Vinay Sharma

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• Doctor of Philosophy-Genetics & Plant Breeding
• CSIR -SRF Fellow at International Crops Research Institute for Semi Arid Tropics

Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.), also known as peanut, is an allotetraploid legume crop composed of two different progenitor sub‐genomes. This crop is an important source for food, feed, and confectioneries. Leveraging translational genomics research has expedited the precision and speed in making selections of progenies in several crops through ei...

Background The quality of groundnut produce is adversely impacted due to aflatoxin contamination by the fungus Aspergillus flavus. Although the transcriptomic control is not fully understood, the interaction between long non-coding RNAs and microRNAs in regulating A. flavus and aflatoxin contamination remains unclear. This study was carried out to...

The development of pangenomes has revolutionized genomic studies by capturing the complete genetic diversity within a species. Pangenome assembly integrates data from multiple individuals to construct a comprehensive genomic landscape, revealing both core and accessory genomic elements. This approach enables the identification of novel genes, struc...

Pre-harvest sprouting (PHS) in groundnut leads to substantial yield losses and reduced seed quality, resulting in reduced market value of groundnuts. Breeding cultivars with 14–21 days of fresh seed dormancy (FSD) holds promise for precisely mitigating the yield and quality deterioration. In view of this, six multi-locus genome-wide association stu...

Background Groundnut is mainly grown in the semi-arid tropic (SAT) regions worldwide, where abiotic stress like drought is persistent. However, a major research gap exists regarding exploring the genetic and genomic underpinnings of tolerance to drought. In this study, a multi-parent advanced generation inter-cross (MAGIC) population was developed...

The availability of sufficient genetic variability in wild relatives and landraces, carrying favourable alleles/genes, is the prerequisite for the success of the crop improvement programme. In the case of groundnuts, wild relatives and traditional landraces possess a vast array of beneficial traits essential for improving crop resilience in challen...

Submergence is one of the key abiotic stresses that cause worldwide yield losses in cereal crops. Climate change scenarios have negatively affected plant development and growth, eventually causing plants to die if it continues for days. Rice, being a semi-aquatic plant, is significantly affected by floods, resulting in annual yield losses. In the l...

Pre-harvest sprouting in groundnut leads to substantial yield losses and reduced seed quality, resulting in reduced market value of groundnuts. Breeding cultivars with 14–21 days of fresh seed dormancy (FSD) holds promise for precisely mitigating the yield and quality deterioration. In view of this, six multi-locus genome-wide association study (ML...

A burgeoning population and yield ceiling in major cereal crops demand a shift from conventional breeding approaches to generation advancement to a rapid generation advancement (RGA) technique. Speed breeding through RGA is already a success, and well-defined protocols are readily available for several cereal crops like wheat, barley, oats, rice, a...

Background: Groundnut is the major oilseed crop that suffers substantial post-harvest losses due to aflatoxin contamination by the fungus Aspergillus flavus. The interaction between A. flavus and groundnut microRNAs in combating aflatoxin contamination remains unclear. This study was carried out to identify microRNAs (miRNAs) to enhance the underst...

Now and in the future, meeting the global demand for healthy food for the ever-increasing population is a crucial challenge. In the last seven decades, agricultural practices have shifted to the use of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides to achieve higher yields. Despite the huge contribution of synthetic fertilizers in agronomy, their adverse eff...

Carotenoids are the natural pigments available in nature and exhibit different colors such as yellow, red, and orange. These are a class of phytonutrients that have anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, immune-modulatory, and anti-aging properties. These were used in food, pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, and cosmetic industries. They are div...

Metabolites are intermediate products formed during metabolism. Metabolites play different roles, including providing energy, supporting structure, transmitting signals, catalyzing reactions, enhancing defense, and interacting with other species. Plant metabolomics research aims to detect precisely all metabolites found within tissues of plants thr...

Background Foliar diseases namely late leaf spot (LLS) and leaf rust (LR) reduce yield and deteriorate fodder quality in groundnut. Also the high oleic acid content has emerged as one of the most important traits for industries and consumers due to its increased shelf life and health benefits. Results Genetic mapping combined with pooled sequencin...

Global food security is the numero uno priority in the current global situation, threatened by a number of challenges catalyzed by accelerated climate change and population growth. Crop improvement coupled with the modern plant breeding approaches, such as genomic-assisted breeding, is a proven solution to meet the food security. One of the key...

Peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.) are important high-protein and oil-containing legume crops adapted to arid to semi-arid regions. The yield and quality of peanuts are complex quantitative traits that show high environmental influence. In this study, a recombinant inbred line population (RIL) (Valencia-C × JUG-03) was developed and phenotyped for nine...

Domestication and extensive selection in the development of modern, high-yielding commercial groundnut cultivars have resulted in the selection of an undesirable trait known as in situ germination, which is also referred to as the pre-harvest sprouting of seeds. This is particularly prevalent in regions where humid weather coincides with the harves...

Climate change threatens global food and nutritional security through negative effects on crop growth and agricultural productivity. Many countries have adopted ambitious climate change mitigation and adaptation targets that will exacerbate the problem, as they require significant changes in current agri-food systems. In this review, we provide a r...

Domestication and extensive selection in the development of modern high-yielding commercial groundnut cultivars resulted in the selection of an undesirable trait, in-situ germination, also referred to as pre-harvest sprouting of seeds, particularly in regions where the humid weather coincides with the harvest season. Delayed harvesting and pre-spro...

Resistance two foliar fungal diseases (rust and late leaf spot) are farmers preferred traits because of their devastating nature, while high oleic acid content has immerged as one of the important industry and consumer preferred traits due to increased shelf life and health benefits. With an objective to increase the frequency of the favorable alle...

Malnutrition is a major challenge globally, and groundnut is a highly nutritious self‐pollinated legume crop blessed with ample genomic resources, including the routine deployment of genomic‐assisted breeding. This study aimed to identify genomic regions and candidate genes for high iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) content, utilizing a biparental mapping po...

Proteomics is an expansion of the word “ proteome, ”which refers to the whole protein composition of a cell as delineated by its localization, posttranslational changes, and interactions. It relates to detecting and quantifying protein expression in an individual, organelle, or cell at a given time under specified physiological and developmental st...

Groundnut productivity and quality have been impeded by rising temperatures in semi-arid environments. Hence, understanding the effects and molecular mechanisms of heat stress tolerance will aid in tackling yield losses. In this context, a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population was developed and phenotyped for eight seasons at three locations for...

Global food security is threatened owing to the rapid change in climatic conditions. Rice, the predominant cereal crop, faces brutal drought severity,where the development of tolerant rice varieties becomes cumbersome with traditional breeding methods. Nevertheless, with the development of advanced technologies, we are leaping into the era of molec...

Climate change is significantly impacting agricultural production worldwide. Peanuts provide food and nutritional security to millions of people across the globe because of its high nutritive values. Drought and heat stress alone or in combination cause substantial yield losses to peanut production. The stress, in addition, adversely impact nutriti...

Over three billion population in this world is suffering from micronutrient malnutrition; among them, women and children are more sufferers mainly in developing countries. An effective and sustainable way to enhance the food value is by breeding cereal crops having a good amount of micronutrient content. Several reports of quantitative trait locus...

IntroductionThe North East (NE) India is rich in biodiversity and also considered as the secondary centre for origin of rice. The NE rice accessions was characterized previously using genetic markers and morphological traits. Simultaneously, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) reveal significant marker-trait associations for the drought toleranc...

Abiotic stresses are known to affect rice productivity and production world over. Developing abiotic stress-tolerant rice varieties with sustainable production is a major challenge before the rice breeders. Flooding damages the rice crop in coastal areas the world over. The present investigation was carried out to estimate genome recovery in 32 BC2...

The world population has been increasing exponentially, and it is expected that by 2050 food demand will be increased by 70%. However, the impact of abiotic stress has also increased significantly, which poses a major threat to food security. According to environmentalists and agronomists, the detrimental effect of this abiotic stress will be much...

Virus technology has turned out to be a proficient apparatus to give explanation to gene functions in plants. Plants have a natural defense mechanism wherein they are capable of recognizing and degrading double-strand RNA via the machinery of post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS). This is the silencing mechanism employed by virus-induced gene...

Plants are confronted with a variety of environmental cues, resulting in high production losses. Due to changing climatic conditions, plants struggle to reach their complete genetic potential for growth and reproduction. Biotic stress caused by the environment poses a risk to global food security. The emergence of novel insect and pathogen races as...

This chapter summarizes the current understanding of crop plant tolerance to increased temperature and explores approaches for the development of crop varieties with increased heat tolerance.

Genomic regions governing water deficit stress tolerance were identified in peanut using a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population derived from an elite variety TMV 2 and its narrow leaf mutant TMV 2-NLM, which was evaluated over six-seasons at Dharwad (non-stress) and Tirupati (water-stress) in India. Stress condition could differentiate the RILs...

Background In rice, drought stress at reproductive stage drastically reduces yield, which in turn hampers farmer’s efforts towards crop production. The majority of the rice varieties have resistance genes against several abiotic and biotic stresses. Therefore, the traditional landraces were studied to identify QTLs/candidate genes associated with d...

Introduction Rice is a major crop in Assam, North East (NE) India. The rice accessions belonging to NE India possess unique traits of breeder’s interest, i.e., tolerant to biotic and abiotic stresses. In the present research programme, the stress responsive genes were identified within the QTLs associated with drought tolerance. The differential ex...

Background: Genotype sensitivity to mid-season drought suggests the possibility of identifying genotypes with high yield potential and low sensitivity to mid-season droughts. The overall objective of the present research was to select genotypes with high tolerance to mid-season moisture stress. This effort includes assessing the variation of physio...

Introduction North East (NE) India is the second centre for the origin of rice and is enriched with a diverse collection of traditional rice accessions. These genotypes possess unique traits of breeding interest and are rich in grain nutritional and cooking qualities. Therefore, quantitative trait loci (QTLs)/genes associated with the various quali...

Iron deficiency chlorosis (IDC) under calcareous and alkaline soils is a significant abiotic stress affecting the growth and yield of peanut. In this study, the genomic regions governing IDC tolerance were mapped using a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population derived from TMV 2 (susceptible to IDC) and TMV 2-NLM (tolerant to IDC), which was pheno...

Rice varieties are usually characterized by agro-morphological descriptors used for seed certification and seed characterization by following distinctiveness, uniformity, and stability (DUS) test. But in fact, these primary distinguishing morphological descriptors among rice varieties are very limited and hence face problems to distinguish germplas...

Spanish bunch groundnut varieties occupy most of the cultivated area in Asia and Africa, and these varieties lack required 2-3 weeks of fresh seed dormancy (FSD) hampering kernel quality. Genomic breeding can help to improve commercial groundnut cultivars for FSD in a shorter time with greater precision. In this regard, a recombinant inbred line (R...

The recent advances in plant biotechnology tools have considerably increased deeper insights on the metabolic regulations and associated developmental programs in individual plants. The last two decades have witnessed massive implementation of modern molecular omics tools which involved integration of high throughput technologies using LC-MS and GC...

Groundnut is an essential oilseed legume primarily cultivated in Asia, Africa, and the Americas. It is referred to as the “poor person’s almond/protein” which serves essential amino acids and nutrients required for good health. Besides its health benefits, it is affordable and easily cultivated in semi-arid tropics, and the idea of further enrichme...

The advent of innovative next-generation sequencing (NGS) techniques has allowed the huge generation of a large amount of sequence information in a short time span, which is pocket friendly too; sequencing the genomes and transcriptomes of reference and non-reference plants has become much easier. The sequencing outcomes have been successfully util...

Iron deficiency chlorosis (IDC) under calcareous and alkaline soils is a significant abiotic stress affecting the growth and yield of peanut. In this study, the genomic regions governing IDC tolerance were mapped using a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population derived from TMV 2 (susceptible to IDC) and TMV 2-NLM (tolerant to IDC), which was pheno...

Rice is a major cereal crop of Assam, North East India. The local rice accessions grown in this region possess unique traits of breeder's choice i.e., tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses. In the present investigation, 712 sali rice accessions of Assam were characterized using 20 qualitative and 13 quantitative traits. Among these, 19 qualitati...

The groundnut breeding program at International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics routinely performs marker-based early generation selection (MEGS) in thousands of segregating populations. The existing MEGS includes planting of segregating populations in fields or glasshouses, label tagging, and sample collection using leaf-punch f...

In the current era, one of biggest challenges is to shorten the breeding cycle for rapid generation of a new crop variety having high yield capacity, disease resistance, high nutrient content, etc. Advances in the “-omics” technology have revolutionized the discovery of genes and bio-molecules with remarkable precision, resulting in significant dev...

Population genomics envisages studying numerous loci and genome regions simultaneously to understand the roles of evolutionary processes such as mutation, genetic drift, gene flow, and natural selection that influence variation across genomes and populations thereby unfolding the mechanisms of inbreeding and outbreeding depression, adaptive gene fl...

The majority of the most economically important plant and crop species are enriched with the availability of high-quality reference genome sequences forming the basis of gene discovery which control the important biochemical pathways. The transcriptomics and proteomics resources have also been made available for many of these plant species that int...

The 297 winter rice accessions of Assam were genotyped by sequencing (GBS), after filtering, 50,985 high-quality SNPs were assigned to 12 chromosomes. The population genetic structure analysis revealed three major subgroups SG1, SG2 and SG3 which contained 23, 82 and 69 accessions respectively. The remaining 123 accessions were grouped as admixture...

A deep understanding of the genetic control of drought tolerance and iron deficiency tolerance is essential to hasten the process of developing improved varieties with higher tolerance through genomics-assisted breeding. In this context, an improved genetic map with 1205 loci was developed spanning 2598.3 cM with an average 2.2 cM distance between...

Vegetable legumes are an essential source of carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals, along with health-promoting bioactive chemicals. The demand for the use of either fresh or processed vegetable legumes is continually expanding on account of the growing consumer awareness about their well-balanced diet. Therefore, sustaining optimum yields of veget...

The novel coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19), has created an unanticipated pandemic, that has triggered severe panic among individuals worldwide. In this direction, countries are maximizing their efforts to fight the virus and reduce infection. Vegetables due to the presence of several bioactive compounds could help build and maintain immunity against deg...

Heterosis (or hybrid vigor) results in a hybrid's phenotypic superiority over its founder parents for quantitative and qualitative traits. Hybrid vigor is defined by mechanisms such as dominant complementation, over-dominance, and epistasis. Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) is an essential vegetable crop and a good source of dietary minerals, vitami...

Nitrogen is one of the essential plant nutrients and a major factor limiting crop productivity. To meet the requirements of sustainable agriculture, there is a need to maximize biological nitrogen fixation in different crop species. Legumes are able to establish root nodule symbiosis (RNS) with nitrogen-fixing soil bacteria which are collectively c...

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) supplies nourishment to about half of the population of the world's inhabitants. Of them, more than 2 billion people suffer from 'hidden hunger' in which they are unable to meet the recommended nutrients or micronutrients from their daily dietary intake. Biofortification refers to developing micronutrient-rich diet foods usin...

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) supplies nourishment to about half of the population of the world's inhabitants. Of them, more than 2 billion people suffer from "hidden hunger" in which they are unable to meet the recommended nutrients or micronutrients from their daily dietary intake. Bio-fortification refers to developing micronutrient-rich diet foods usi...

Drought stress in rainfed ecosystem significantly limits the production of Ranjit, the most predominant high yielding rice variety of Assam. A mapping population comprising 85 F 4 individuals between Ranjit and a drought tolerant cultivar, ARC10372 was developed and genotyped with 80 microsatellite markers in order to understand the genetic basis o...

Intermittent drought stress in rainfed ecosystem significantly limits the production of Ranjit, the most predominant high yielding rice variety of North East India. In order to understand the genetic basis of drought tolerance a mapping population comprising 85 F4 individuals between ‘Ranjit’ and a drought tolerant cultivar, ARC10372 was developed...

The traditional drought tolerant cultivar ARC 10372 was crossed with a high yielding, drought susceptible elite rice variety Ranjit for the development of advanced breeding lines under drought stress. A total of 36 F2 plants carrying tolerant parent allele for the major grain yield QTL under drought stress (qDTY1.1) were identified using SSR marker...

Present investigation was carried out in 65 genotypes was grown in 2014-15 cropping season in a randomized block design with three replications. Analysis of variance indicated that genotypes differed significantly for all of the studied traits. Correlation coefficient analysis indicated that all the traits had positive significant correlation coeff...

A total of 94 polymorphic SSR markers were used for genotyping of 90 F 4 plants. Among these, 56 markers fitted for the expected Mendelian ratio of segregation whereas, 38 significantly deviated from it (P<0.01). Only 63 SSR markers could be assigned to 12 linkage groups (LGs) covering a total of 1652.3 cM of the rice genome at an average marker de...