Víctor Rodrigo Carranza

University of Castilla-La Mancha · Faculty of Sport Sciences of Toledo

This study aimed to assess the acute effects of the sequence of concurrent training (CT) on physiological, neuromuscular, and perceptive parameters in recreational athletes. Eighteen active men (mean ± SD: 22.00 ± 2.00 years; 79.40 ± 9.87 kg and 175.62 ± 6.35 cm) performed two CT sessions consisting of repeated sprint endurance exercise followed by...

Background: The main objectives of this study were to analyze the effect of early specialization in swimming and to observe the general patterns of success of two different sport specialization models [Spanish (SPA) and United States of American (USA) swimmers] participating in World Championships (WCs) and Olympic Games (OGs) between the years 200...

Objectives. — During interval training, the combination of several training components (stimulus duration, intensity, and recovery) determines the athlete’s acute fatigue, and manipulating these components elicits different acute fatigue responses. We analyzed the effects of manipulating the duration of the recovery period during isoeffort interval...

Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is a non-invasive method to measure and evaluate muscle oxygenation in local tissue (Kitada et al., 2015). It is important to note that possible sex-related differences affect the oxygen transport system depending on exercise intensity (Sendra-Perez et al., 2023). However, there is a lack of information on possible...

This study aimed to analyse the effects of shoes with increased longitudinal bending stiffness (LBS) on 3,000m performance, pacing strategy, heart rate, and biomechanics in trained runners. Twelve male trained runners performed a 3,000m time trial test in an experimental shoe with a carbon fibre plate to increase the LBS (LBS-increased) and a Co...

Introduction/Purpose Shoe longitudinal bending stiffness (LBS) is often considered to influence running economy (RE) and thus, running performance. However, previous results are mixed and LBS levels have not been studied in advanced footwear technology (AFT). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of increased LBS from curved carbon...

Purpose: The aim of this study was to examine the influence of different spikes technologies on running economy and middle- and long-distance performance in trained runners. Methods: Fourteen trained female and sixteen trained male runners participated in this study. Females performed a single visit with six 200 m trials at self-perceived 800 m rac...

Purpose : Monitoring performance athletes’ training responses can be efficiently completed at competitive events. This study aimed to explore the changes in swimming, countermovement-jump (CMJ), and pull-up (PU) performance following training across a competitive phase, as well as immediately before and after each race. Methods : Fourteen well-trai...

In the quest to uncover the underlying mechanisms responsible for the performance-enhancing benefits imparted by advanced footwear technology (AFT), footwear researchers are employing an individual-level approach. In doing so, they hope to unveil individual-specific responses to AFT otherwise masked by a group-level approach. Classifying an individ...

This study aimed to evaluate the validity and reliability of a wearable device and a phone application for measuring spatiotemporal parameters and their relationship with running economy (RE) by comparing them with photocell data in runners of different abilities. Twenty-three male runners were divided into well-trained and recreational groups and...

Introduction/Purpose: Shoe longitudinal bending stiffness (LBS) is often considered to influence running economy (RE) and thus, running performance. However, previous results are mixed and LBS levels have not been studied in advanced footwear technology (AFT). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the isolated effects of increased LBS from curv...

Background Quantifying the potential benefits of advanced footwear technology (AFT) track shoes (i.e., “spikes”) in middle-distance events is challenging, because repeated maximal effort trials (as in sprinting) or aerobic running economy trials (as in long-distance running) are not feasible. Methods We introduce a novel approach to assess the ben...

What did I do? The objectives of my PhD were to: (1) evaluate and analyse the performance improvement caused by advanced footwear technology (AFT) in road racing performance and (2) analyse the effect and describe the mechanisms that the main AFT characteristics produce on running performance. Why did I do it? Recently, a new running shoe concept...

Background Ethylene and vinyl acetate (EVA) and polyether block amide (PEBA) are recently the most widely used materials for advanced footwear technology (AFT) that has been shown to improve running economy (RE). This study investigated the effects of these midsole materials on RE and biomechanics, in both fresh and worn state (after 450 km). Meth...

ABSTRACT: Speed climbing will be a new discipline in Paris 2024. The physical requirements of speed climbing are different from the other climbing modalities due to the short event time requiring higher level of strength and power. These parameters have been measured through the Force-Velocity (F-V) profile in different climbing disciplines. Howeve...

A regular endurance training program may elicit different adaptations compared to an isolated training method. In this study, we analyzed the effects of 8 weeks of a regular endurance training program on running economy (RE), particularly neuromuscular and biomechanical parameters, in runners of different athletic abilities. Twenty-four male runner...

Introduction/purpose: Previous results about longitudinal bending stiffness (LBS) and running economy (RE) show high variability. This study aimed to assess the effects of shoes with increased LBS on RE and performance in trained and national runners. Methods: Twenty-eight male runners were divided into two groups according to their 10-km perfor...

No full document, if you want the full document, consult the author.

Speed climbing will be a new discipline in Paris 2024. The physical requirements of speed climbing are different from the other climbing modalities due to the short event time requiring higher level of strength and power. These parameters have been measured through the Force-Velocity (F-V) profile in different climbing disciplines. However, there a...

INTRODUCTION Endurance running performance is influenced by factors related to muscle recruitment and force production (1). Fatigue will result in kinematic compensations due to impaired muscle contractility and reduced leg stiffness (2). Understanding the acute mechanical alterations produced by neuromuscular fatigue is of primary interest to indi...

Running economy is known to be influenced by multiple factors such as running biomechanics. Several studies had evidenced the beneficial effect of running biomechanics on running economy. Currently, there is still some controversy about the influence of strike pattern on running economy. For this reason, the aim of this study was to analyse the in...

The vertical jump is one of the most used testing movements to assess athlete's physical performance and fatigue status in several sports. However, low-cost, portable, field-based, and reliable methods are needed to measure jumping performance. The aim of the current investigation was to assess the validity and reliability of a new photoelectric ce...

Background Interval training (IT) is influenced by several variables and its design. However, there is no consensus about the acute effects of this type of training on running kinematics and gait patterns due to the variety of session designs. Research question The aim of this systematic review was to determine the acute effects of IT on gait patt...

Advanced footwear technology (AFT) changed footwear design concepts by using a curved carbon fibre plate in combination with new, more compliant and resilient foams. The aim of this study was (1) to examine the individual effects of AFT on the evolution of the main road events and (2) to reassess the impact of AFT on the world's top-100 performance...

Critical speed represents the highest exercise intensity at which the oxidative phosphorylation is sufficient to satisfy the energy demand. Since the release of the advanced footwear technology in May 2017, every road record from the 5-km event to the marathon has been broken. The question arises whether this type of footwear improves critical spee...

We analyzed the effects of the Nike ZoomX Vaporfly (VPF) on long-interval training performance, kinematic parameters, running power and fatigue compared to a traditional running shoe. Twelve well-trained men (mean ± SD: 32.91 ± 7.50 years; 69.29 ± 7.55 kg and 172.73 ± 5.97 cm) performed two long-interval training sessions (5 × 1000 m with 90s recov...

Background Reverse periodization is commonly touted as a salient planning strategy to improve sport performance in athletes, but benefits have not been clearly described. Objectives We sought to identify the main characteristics of reverse periodization, and the influence of training volume and periodization models on enhancing physiological measu...

The aim of this study was to analyze the acute effects of high vs low-intensity cycling efforts, combined with plyometrics, on vertical jump performance. Twenty-four physically active men (mean ± SD: 23 ± 2 years, 72.1 ± 10.1 kg, 1.73 ± 0.07 m) were randomly divided into two groups: experimental group (EXP, n = 16) and control group (CON, n = 8). E...

Intro: In 2017, the "#Breaking2" project (an event aimed to run the first marathon under 2 h) introduced a new advanced shoe technology, the Nike ZoomX Vaporfly Elite (VPF). This type of footwear changed the footwear design conception by using a curved carbon-fibre plate inserted into a very light midsole composed of a novel compliant and resilient...

INTRODUCTION The ability to exert muscle power is critical for successful results in sports [1]. Exercises (e.g., sprint or heavy load exercises) performed in the warm-up have shown improvements in the subsequent performance [2]. The phenomenon of acute performance enhancement is called post-activation potentiation (PAP) and it increases acutely mu...

TO THE EDITOR: We appreciate the physiologically informed discussion presented in the Viewpoint by Podlogar et al. (1). However, it is well known that the determinants of endurance performance are the maximal oxygen uptake (V_ o2max), exercise economy (RE), and lactate threshold (LT) (2). The inclusion of the critical power/speed as proposed by the...

The aim of this study was to assess the effect of recovery period during long interval training (IT) on mechanical, physiological, perceptive, and neuromuscular parameters. Six men and six women trained runners (23.82 ± 7.83years; 56.27 ± 8.95kg; 167.55 ± 9.77cm) performed three treadmill interval sessions (4x4min) at 1% incline with 1min, 2min or...

We have read with great interest the manuscript recently published in your journal on the technological unfairness of the use of Nike Vaporfly and Alphafly running footwear models [1]. In the section "Do the Nike Vaporfly/Alphafly Shoes Provide an Unfair Advantage?", the author claimed that the performance progression in long-distance, such as the...

The NIKE Vaporfly shoe was introduced in May 2017 as part of the original #Breaking2 Project (an event aimed to run the first marathon under 2 h). This new advanced shoe technology (NAST) changed the footwear design conception. The aim of this study was (i) to analyse the effect of NAST in men’s marathon performance, (ii) to analyse whether the cha...

Introduction: Reverse linear periodization is characterised by high-intensity and low-volume training predominates during the preparatory period, before increasing the volume and maintaining the intensity slightly as the season progresses, as opposed to traditional periodisation which is characterised by low-intensity and high-volume training in th...

Concurrent training (CT) consists of resistance training (RT) and endurance training (ET) in a unique session. The training content done first affects performance in the second content and likely the chronic adaptation to CT could be different. The countermovement squat jump (CMJ) height loss is used for monitoring the levels of fatigue during a tr...

Background: Critical speed (CS) represents the highest exercise intensity at which the oxidative phosphorylation is sufficient to satisfy the energy demand. Since the release of the Nike Vaporfly (VPF) shoes in May 2017, every road record from the 5k event to the marathon have been broken. The question arises whether this type of footwear improves...

This study aimed to address the effects of increased longitudinal bending stiffness (LBS) on running economy (RE) and running biomechanics. A systematic search on four electronic databases (Pubmed, WOS, Medline and Scopus) was conducted on 26 May 2021. Twelve studies met the inclusion criteria and were included. Standardised mean difference with 95...

A breakpoint in a portable near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) derived deoxygenated haemoglobin (deoxy[Hb]) signal during an incremental VO2max running test has been associated with the second ventilatory threshold (VT2) in healthy participants. Thus, the aim was to examine the association between this breakpoint (NIRS) and VT2 in well-trained runner...

Purpose The aim of this study was to assess the effects of adding shoe mass on running economy (RE), gait characteristics, neuromuscular variables and performance in a group of trained runners. Methods Eleven trained runners (6 men and 5 women) completed four evaluation sessions separated by at least 7 days. The first session consisted of a maxima...