by controlled sulphonation or chloromethylation (without chloromethyl met...

Non-enzymatic detection of uric acid (UA) with high selectivity and sensitivity is a challenging task for researchers working on biosensors. Little attention has been given to explore the surface area dependent sensitivity of cobalt ferrite (CoFe2O4) nanoparticles for non-enzymatic UA detection. Herein, we are reporting a CoFe2O4 nanoparticle (CoFe...

Phosphorylated cellulose triacetate (CTA)/silica composite adsorbent was prepared by acid catalyzed sol-gel method using an inorganic precursor (3-aminopropyl triethoxysilane (APTEOS)). Reported composite adsorbent showed comparatively high adsorption capacity for Ni(II) in compare with different heavy metal ions (Cu2+, Ni2+, Cd2+ and Pb2+). For Ni...

Development of efficient enzyme-immobilized amperometric biosensor using nanostructure inorganic materials to estimate different biomolecules is an important research area in present frontier research. Here, the controlled synthesis of phase selective zinc [email protected]/* */ sulfide, zinc blend(ZB)/wurtzite (WZ), ([email protected]/* */ZB/ZnSWZ...

Through nanochannels are fabricated in poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoro propylene) films by bombarding swift heavy ions (SHI) of energy 80 MeV and thereby creating latent tracks in the ion passage followed by chemical etching of the amorphous track. The dimension of the nanochannel is varied from 34 to 65 nm using different fluences and by di...

For developing acid/oxidative resistant aliphatic polymer based cation-exchange membrane (CEM), macromolecular modification of poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) (PVDF-co-HFP) was carried out by controlled chemical grafting of 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid (AMPS). To introduce the unsaturation suitable for chemical graf...

We synthesized phosphonic acid grafted poly(ethyleneimine) (PEI)-silica composite polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) by epoxide ring opening reaction, acid-catalyzed sol-gel process followed by formal cross-linking. Further, grafting of phosphonic acid (-PO3H2) groups to the membrane matrix was expected to be responsible for high proton carrier den...

Highly cross-linked poly(2-acrylamido-2-methyl-propane-sulfonic acid) (PMPS) based cation-exchange membranes (CEMs) were prepared and the mono-valent selectivity of the membranes was significantly improved using the pore-sieving strategy by metal (copper) loading by the ion-exchange process. The prepared membranes were characterized for their morph...

We prepared highly charged bi-functionalized copolymer (BFC) and sulphonated mesoporous silica embedded with aprotic ionic liquid (IL) (1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium ethyl sulfate) based anhydrous conducting cross-linked polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) by sol-gel. Composite PEMs with 0-10 wt% sulphonated silica and 20 wt% IL content (BFC/Si-x/IL)...

Through channels in thin polymer/nanohybrid film have been made by irradiating high energy swift heavy ions (SHI) followed by selective chemical etching of the amorphous zone in the latent track created by SHI during bombardment. The average size of the nanochannels (30 – 65 nm) was controlled by varying the fluence of SHI along with the nanohybrid...

Bipolar membrane

Correction for ‘Modified chitosan-based, pH-responsive membrane for protein separation’ by Tina Chakrabarty et al., RSC Adv., 2014, 4, 53245–53252.

BaCO3 nanoparticles (NPs) (20 and 100 nm) were prepared using poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP) as stabilizer. The prepared NPs showed high adsorption capacity for Mg2 + in presence of other cations (Na+, Ca2 + etc.). BaCO3 nanoparticles embedded sulphonated poly(ether sulfone) (SPS) membranes were prepared, which showed Mg2 + retentive and cation sele...

To achieve good proton conductivity even under dehydrated conditions, water retention is a pervasive issue for polymer electrolyte membranes (PEMs). Herein, we report an green and easy preparation procedure for multifunctional PEM grafted with –PO3H2 and –SO3H groups based on functionalized biopolymer (N-o-sulphonic acid benzyl chitosan (NSBC)) and...

The controlled synthesis of porous nanostructure materials and their use as active material for cholesterol sensing properties are of key importance in present frontier research for their exceptional high surface area, optical and electrical properties, and enhanced electron transport characteristics. Here, we have synthesized microtubular shaped Z...

Manganese oxide nano-rod (nano-MnO2) was prepared by simple oxidation method. To fabricate nanocomposite film (nano-MnO2/CT) onto glassy carbon electrode (GCE), nano-MnO2 was homogeneously dispersed in chitosan (CT). Cholesterol oxidase (ChOx) was immobilized onto nano-MnO2/CT by physisorption. Modified electrode was characterized by Fourier transf...

Anion-conducting aromatic multi-block copolymer (PEs-AxBy) was synthesized by block copolycondensation reaction between fluorene and phenolphthalein containing oligomers. The quaternized multi-block copolymers (QPEs) resulted ductile transparent membranes with wellordered multi-block structure. In chloroform, thin polymer film (PE-A22B24) with hexa...

We report a simple method for the preparation of self-crosslinked anion conductive ionomers (SCL-ACIs) via polycondensation–Friedel– Crafts alkylation reactions without using any catalyst or crosslinking agent. The reported alkaline stable and methanol impervious SCL-ACIs with 2.45 mequiv. g�1 ion-exchange capacity (IEC) and 68 mS cm�1 hydroxide io...

Cross-linked membrane of zirconium tri-ethylene tetra-amine (ZrTETA-55) was prepared by sol-gel method using poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) in aqueous media for selective separation of Cu2+. Developed ZrTETA-55 hybrid membrane exhibited good thermal, mechanical, and chemical stabilities, which are essential parameters for its durability. ZrTETA-55 hybr...

An investigation has been performed into the pervaporation (PV) of the water-ethanol azeotrope using sulphonated poly(ethersulphone) (SPES)-polyethyleneimine (PEI) membranes, the performance of which is compared to the SPES membrane. The SPES-PEI membranes showed high selectivity because of their alternating electrostatic deposition which yields ul...

Zwitterionic (ZI) membranes are well known for their super-low fouling behaviour during protein separation with high resolution. Zwitterionic ultrafilter membrane (ZI-UFM) with controllable acidic-alkaline charge density and pore-size was prepared by the sol–gel followed by formal cross-linking. Synthesis of ZI silica precursor (SP) has been report...

For the design of highly stable and proton conductive polymer electrolyte membranes (PEM), we synthesized nucleophillic attack resistant sulphonated polyimide (SPI), in which electron-withdrawing sulphonic acid groups were not directly attached through amino-phenyl rings, using diamines with high basicity and dianhydride with low electron affinity. S...

Electromembrane processes are well-established techniques for the production of potable water from brackish water. During recent years, these processes have witnessed penetration into many areas such as energy production, food processing, personal care products, healthcare, production of high quality water, biomolecules separation, sensors, organic...

We report a simple method for the preparation of anion conductive ionomers (ACIs) using chloromethylated bisphenol A, without the use of chloromethyl methyl ether (CMME) (carcinogenic). Aminated multi-block poly(arylene ether)s (AMBPEs) were obtained by nucleophilic aromatic substitution, followed by polymer condensation then amination. The reporte...

Anion exchange membranes (AEMs) emerged as an important material for alkaline fuel cells, and electrochemical applications. Herein, we are reporting synthesis of poly (vinyltrimethoxysilane-co-2-(dimethylamino) ethylmethacrylate) copolymer (VTMS-co-DMAEMA) by eco-friendly method for the preparation of AEM. Obtained membranes were cross-linked via f...

Cross-linked zirconium tri-ethylene tetra-amine (ZrT) chelating membranes were prepared by sol-gel method in aqueous media for selective removal of Cu2+ in presence of other bi-valent metal ions. Adsorption studies confirmed very high Cu2+ uptake in compare to other bi-valent metal ions (Ni2+, M2+, and Mn2+). UV-DRS spectra confirmed d-d transition...

Poly(etheretherketone)(PEEK)wasdissolvedinconc.H2SO4 and itschloromethylationwasachieved in presenceofparaformaldehyde,trimethylchlorosilaneandLewisacidcatalyst,obtainedabout35–75% degreeofchloromethylation(DCM).ThisideaisbasedonpartialsulfonationofPEEKtomakeitsoluble and furthercompletereplacementof–SO3H with–CH2Cl groups.Alkalinemembranes(AMs)wer...

pH-controlled separation of AAs was achieved by electro-membrane cell (EMC) with three compartments (central, comp. 1 and comp. 2). EMC is based on the principles of electrodialysis (ED) using indigenous cation-exchange and anion-exchange nanofilter (C-NF and A-NF, respectively). Water permeabilities (1.1–1.5 mh−1 bar−1) and molecular cut-off (MWCO...

The controlled formation of porous ZnO microtubes via the formation of tubular hydrozincite under ambient conditions from bulk ZnO followed by calcination at 500 °C for 2 h is presented. The tubular structure is a hierarchical assembly of ZnO flowers to form uniform tubes, with 30 μm length, 2 to 7 μm width and 400 to 500 nm wall thickness, where t...

Herein, we report synthesis of organosiloxane 3-(2-((3-aminopropyl)diethoxysilyl)ethylthio)-5-(4-((3-aminopropyl)diethoxy silyl)phenyl)-4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-amine (TS) by Barbiar–Grignard reaction. Hybrid nanofiltration (NF) membranes were prepared from TS and poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) via sol–gel process followed by cross-linking and grafting of pho...

A new silica monomer precursor, bis(4′-aminopropyldiethoxysilylphenyl) 1,3,4-oxadiazole (APDSPO), was synthesized by Barbiar–Grignard reaction. Nanofiltration membranes containing APDSPO (biocide active) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), were prepared by acid catalyzed sol–gel followed by formal cross-linking. These membranes were designed with good sta...

Catalytic polymer membrane (CPM) was prepared by in situ loading of mixed (silver and lead) metal nanoparticles (MNPs) in sulfonated poly(ether sulfone) (SPES) matrix. Developed membrane (SPES-Ag0(35)/Pb0(65)) was used as a catalyst (oxidant) loaded and separator, in two-compartment catalytic membrane reactor (CMR) for selective oxidation of benzyl...

Currently, polymer thin films embedded with metal nanoparticles provided the suitable microenvironment for biomolecules immobilization retaining their biological activity with desired orientation, to facilitate electron transfer between the immobilized enzymes and electrode surfaces, better conformation and high biological activity, resultant in en...

A bipolar membrane (BPM) was prepared by the layer-by-layer solution casting method (in the same solvent to achieve good adhesion between the layers). Thin films of different metal alkoxides (M(OR)(n), where M is Si, Ti or Zr, and R is -(CH2)(n)-CH3) were used as interfacial layers (ILs), which were sandwiched between heterogeneous anion-exchange l...

Uric acid (UA) was detected in the presence of ascorbic acid (AA) at GC electrode by cyclic voltametry (CV) and differential pulse voltametry (DPV) in aqueous media of cationic polyelectrolyte (poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDDA)). Both, UA and AA are anionic nature and electro-static attraction with cationic solution. This lowered their...

Zwitterionic (ZI) copolymers (consisting of sulfonic acid and amine groups) with plenty of Si( OCH)(3) groups similar to stems, branches and fruits of vines from a bionic aspect, were synthesized as a cross-linking agent. Organic-inorganic hybrid zwitterionic membranes (ZIMs), with high flexibility, charge density and conductivity, was prepared usi...

A new siloxane monomer, 3-(3-(diethoxy(2-(5-(4-(10-ethoxy-4-hydroxy-2,2-dimethyl-11-oxa-2-ammonio-6-aza-10-silatridecan-10-yl)phenyl)-1,3,4-oxadi azol-2-ylthio)ethyl)silyl)propylamino)-2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethylpropan-1-aminium chloride (OA), was synthesized by reported 3-((4-(5-(2-((3-aminopropyl) diethoxysilyl)ethylthio)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)pheny...

Nanostructured zwitterionic (ZI) hybrid materials have great potential for protein separation/purification because of dual functional groups (acidic and basic) grafted on polymer matrix. Herein, we are reporting a versatile method for preparation of ZI monomer (N,N-dimethyl-N-methacryloyloxyethyl-N-(3-sulfopropyl) ammonium, DMMSA) by a simple epoxi...

Biofouling is a critical problem in membranefiltration processes. Herein, we report an anti-biofouling organic-inorganic hybrid membrane for water treatment. Antimicrobial drug (substituted 1,3,4-oxadiazole) with functionalized silica were successfully incorporated into organic phase by sol–gel in aqueous media followed by formal cross-linking to a...

Export Date: 7 March 2013, Source: Scopus

a b s t r a c t Zirconium hydrogen phosphate (ZrP)–silica nanocomposite polymer electrolyte membranes (PEMs) were prepared by sol–gel method in aqueous media. Hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions of PEMs were tai-lored by molecular level of architecture to introduce proton conducting pathways and methanol imper-vious nature. ZrP–silica nanocomposite...