Victoria V. Kazakovskaya

• DSci
• Professor at Russian Academy of Sciences

This paper investigates diminutives and hypocoristics in asymmetric verbal communication of Russianspeaking children, aged 13 to 16, when communicating with their pets. Observational data was collected by semi-formal oral and written questionnaires concerning these derivatives used when communicating with and talking about pets. The frequency of di...

The case study focuses on the acquisition of Russian derivational morphology in terms of nouns by monolingual (Russian) and simultaneous bilingual (Russian German) children of early age. The results are based on analysis of representative natural longitudinal recordings transcribed and stored in CHAT format using the CHILDES system. The first patte...

This contribution is dedicated to Steven Gillis with whom we have collaborated since the nineties within the “Crosslinguistic Project on Pre- and Protomorphology in Language Acquisition” on both child speech (CS) and child-directed speech (CDS) and also about the development of diminutives (DIMs). We investigate parallels in the use of DIMs and of...

The paper presents the results of the study of diminutives in asymmetric verbal communication with small children and pets. The study considers semantic, derivational and functional features of diminutives in each register. The discussion involves the analysis of hypocoristics which show similarities with diminutivization in the means and methods o...

The paper is devoted to the analysis of the modes chosen to express the speaker’s/writer’s personal evaluations in essays written by children of eleven and twelve years old. The structural-semantic repertoire of subjectification tools, their functional potential, and frequency of occurrence in descriptive and argumentative essays are considered. It...

The main purpose of the study is to analyze the acquisition of personal pronouns in various syntactic environments and more specifically, to identify grammatical and communicative features of verb and verbless constructions with personal pronouns in the subject position. The material for the observations was a modern data corpus, which had not been...

The chapter examines the onset of derivational morphology in the speech production of two Russian boys (aged between 1;5–2;8 and 1;8–3;0). This process involves early nouns, verbs and adjectives built by different derivation methods. Suffixation is typical for nouns and adjectives, whereas new verbs are mostly built by prefixation. Derived verbs an...

The comparative paper considers diminutives at the early stages of development based on the longitudinal data of typically developing monolingual children, aged up to three years old, acquiring languages which are different in terms of diminutive systems, i.e. rich (in Russian) and poor (in Estonian). The impact of such factors as word formation an...

В главе анализируется один из способов выражения точки зрения говорящего - вводно-модальные слова (может быть, возможно, кажется, очевидно, действительно и др.) - в высказывании и в тексте. Предлагается трехаспектный подход к анализу данных слов, интерпретируемых в связи с понятиями эксплицитного модуса и субъектной перспективы текста на фоне други...

Коллективная монография продолжает серию «Проблемы функциональной грамматики», задуманную Александром Владимировичем Бондарко и осуществлявшуюся в течение многих лет под его руководством. Тема этого тома была предложена им и разрабатывалась по его плану и замыслу. Как и предшествующие тома серии, он содержит ряд глав, посвященных грамматическому оп...

Input / child-directed speech is classified as a marginal, relatively stable, conventionalized part of any linguistic system (a distinct register) and is considered by the speech community to be appropriate for communicating mainly with young children. Input is adapted to the linguistic and cognitive capabilities of a child (fine-tuning) and is suf...

В разделе В. В. Казаковской и Н. К. Онипенко предлагается трехаспектный подход к анализу вводно-модальных слов, интерпретируемых в связи с понятиями эксплицитного модуса и субъектной перспективы текста на фоне других способов выражения точки зрения говорящего. Обсуждается проблема генезиса вводных слов, понимаемого как одно из направлений формирова...

This paper considers the early and later stages of the acquisition of epistemic modality, focusing on certainty and uncertainty, and such basic forms of their expression as parenthetical modal words (e.g. navernoe ‘probably’, možet byt’ ‘maybe’, konečno ‘of course’, dejstvitel’no ‘really’), along with sentential complement constructions (e.g. I dum...

In this first cross-linguistic study of the emergence and early development of synthetic compounds we present the strictly parallel analysis of systematically collected longitudinal data from seven languages: the Finno-Ugric languages Finnish, Saami, Estonian and the Indo-European languages Lithuanian, Russian, Greek and German. The data of spontan...

The purpose of current article is to describe the early phases of first language acquisition of nominal derivatives in morphology-rich Russian approaching an ideal inflecting-fusional language type. The results are based on the naturalistic longitudinal observations of two typically developing monolingual children (1;5–3;0) growing up in middle soc...

Обсуждаются особенности словообразования существительных в ранней детской речи. Выводы основываются на анализе лонгитюдного корпуса спонтанной речи двух русскоязычных типично развивающихся детей и их взрослых партнеров по диалогу. Установлено, что в процессе усвоения морфемно богатого языка аффиксация предшествует словосложению, а наиболее частотны...

The article discusses the early means of expressing the epistemic notions of certainty and uncertainty (epistemic markers) in three typologically-different languages – Russian, Estonian and Hebrew. The results are based on an analysis of naturalistic speech samples of 9 typically-developing monolingual children, recorded from ages 1;3 to 6;2. The e...

Обсуждаются особенности словообразования существительных в ранней детской речи. Выводы основываются на анализе лонгитюдного корпуса спонтанной речи двух русскоязычных типично развивающихся детей и их взрослых партнеров по диалогу. Установлено, что в процессе усвоения морфемно богатого языка аффиксация предшествует словосложению, а наиболее частотны...

В докладе обсуждается практически не изученная проблема развития именной деривации на ранних этапах речевого онтогенеза. Неизученность объясняется тем обстоятельством, что обычно внимание исследователей привлекает более поздний период – то время, когда в речи ребенка появляются инновации, или «образования по аналогии» (А.Н. Гвоздев). Как правило, и...

В докладе обсуждаются особенности именной деривации в ранней русской детской речи. Результаты основываются на анализе расшифрованной и затранскрибированной звучащей речи двух типично развивающихся мальчиков-монолингвов и их взрослых партнеров по диалогу. Установлено, что в сфере существительных развитие аффиксации предшествует словосложению, а наиб...

We have focused on testing the factors influencing the acquisition of noun derivation in typologically different languages, Estonian, a Finno-Ugric (and compound-rich) language and Russian, an East-Slavic, derivative-rich one. The main research question is what plays the most important role in the acquisition of this phenomenon: general factors, su...

Acquisition of derivation is not a well-studied area in first language research and a comparative approach to the acquisition of derivation in different languages doesn’t exist. There is no information on how a child acquires derivation in a language with a rich and regular system of derivational patterns, or in a language where derivation is produ...

В данной работе мы продолжаем изучение словообразовательных процессов в ходе усвоения ребенком родного (русского) языка, а) основываясь на материалах спонтанной речи – расшифрованных записях диалога «взрослый – ребенок», б) обращаясь к фактам не только именной аффиксации, но и словосложения, в) фокусируясь на начальных стадиях развития рассматривае...

The article discusses the early means of expressing the epistemic notions of certainty and uncertainty (epistemic markers) in three typologically-different languages-Russian, Estonian and Hebrew. The results are based on an analysis of naturalistic speech samples of 9 typically-developing monolingual children, recorded from ages 1;3 to 6;2. The eme...

Статья продолжает серию публикаций, посвященных различным аспектам речевого онтогенеза эпистемической модальности (ЭМ) в русской речи (Казаковская 2015, 2016; Казаковская, Николаева 2016; Kazakovskaya 2016; Kazakovskaya, Argus 2016, 2017). В частности, удалось определить основной состав начального детского эпистемического репертуара, наметить главн...

This chapter discusses early noun compound acquisition in the morphologically rich, but relatively compound-poor Russian language, reflected in lower frequency of compounds in CDS and CS. The results are based on longitudinal data of five typically-developing monolingual children and their caregivers, analysing first emergence, the development of d...

В разделе рассматривается усвоение семантики качественности и средств ее языкового выражения (ФСП качественности) русскоязычными детьми в диалоге с их взрослыми собеседниками. Анализируются системно-языковые (собственно лингвистические) и онтологические (экстралингвистические) свойства главных конституентов данного поля — имен прилагательных. Особо...

This article aims at studying the emergence and early development of derivation in first language acquisition with a focus on nouns. The results obtained are based on analysis of recorded spontaneous speech of typically developing Russian-speaking monolingual child (1;5–2;8).

Emergence and early development of nominal compounding in longitudinal spontaneous speech corpora of 10 languages (up to age 3;0) will be compared in the framework of lexical typology. We argue that wealth and productivity of compounding, as reflected in child-directed speech are better typological predictors of early emergence, morphological decom...

The paper focuses on a pragmatic and structural analysis of interrogative repetitions that seem to be typically frequent in child-directed speech (CDS). The cross-linguistic analysis was based on longitudinal corpus data of two Indo-European languages, Russian and Lithuanian, which are recognized as being morphologically rich and highly inflected....

Доклад посвящен начальным этапам развития деривационной системы в сфере русских имен существительных

There are but few studies on the acquisition of epistemic modality (EM) (Choi 2006, Matsui 2014, Hickmann & Bassano 2016). New findings from preliminary comparative analysis of 4 Russian and Estonian children have disproved one of the accepted rules in this sphere, since it was shown that the acquisition of uncertainty preceded acquisition of certa...

Статья посвящена ранним этапам речевого онтогенеза эпистемической модальности — наименее изученному аспекту данной категории не только в отечественном, но и в зарубежном языкознании. Материалом для наблюдений послужила русская спонтанная речь, а именно диалог «взрослый — ребенок». Анализ начальных средств выражения эпистемической семантики — вводно...

This contribution presents the first cross-linguistic study of the emergence and early development of synthetic compounds

The article compares the acquisition of epistemic modality in typologically different languages, Estonian and Russian. The longitudinal data of 4 children was used to analyse the first emergence and the further development of lexical markers expressing certainty and uncertainty. Developmental analysis of micro fields of epistemic modality has shown...

На расширенном материале лонгитюдных наблюдений за коммуникативным взаимодействием пяти диад «взрослый — ребенок» (174 часа расшифрованной и закодированной (CHILDES) спонтанной речи, ср. (Казаковская 2015, Kazakovskaya 2016)) рассматриваются вопросы о том, как в русском языке происходит освоение прототипических средств выражения уверенности / неуве...

The paper deals with the analysis of so-called modus questions, which are interpreted as interrogative constructions appealing to the intentional or mental state of the addressee — her / his opinion, knowledge, evaluation or explanation. The main semantic types, formal characteristics and structural patterns of modus questions including their quant...

The article discusses the acquisition of epistemic semantics and the basic means of its expression in the early stages of speech ontogenesis in L1. The mechanism of epistemic marking is also considered. The target-system and communicative factors, which contribute to this process are identified and corpus data of modern Russian speech is included....

The research is concerned with the acquisition of nominal compounds by normally and atypically developing children in an inflective, derivational and morphologically rich Slavic language - Russian. Our aims were: a) to detect the main factors influencing the acquisition of compounds by pre-schoolers with and without SLI, based on the data of ‘natur...

In this chapter we would like to ... focus on adult communicative (conversational) strategies concerning early ad-jective acquisition: Do adults encourage a child to produce adjectives (e.g. ask special questions, ask them to repeat a particular word, etc.) or do they prefer waiting for so-called natural acquisition? If adults try to elicit particu...

The paper deals with the analysis of so-called modus questions, which are interpreted as interrogative constructions appealing to the intentional or mental state of the addressee — her / his opinion, knowledge, evaluation or explanation. The main semantic types, formal characteristics and structural patterns of modus questions including their quant...

Adjectives are acquired by children later than nouns and even verbs, and their mapping to real object properties is often mistaken. Children use early adjectives in an incorrect way because they are conceptually complex and may correspond to different properties, depending on the nouns to which they refer. Thus, the cognitive concepts of different...

The paper deals with the analysis of modus questions used in dialogues of native Russian speakers, discusses their quantitative properties and peculiarities. The research focuses on the development of the models describing these questions on the basis of the Russian National Corpus and newspaper cor-pus. The obtained results can be applied in vario...

This investigation is devoted to Russian input, which remains almost unstudied with regard to ‘negative evidence’. The aims of this study are to analyze parental reactions to grammatically correct and incorrect / incomplete child utterances; to discuss the dependence of pragmatic and structural reactions on the type of error; to compare the results...

The paper deals with the analysis of modus questions used in dialogues of native Russian speakers. The research focuses on the development of the models describing these questions on the basis of the Russian National Corpus and newspaper corpus.

This article discusses the early phases of acquisition of noun compounds in two typologically different languages - Estonian and Russian. Longitudinal data on three Russian and two Estonian typically-developing monolingual children and their caregivers was analysed and compared in relation to first emergence, the development of different compound t...

The role of linguistic input in early adjective acquisition: Evidence from Russian and Lithuanian. This paper deals with adult conversational strategies used in order to stimulate the early acquisition of the semantics and grammar of adjectives. Since the adjective is considered one of the most complex and non-conceptual salient linguistic categori...

The results of recent cross-linguistic studies of child-directed speech (CDS) provided new arguments in the discussion of the major factors of the speech ontogenesis. Analysis of the different types of caregiver reactions to child language, interpreted as positive/negative evidence, shows that CDS helps children discover and learn the correct/incor...

The main objective of the study was to identify and compare the variety and distribution of interrogatives in Lithuanian and Russian child-directed speech (CDS) from the perspective of the functional and structural characteristics of questions addressed to young children. The analysis was based on the longitudinal data of two monolingual typically...

The paper deals with caregiver conversational strategies which are applied to stimulate the early acquisition of adjectives. It is assumed that the input should be rich and well structured in a flow of conversation. Рragmatic, communicative, semantic and structural aspects of initiative and reactive strategies previously unexplored are considered....

This investigation is devoted to Russian input (CDS), which remains almost unstudied with regard to ‘negative evidence’. The aims of this study are a) to analyze parental reactions to grammatically correct and incorrect / incomplete child utterances with verbs, b) to discuss the dependence of reaction on a type of an error, c) to compare results wi...

The paper focuses on adult interrogatives, which appear to be among the most frequent and typical ways of communicating with young children. The main objective of the investigation is to identify and compare the variety and distribution of interrogatives in Lithuanian and Russian motherese. The analysis is based on the data of a longitudinal observ...

Motherese, as a specific register of language, have been investigated intensively in Western psycholinguistic studies during several past decades, however, we still need more comprehensive studies in order to establish specific characteristics (e.g. parental reactions to child’s grammatically correct vs. incorrect utterances) of speech addressed to...

The work deals with linguistic and psychological regularities of child’s dialogue competence and its development at an early age. The reader is introduced into a functional and semantic typology of question-answer units and is given some insight into the role of such units in linguistic and cognitive ontogenesis. The volume presents results of long...

The debate regarding linguistic or communicative competence has not subsided since the publication of N. Chomsky’s keynote works (Chomsky 1965; 1968). The structure of competence, its aspects, levels and components, and their content and correlation (with regard to both native and foreign language acquisition) are actively discussed in many diverse...

Based on the defi nition of “dictum” and “modus” questions (proposed by Bally) the paper makes further differentiation of questions to different types of modus, such as mental, emotional, or speech modus subtypes. Functional and conversational characteristics of modus questions determine their structural and semantic representation and presuppose t...

В статье рассматриваются механизмы воздействия речи взрослого на формирующуюся языковую систему ребенка. Анализируются особенности влияния коммуникативного поведения взрослых на усвоение ребенком грамматики родного языка. Предметом исследования являются структурные и прагматические типы реплик-реакций со стороны взрослого на морфологически правильн...

The paper addresses the evolution of child’s communicative competence at early stages, which implies acquisition of language skills and communicative skills proper including dialogic (general and specific) skills. Question types are paramount and play an important role in the language behaviour of adult. Adult’s questions influence the development...

The article discusses the mechanisms of the impact of adult speech on the child's emerging language system. The features of the influence of the communicative behavior of adults on the child's learning of the grammar of the native language are analyzed. The subject of research is the structural and pragmatic types of replica reactions from an adult...

Цель главы — обсуждение семантической типологии диалогических единств, инициированных вопросом, в речевом общении взрослого и ребенка. Использование взрослым различных семантических типов вопросительных реплик принадлежит к числу особенностей его речеповеденческой тактики, спо-собствующих осуществлению внеязыковой и языковой к а т ег о р и з а ц и...

Работа посвящена лингвистическим и психологическим закономерностям становления диалогической компетенции ребенка раннего возраста. Предлагается опыт функционально-семантической типологии вопросо-ответных единств и рассматривается их роль в языковом и когнитивном онтогенезе. Приводятся результаты логнитюдных исследований диалогического взаимодействи...