Victor Chong

• Doctor of Medicine
• Head of Department at Boehringer Ingelheim

A novel automated method for segmenting retinal layers in three‐dimensional (3D) space from spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD‐OCT) images. Compared to 2D segmentation, 3D segmentation uses more data and produces findings that are more accurate and reliable. The class‐specific area of interest (ROI) choice and three important referenc...

Purpose: To describe the prevalence of subretinal transient hyporeflectivity (STHR) in exudative neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) and its response to a loading phase of aflibercept. Methods: Optical coherence tomography (OCT) scans of treatment-naïve nAMD patients captured at baseline and after a loading phase of aflibercept w...

Purpose To compare the baseline characteristics in patients with and without early residual fluid (ERF) after aflibercept loading phase (LP) in patients with treatment naïve neovascular age related macular degeneration (nAMD). Methods Patients with nAMD initiated on LP of three intravitreal aflibercept doses were recruited from December 2019 to Au...

PURPOSE: To study associations of optical coherence tomography (OCT) features with presenting visual acuity (VA) in treatment naive neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD). METHODS: Patients with nAMD initiated on aflibercept therapy were recruited from December 2019 to August 2021. Demographic and OCT (Spectralis, Heidelberg Engineerin...

There remain many unanswered questions on how to assess and treat the pathology and complications that arise from diabetic retinopathy (DR). Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) is a novel and non-invasive three-dimensional imaging method that can visualize capillaries in all retinal layers. Numerous studies have confirmed that OCTA can...

Purpose: This study was conducted to evaluate the association of oral montelukast, selective antagonism for cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 1, with reduced odds of exudative age-related macular degeneration (exAMD) development. Methods: This case-control study was conducted using Institutional Cohort Finder tool, and included 1913 patients with e...

Patients diagnosed with exudative neovascular age-related macular degeneration are commonly treated with anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) agents. However, response to treatment is heterogeneous, without a clinical explanation. Predicting suboptimal response at baseline will enable more efficient clinical trial designs for novel,...

Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) is a leading cause of preventable visual impairment in the working age population. Despite the increasing prevalence of DR, there remain gaps in our understanding of its pathophysiology. This is a prospective case-control study comparing the genetic profiles of patients with no DR vs. non-proliferative DR (NPDR) focusing o...

Quantitative autofluorescence (qAF8) level is a presumed surrogate marker of lipofuscin content in the retina. We investigated the changes in the qAF8 levels in non-neovascular AMD. In this prospective cohort study, Caucasians aged ≥50 years with varying severity of non-neovascular AMD in at least one eye and Snellen visual acuity ≥6/18 were recrui...

Intravitreal injections of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) agents are used to treat wet age-related macular degeneration (wAMD); however, they are associated with a considerable treatment burden and poor real world outcomes. The molecular size and charge of anti-VEGF agents influence drug pharmacokinetics in the vitreous and peak dru...

Purpose: To study the treatment patterns, visual outcomes and safety profile of intravitreal dexamethasone implant (IDI) used for the treatment of macular edema secondary to retinal vein occlusion (ME-RVO). Methods: Up to 2 years of routinely collected anonymized data within electronic medical record systems were remotely extracted from 16 cente...

Patients diagnosed with neovascular age-related macular degeneration are commonly treated with anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) agents. However, response to treatment is heterogeneous, without a clinical explanation. Predicting suboptimal response at baseline will enable more efficient clinical trial designs for novel, future int...

Background Diabetic macular ischaemia (DMI) is a complication of diabetic retinopathy that leads to irreversible vision loss. DMI is characterised by reduced retinal vessel density and enlargement of the foveal avascular zone (FAZ). Despite its clinical burden, there is no formal consensus on the definition of DMI, and no approved treatment. Semaph...

Objective To investigate the relative effect of disorganization of the retinal inner layers (DRIL) and ellipsoid zone (EZ) loss on visual function in diabetic macular ischemia (DMI). Design Prospective cross-sectional observational study. Participants Patients with stable treated proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) without center-involved di...

Purpose Determine clinical-effectiveness, safety, and cost-effectiveness of subthreshold micropulse laser (SML), compared with standard laser (SL), for diabetic macular edema (DME) with central retinal thickness (CRT) <400μ. Design Pragmatic, multicenter, allocation-concealed, double-masked, randomized, non-inferiority trial. Participants Adults...

Geographic atrophy (GA) is currently an untreatable condition. Emerging evidence from recent clinical trials show that anti-complement therapy may be a successful treatment option. However, several trials in this therapy area have failed as well. This raises several questions. Firstly, does complement therapy work for all patients with GA? Secondly...

Background/Objective To explore acceptability by patients and health care professionals of a new surveillance pathway for people with previously treated and stable diabetic macular oedema (DMO) and/or proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR). Subject/Methods Structured discussions in 10 focus groups with patients; two with ophthalmic photographers...

The thresholds of macular microvasculature parameters associated with mild visual impairment in diabetic macular ischemia (DMI) patients are unclear. Therefore, this prospective observational study is aimed at demonstrating the optical coherence tomography angiography parameters that best correlate with mild visual impairment (<70 Early Treatment D...

Objective To describe optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) features, age, gender, and systemic variables that may be used in machine/deep learning studies to identify high-risk patient sub-populations with high risk of progression to geographic atrophy (GA) and visual acuity (VA) loss in the short term. Design Prospective, longitudinal study. Su...

Purpose To estimate prevalence and incidence of diabetic retinopathy (DR) in a UK region by severity between 2012 and 2016 and risk factors for progression to proliferative DR (PDR). Methods Electronic medical records from people with diabetes (PWD) ≥18 years seen at the Gloucestershire Diabetic Eye Screening Programme (GDESP) and the hospital eye...

Background Owing to the increasing prevalence of diabetes, the workload related to diabetic macular oedema and proliferative diabetic retinopathy is rising, making it difficult for hospital eye services to meet demands. Objective The objective was to evaluate the diagnostic performance, cost-effectiveness and acceptability of a new pathway using m...

Aims To estimate the incidence of early treatment diabetic retinopathy study (ETDRS) level 47 and 53 and progression to treatment with panretinal photocoagulation (PRP) for proliferative DR (PDR). Methods Log-linear regression was used to estimate the incidence of level 47–53 or worse for 33,009 people with diabetes (PWD) in Gloucestershire during...

Diabetic macular ischemia (DMI) is a common complication of diabetic retinopathy that can lead to progressive and irreversible visual loss. Despite substantial clinical burden, there are no treatments for DMI, no validated clinical trial endpoints, and few clinical trials focusing on DMI. Therefore, generating consensus on validated endpoints that...

Purpose: To prospectively evaluate whether diabetic macular ischemia detected with coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) is associated with change in functional outcomes over a period of one year. Methods: This is a one-year prospective, observational study that included 56 eyes with varying levels of diabetic retinopathy. All participants und...

Purpose: The increasing diabetes prevalence and advent of new treatments for its major visual-threatening complications (diabetic macular edema [DME] and proliferative diabetic retinopathy [PDR]), which require frequent life-long follow-up, have increased hospital demands markedly. Subsequent delays in patient’s evaluation and treatment are causing...

Objective: To compare four screening strategies for diabetic macular edema (DME). Research design and methods: Patients attending diabetic retinopathy screening were recruited and received macular optical coherence tomography (OCT), in addition to visual acuity (VA) and fundus photography (FP) assessments, as part of the standard protocol. Two r...

Background: Radiotherapy has been proposed as a treatment for new vessel growth in people with neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Objectives: To examine the effects of radiotherapy on neovascular AMD. Search methods: We searched CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, LILACS and three trials registers and checked references of included stud...

Purpose: Patients with center-involved diabetic macular edema (CI-DME) with good visual acuity (VA) represent a controversial clinical scenario in which a subthreshold laser might be a reasonable approach. We report a case series of patients with CI-DME with VA better than 20/32 who were treated with a subthreshold 577 nm (yellow) laser. Methods:...

The age spectrum of human populations is shifting towards the elderly with larger proportions suffering physical decline. Mitochondria influence the pace of ageing as the energy they provide for cellular function in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) declines with age. Mitochondrial density is greatest in photoreceptors, particularly cones th...

Limited evidence suggests that the application of 670 nm of red light alters the course of aged decline. A previous report on 18 patients showed regression of drusen and improvement in visual functions in patients with intermediate age-related macular degeneration (AMD) by 12 months. We evaluated the functional and structural effects of applying 67...

Purpose: The bradykinin 1 receptor may be important in inflammatory retinal vascular leakage in diabetic macular edema. BI 1026706 is an antagonist of bradykinin 1 receptor that has demonstrated efficacy in preclinical studies. Boehringer Ingelheim trial 1320.22 (NCT02732951) was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. The pharmacody...

Purpose Approximately 50% of patients receiving anti-VEGF therapy show significant improvement in diabetic retinopathy severity score (DRSS), in particular, at DRSS level 47 / 53 (moderately severe / severe non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR)). Level 47 / 53 consists of 3 main features, namely deep hemorrhages (DH), venous beading (VB) an...

Purpose: The "traffic light" color designation of differential light sensitivity used in a number of microperimeters does not encompass the conventional Total and Pattern Deviation probability analyses adopted by standard automated perimetry. We determined whether the color designation is indicative of abnormality as represented by the "gold stand...

To compare the efficacy and safety of subthreshold micropulse laser (SML) with threshold conventional laser (TCL) in central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC). Prospective, randomized, double-masked, non-inferiority, 12-week clinical trial. Patients were randomly assigned 1:1 to SML group or TCL group. Patients in the SML group were treated with 577 n...

To compare the efficacy of 50% threshold power with 25% threshold power of 577-nm subthreshold micropulse laser (SMPL) for acute central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC). Prospective, interventional, non-randomized, comparative case series. A total of 54 patients (54 eyes) with acute CSC were enrolled. Twenty-four eyes received 25% threshold power an...

Purpose: To describe the defining features of incomplete retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and outer retinal atrophy (iRORA), a consensus term referring to the OCT-based anatomic changes often identified before the development of complete RPE and outer retinal atrophy (cRORA) in age-related macular degeneration (AMD). We provide descriptive OCT and...

Background: Children and young people (CYP) living with diabetes require integrated child-centered care. We hypothesized that suboptimal uptake to diabetic retinopathy screening in CYP may be partly related to the degree of services integration. We investigated the structure of the current pediatric diabetic eye care pathway and associations betwe...

Introduction Diabetic macular oedema (DMO) and proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) are the major causes of sight loss in people with diabetes. Due to the increased prevalence of diabetes, the workload related to these complications is increasing making it difficult for Hospital Eye Services (HSE) to meet demands. Methods and analysis Effectiv...

Purpose: Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is associated with retinal neuronal and vascular damage. DR has previously been shown to affect the photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (pRGCs). PRGCs are essential for the entrainment of circadian rhythms; thus, DR progression could lead to worsening sleep quality and mood. We investigate the relationship betw...

Background In the UK, macular laser is the treatment of choice for people with diabetic macular oedema with central retinal subfield thickness (CST) < 400 μm, as per National Institute for Health and Care Excellence guidelines. It remains unclear whether subthreshold micropulse laser is superior and should replace standard threshold laser for the t...

Background: Diabetic macular oedema (DMO) is effectively treated with ranibizumab but multiple injections are required. Where there is also peripheral ischaemia, it has been promoted that targeted panretinal photocoagulation (PRP) may reduce the number of injections. Method: Patients with optical coherence tomography confirmed DMO and Ultra-wide...

Laser has changed a lot over the years, the newer laser can deliver energy in different ways, by reducing the duration to 10–20 ms, in a train of pulses of 0.1 ms as in the micropulse / subliminal laser, and extremely short duration of 0.0017 ms as in the nanosecond laser. Clinical studies have shown that micropulse laser is efficacious in multiple...

Purpose: To evaluate the microstructure of the fovea in patients with familial exudative vitreoretinopathy (FEVR) compared to healthy controls using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA). Methods: In this consecutive, cross-sectional, observational case series, 41 eyes of 41 patients diagnosed as FEVR and 37 eyes in 37 control subjects...

Diabetic retinopathy, a complication of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes, is a complex disease and is one of the leading causes of blindness in adults worldwide. It can be divided into distinct subclasses, one of which is diabetic macular oedema. Diabetic macular oedema can occur at any time in diabetic retinopathy and is the most common cause of vi...

A retrospective study of 176 treatment-naïve eyes with neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) that had undergone intravitreal aflibercept treatment (2.0 mg, 7–8 times over one year) was performed to correlate the effect of aflibercept on the morphological features of nAMD—subretinal hyper-reflective material (SHRM), pigment epithelial...

Introduction The review aims to discuss effects of vitrectomy on pharmacokinetics of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) agents, and attempt to provide treatment guidance. Areas Covered An Embase search was conducted using the terms ‘anti-VEGF’, ‘pegaptanib’, ‘ranibizumab’, ‘bevacizumab’, ‘aflibercept’, ‘pharmacokinetics’, ‘half-lif...

Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) therapies have changed the dynamics in the management of patients with diabetic macular oedema (DME); increasingly it is the treatment of choice when there is extensive oedema in foveal-involving DME. The role of laser in the anti-VEGF era has to be re-examined. Despite the efficacy of laser, the mecha...

Purpose: To compare retinal sensitivity and central retinal thickness in patients with focal diabetic macular edema (DME) and edema secondary to branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO). Methods: In this consecutive, cross-sectional, observational study, patients with either DME or BRVO underwent measurements for best-corrected visual acuity, microp...

Introduction: A large proportion of patients diagnosed with diabetic maculopathy using fundus photography and hence referred to specialist clinics following the current screening guidelines adopted in Hong Kong and United Kingdom are found to be false-positive, implying that they did not have macular oedema. This study aimed to evaluate the false-...

Microperimetry is a novel technique for assessing visual function and appears particularly suitable for age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Compared to standard automated perimetry (SAP), microperimetry offers several unique features. It simultaneously images the fundus, incorporates an eye tracking system to correct the stimulus location for f...

Purpose To assess anatomic and visual outcomes of ocriplasmin use for symptomatic vitreomacular adhesion (VMA). Design Retrospective chart review. Methods Macula Society members were surveyed online to collect data on ocriplasmin for symptomatic VMA. Clinical and optical coherence tomography data were collected using standardized data entry forms...

This book aims to build concepts and create a solid foundation in the field of optical coherence tomography (OCT) for the general ophthalmologists as well as for the resident trainees and fellows. The chapters are written by leading international authorities in a style comprehensible to a broad audience. Numerous clinical pictures and SD-OCT scans...

This book aims to build concepts and create a solid foundation in the field of optical coherence tomography (OCT) for the general ophthalmologists as well as for the resident trainees and fellows. The chapters are written by leading international authorities in a style comprehensible to a broad audience. Numerous clinical pictures and SD-OCT scans...

Background/purpose: Previous studies have shown that patients with diabetic macular edema (DME) with relatively good visual acuity can have slow reading speed. The aim of this study was to evaluate the structural-functional correlation in a cohort of patients with DME and to assess whether the central four retinal points on microperimetry (MP4) co...

Aims To characterise differential pathogeneses of diabetic macular oedema (DMO) using ultra-widefield fluorescein angiography (UWFA) and evaluate responses to anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) therapy. Methods Ninety-nine eyes (73 consecutive patients) with anti-VEGF naïve DMO underwent UWFA and optical coherence tomography, of w...

PurposeTo investigate the relationship between subfoveal choroidal thickness, severity of diabetic retinopathy (DR), and the presence of diabetic macular oedema (DMO) using enhanced depth imaging spectral domain optical coherence tomography (EDI-OCT) in patients with type 2 diabetes.MethodsA retrospective study of 145 eyes from untreated, type 2 di...

Purpose: To compare the efficacy of intravitreal aflibercept and ranibizumab on the exudative activity of neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) using optical coherence tomography (OCT) and to correlate morphologic findings with visual acuity (VA) outcomes. Design: Post hoc analysis of the prospective VIEW trials. Participants: Da...

The aim of this study was to compare measurements of macular thickness, obtained from patients with diabetic macular edema, using two spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) devices. These were the Spectralis Heidelberg Retina Angiograph + Optical Coherence Tomography (HRA + OCT) (Heidelberg Engineering), which is often considered the...

Purpose Pegaptanib has been shown to be effective in treating diabetic macular edema (DME). In the original Phase II/III trial, however, patients with macular ischemia were excluded. In this study, we treated patients with ischemic DME. Methods Macular ischemia was defined as a 30% increase in the area of the foveal avascular zone (FAZ) at 45 seco...

Data from real-world studies of ranibizumab in neovascular (wet) age-related macular degeneration suggest that outcomes in clinical practice fail to match those seen in clinical trials. These real-world studies follow treatment regimens that differ from the fixed dosing used in the pivotal clinical trial programme. To better understand the effectiv...

The vitreous, the vasculature of the retina, macular pigments, phototransduction, retinal pigment epithelium, Bruch's membrane and the extracellular matrix, all play an important role in the normal function of the retina as well as in diseases. Understanding the pathophysiology allows us to target treatment. As ocular angiogenesis, immunity and inf...

Recent findings indicate that immunological factors, in particular a possible autoimmune response, are involved in the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). To reveal an autoantibody profile for AMD and identify biomarkers for progression of this disease, we performed an antigen microarray analysis of serum samples from patients w...

Eye is the official journal of the Royal College of Ophthalmologists. It aims to provide the practising ophthalmologist with information on the latest clinical and laboratory-based research.

Sorsby's Fundus Dystrophy (SFD) is a rare autosomal dominant maculopathy that shares many clinical features with Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD). It is caused by a mutation in a single gene, TIMP-3, which accumulates in Bruch's membrane (BM). BM thickening and TIMP-3 accumulation can also be found in AMD. From our understanding of the pathop...

Purpose To compare diabetic retinopathy (DR) severity grading between Optomap ultrawide field scanning laser ophthalmoscope (UWFSLO) 200° images and an Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) seven-standard field view. Methods Optomap UWFSLO images (total: 266) were retrospectively selected for evidence of DR from a database of eye clin...

To evaluate the effect of intravitreal aflibercept injection on visual function in wet age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Prospective, multicenter, double-masked, active-controlled, parallel-group, randomized phase 3 clinical studies (VEGF Trap-Eye: Investigation of Efficacy and Safety in Wet AMD [VIEW] 1 and 2 [clinicaltrials.gov identifiers,...

Purpose To study the factors that may affect reading speed in patients with diabetic macular edema previously treated with laser photocoagulation. Methods Consecutive patients with type II diabetes treated with laser photocoagulation for diabetic macular edema (DME) at least twelve months previously, with best corrected visual acuity of better tha...

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is still referred to as the leading cause of severe and irreversible visual loss world-wide. The disease has a profound effect on quality of life of affected individuals and represents a major socioeconomic challenge for societies due to the exponential increase in life expectancy and environmental risks. Adva...

Purpose To evaluate the efficacy and safety of sequential therapy with ranibizumab followed by dexamethasone intravitreal implant compared with dexamethasone monotherapy for macular oedema (MO) secondary to retinal vein occlusion (RVO). Methods In this retrospective interventional study, the medical records of subjects with MO due to RVO who receiv...

Background/aims To evaluate efficacy and safety of intravitreal aflibercept (IVT-AFL) in Japanese patients with wet age-related macular degeneration (wAMD) from the VIEW 2 trial. Methods In this double-masked study, patients were randomised to: 0.5 mg IVT-AFL every 4 weeks (0.5q4); 2 mg IVT-AFL every 4 weeks (2q4); 2 mg IVT-AFL every 8 weeks (2q8)...

Purpose We aimed to assess the agreement between clinical assessment of diabetic retinopathy and Optomap ultrawide-field imaging (UWFI) in a real-life clinic setting. Methods Structured examination findings, from diabetic patients attending routine medical retina clinics in July 2011, were retrospectively compared with the grade obtained from Opto...

Purpose: To evaluate the angiographic features in using fundus camera-based versus confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscope (cSLO)-based indocyanine green angiography in differentiating polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV) from typical age-related macular degeneration. Methods: Sixty-five eyes of 44 patients with exudative maculopathy due to PC...

BODY: Purpose: To evaluate the correlation of retinal sensitivity and subfoveal choroidal thickness of the fellow eye of patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD) Methods: Patients who had neovascular AMD in one eye were invited to take part in the study. To be included, the best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) of the fellow e...

Introduction: Diabetic macular edema (DME) is a leading cause of visual impairment in patients with diabetic retinopathy. Pegaptanib octasodium (Macugen) was the first anti-VEGF agent approved for the treatment of neovascular age-related macular degeneration. It is a selective anti-VEGF agent, which only blocks VEGF. It has been shown to be safe a...

The Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) reported that there was an annual 11.3% risk of progression from severe non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy—ETDRS level 40—to proliferative diabetic retinopathy [1]. The UK National Screening Committee grade R3 as proliferative diabetic retinopathy with neovascularization on the retinal surf...

The recent introduction of anti-VEGF treatment has reduced the number of AMD patients becoming legally blind. Here, Professor Chong discusses current approaches to management and the available treatment options.

Retinal screening programmes in England and Scotland have similar photographic grading schemes for background (non-proliferative) and proliferative diabetic retinopathy, but diverge over maculopathy. We looked for the most cost-effective method of identifying diabetic macular oedema from retinal photographs including the role of automated grading a...

Retinal vein occlusion is associated with ocular morbidity and blindness as a result of macular oedema, macular ischaemia and neovascular glaucoma. New treatment options have become available, particularly for the management of the associated macula oedema; however, there is no consensus as to the best therapeutic option. Ongoing trials will provid...

Eye is the official journal of the Royal College of Ophthalmologists. It aims to provide the practising ophthalmologist with information on the latest clinical and laboratory-based research.

To determine the best photographic surrogate markers for detecting sight-threatening macular oedema (MO) in people with diabetes attending UK national screening programmes. A multicentre, prospective, observational cohort study of 3170 patients with photographic signs of diabetic retinopathy visible within the macular region [exudates within two di...

To determine efficacy and safety of intravitreal aflibercept in patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD) during a second year of variable dosing after a first-year fixed-dosing period. Two randomized, double-masked, active-controlled, phase 3 trials. Two thousand four hundred fifty-seven patients with neovascular AMD. From b...

Recent clinical trials have changed the management paradigm for diabetic macular edema (DME). There is an urgent need to identify the most effective ways of preventing retinopathy or intervening at an early, asymptomatic stage in order to preserve vision. The rise in the incidence of diabetes is a serious public health concern. Grading and screenin...

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a complex disease with genetic, environmental, and demo­graphic risk factors (see previous chapters). In recent years, there has been growing evidence that the inflammatory processes, including dysregulation of the complement system, play a major role in the pathogenesis of AMD. The discovery of genetic pol...

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to optimise the settings of the Retinal Image Analysis Laboratory (RIALAB), a semi-automatic drusen quantification software, in planning for high-throughput quantification of drusen in clinical studies of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Patients and methods: A comparison of five different settings in...

Purpose:To investigate whether early visual acuity (VA) response to ranibizumab treatment in patients with neovascular AMD (nAMD) is predictive of VA outcomes at one year; and to to identify cohorts of patients (pts) in whom Q3M or more frequent follow-up may be required. Methods:EXCITE was a 12-month, multicenter, double-masked, phase IIIb study...

Association with risk factors for arterial disease confirms current theory of pathogenesis Retinal vein occlusion is one of the most common causes of sudden painless unilateral loss of vision. It is the second most common retinal vascular disease after diabetic retinopathy.1 Occlusion may occur in the central retinal vein or branch retinal vein....

Objective: Two similarly designed, phase-3 studies (VEGF Trap-Eye: Investigation of Efficacy and Safety in Wet AMD [VIEW 1, VIEW 2]) of neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD) compared monthly and every-2-month dosing of intravitreal aflibercept injection (VEGF Trap-Eye; Regeneron, Tarrytown, NY, and Bayer HealthCare, Berlin, Germany) w...

To assess the association of gender, cigarette smoking, body-mass index, and nine genetic risk variants with cuticular drusen (CD), a well recognized subtype of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). A total of 757 patients with AMD, including 217 patients with CD, and 553 control individuals were interviewed with a questionnaire and underwent an...

To evaluate the application of 488 and 514 nm fundus autofluorescence (FAF) and macular pigment optical density (MPOD) imaging in diabetic macular oedema (DMO) and to demonstrate the typical imaging features. A hundred and twenty-five eyes of 71 consecutive patients with diabetic retinopathy who underwent examination at a specialist university clin...

: Diabetic retinopathy is more common and severe in patients with sleep disordered breathing (SDB). This study aimed to establish whether this is also true for patients with diabetic clinically significant macular edema (CSME). It is hypothesized that SDB, through intermittent hypoxia and blood pressure oscillations, might provoke worsening of CSME...