Verena K Affolter

• University of California, Davis

A large renal mass was identified by ultrasound during a regular health check on an intact adult female chimpanzee ( Pan troglodytes ). Cytology revealed a neoplastic population of clusters of polygonal cells with distinctive pink, granular cytoplasm. The primary differentials were oncocytoma and renal chromophobe cell carcinoma. The mass was surgi...

Background Skin diseases in sheep are important animal health and production problems, especially in wool‐producing sheep. Hypothesis/Objectives To document the type, signalment, associations and prevalence of skin disease in a referral hospital population. Animals Case population at a university veterinary medical teaching hospital. Materials a...

Equine spinal neurodegenerative conditions are frequently encountered in sport and racing horses and may be career-ending diagnoses. To further define the spatial transcriptomic landscape of equine dorsal root ganglia (DRG) in healthy adult horses, we investigated gene expression differences in distinct DRG regions using the GeoMx Digital Spatial P...

Background Psittacines (parrots and their allies) are kept under human care as companion animals, live exhibit specimens in zoological institutions and occasionally as research subjects. Cutaneous disorders such as feather destructive behaviour (FDB) and pododermatitis are commonly noted in clinical reviews, case reports and text book chapters. Hy...

Uveodermatological syndrome and alopecia areata are autoimmune disorders causing ocular and dermatological inflammation and alopecia, respectively, in dogs. This is the first report to document concurrent development of the two diseases in a dog, as has been reported in human patients. Clinical presentation and histopathological diagnosis, treatmen...

Copper is a trace element that plays an essential role in neurodevelopment and neurologic function. Acquired copper deficiency has a range of neurologic manifestations, with myelopathy being the most common association. We describe here the clinical, radiologic, histopathologic, and toxicologic findings of a rabbit with malnutrition, neurodegenerat...

A climbing mantella frog (Mantella laevigata) was presented with nodular thickened skin. Histological examination revealed dermal nodules composed of differentiated bone consistent with miliary osteoma cutis, a non‐neoplastic condition where bone is abnormally deposited within the skin. This is the first report of idiopathic osteoma cutis in an amp...

Canine leptospirosis is a multisystemic disease that can affect dogs of all ages and lifestyles. This report describes a 4‐month‐old dog diagnosed with acute leptospirosis and treated with dialysis and antibiotic therapy as well as intensive supportive care for 11 days of hospitalisation. About 10 days after discharge, the dog developed cutaneous l...

Background Primary cutaneous lymphoma represents 0.2%–3% of all feline lymphomas, with nonepitheliotropic lymphomas being the most common. In humans and dogs, subcutaneous panniculitis‐like T‐cell lymphoma (SPTCL) is a primary nonepitheliotropic lymphoma with a T‐cell phenotype developing in the subcutis and often mimicking inflammation. Objective...

Background Polyautoimmunity is the expression of more than one autoimmune disease in a single patient. This report documents polyautoimmunity in a mixed breed dog with concurrent uveitis, cutaneous depigmentation, and inflammatory myopathy. Case presentation A 1-year-old male neutered mixed breed dog was presented for progressive generalized leuko...

Interface dermatitis or lichenoid interface dermatitis refers to a cutaneous inflammatory pattern in which keratinocyte cell death is the essential feature. These terms have evolved from the originally described lichenoid tissue reaction. These lesions are the basis for an important group of skin diseases in animals and people where cytotoxic T-cel...

Pattern analysis of inflammatory skin diseases is a technique that offers a systematic approach to the histologic diagnosis of skin diseases. First introduced to human dermatopathology in the 1970s, it was widely adopted by veterinary pathologists for the histologic diagnosis of skin diseases in animals. As the inflammatory pattern reflects, to var...

OBJECTIVE To describe the etiologies, clinicopathologic findings, diagnostic modalities employed, treatments, and outcome associated with cases of septic bicipital bursitis. ANIMALS 9 horses. CLINICAL PRESENTATION AND PROCEDURES Medical records of horses diagnosed with septic bicipital bursitis between 2000 and 2021 were reviewed. Horses were inc...

Background Canine non‐neoplastic aural polypoid masses (APMs) are uncommon, with few published studies. Objectives The aim of this retrospective study was to characterise the clinical presentation, diagnostic imaging and histopathological results for APMs submitted as aural inflammatory polyps (AIPs). Animals Twenty dogs with APMs evaluated at a...

Pigment production and distribution is controlled through multiple genes, resulting in a wide range of coat color phenotypes in dogs. Dogs that produce only the pheomelanin pigment vary in intensity from white to deep red. The Poodle breed has a wide range of officially recognized coat colors, including the pheomelanin-based white, cream, apricot a...

Background Necrotising fasciitis (NF) is a rare, rapidly progressive subcutaneous bacterial infection. Few studies have characterised NF in dogs. Hypothesis/objectives To retrospectively describe clinical and laboratory findings, with treatments and outcomes, in dogs with NF. Animals Twenty‐three client‐owned dogs treated at a veterinary teaching...

A 5‐month‐old, male intact Australian shepherd dog was presented with nodular lesions affecting the dorsal head. A locally diffuse form of follicular hamartomas, with concurrent dermoid cysts and follicular cysts, was diagnosed by histopathological examination. Complete surgical excision of the affected skin and closure with a subdermal plexus adva...

In collaboration with the American College of Veterinary Pathologists

Background Goats are important worldwide as a source of milk, meat, fibre and hide, and as show animals and pets. Hypothesis/objectives To document the type, signalment associations and prevalence of skin disease in a referral hospital population. Animals Case population at a university veterinary teaching hospital. Methods and materials Retrosp...

Background Clinical features, treatment, and outcome of opportunistic infections with Rasamsonia spp., a nonpigmented filamentous mold, are not well documented in dogs. Objectives Describe clinical, radiographic, pathologic features, and outcome of dogs with disseminated Rasamsonia species complex infections. Animals Eight client‐owned dogs. Met...

A 10‐year‐old female spayed mixed breed dog was evaluated for diarrhea and vomiting. Diagnostic imaging demonstrated the presence of an intracardiac mass. A modified Seldinger technique was used to access the right jugular vein, and an endomyocardial biopsy forceps was introduced through a sheath to obtain several biopsies. Histopathology and immun...

Four, mature, client‐owned goats were presented to referral hospitals for recurrent diarrhea despite treatment for intestinal parasitism. Common clinical findings included diarrhea, poor condition, neutrophilia, and hypoalbuminemia. Testing for common infectious causes of diarrhea in goats was negative. Ultrasonography and computed tomography in 2...

Background Southern sea otters (Enhydra lutris nereis) rely on intact pelage for thermoregulation, and thus clinically significant demodicosis and associated alopecia can cause morbidity and death. Hypothesis/Objectives This study aimed to describe lesions associated with follicular Demodex sp. infestation, estimate the prevalence and intensity of...

Following the successful creation of a biobank from two adult Thoroughbred mares, this study aimed to recapitulate sample collection in two adult Thoroughbred stallions as part of the Functional Annotation of the Animal Genome (FAANG) initiative. Both stallions underwent thorough physical, lameness, neurologic, and ophthalmic (including electroreti...

The authors wish to make the following corrections to this paper [...]

Tumor stage has been demonstrated to have prognostic significance in canine oral malignant melanoma (OMM). Various evaluation techniques of positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) have been reported for staging of head-and-neck tumors in people, but canine-specific data are limited, and reports for CT accuracy have been variable....

Background A dog with gastrointestinal signs and a history of administration of multiple drugs developed acute multifocal to coalescing ulcerative nodules and a large plaque. Objective To describe abnormal nodular clinical lesions with an unexpected superficial and deep severe eosinophilic perivascular to interstitial inflammation. Animal A 7‐yea...

A nine‐day‐old Saanen kid presented for progressive hind limb paresis since birth. Euthanasia was elected, and on postmortem examination a large, pigmented mass was present in the vertebral canal surrounding the lumbosacral and caudal thoracic spinal cord. Histopathology revealed a homogeneous population of round to spindle neoplastic cells contain...

Background Reports of dermal sclerosis in dogs include scleroderma or morphea of unknown cause, cicatricial alopecia and congenital/hereditary fibrosis. Clinical Summary A 12‐year‐old, male castrated chihuahua‐mix dog was evaluated for skin lesions of unknown duration. The dog had severe alopecia, skin thickening and marked peripheral lymphadenopa...

Dogs exhibit a wide variety of coat color types, and many genes have been identified that control pigment production, appearance, and distribution. Some breeds, such as the Nova Scotia Duck Tolling Retriever (NSDTR), exhibit variation in pheomelanin pigment intensity that is not explained by known genetic variants. A genome-wide association study c...

Background Chronic progressive lymphoedema (CPL) is a disabling condition affecting various draft horse breeds, including Friesian horses. Hypothesis The high incidence of CPL in Friesian horses suggests a genetic component and a predisposing phenotype. Animals For the genomic study, 26 affected and 19 control horses were evaluated. Body measurem...

Background Solar‐induced thermal burns of dark skin over the dorsum have been reported in dogs, sheep and a pig. Objectives This report describes an outbreak of solar‐induced thermal burns over the dorsal skin of criollo and Texel sheep in Uruguay. Animals and methods Cross‐bred criollo and pure‐bred Texel adult ewes from a flock of 80 animals pr...

This report describes an unusual presentation of multicentric B-cell lymphoma with central and peripheral nerve involvement in a horse that was presented with acute onset, severe, multiple limb lameness, and muscle atrophy. This case highlights the importance of including neoplasia in the differential list in horses presenting for severe limb lamen...

Background Few studies have described the pathophysiology, clinical course, treatment outcomes and quality of life (QoL) of cats with pemphigus foliaceus (PF). Objective Describe clinicopathological features, treatment outcomes and impacts on QoL in feline PF. Animals Forty‐nine client‐owned cats with PF that presented to a veterinary teaching ho...

Fluconazole-induced alopecia is a significant problem for patients receiving long-term therapy. We evaluated the hair-cycle changes of fluconazole in a rat model and investigated potential molecular mechanisms. Plasma and tissue levels of retinoic acid were not found causal. Human patients with alopecia attributed to fluconazole also underwent deta...

The Functional Annotation of Animal Genomes (FAANG) project aims to identify genomic regulatory elements in both sexes across multiple stages of development in domesticated animals. This study represents the first stage of the FAANG project for the horse, Equus caballus. A biobank of 80 tissue samples, two cell lines and six body fluids was created...

Background: Between 2000 and 2012, nine cats were examined with a visually distinctive, progressive crusting dermatitis that was poorly responsive to all attempted therapies. Objectives: Documentation of clinical and histopathological findings of this disease. Animals: Nine privately owned cats. Methods: Retrospective study. Results: Eight...

Dermatopathology remains the important link between benchtop science, available results from ancillary techniques and clinical veterinary dermatology. This chapter discusses the utility and potential of digital microscopy, immunohistochemistry (IHC), immunofluorescence (IF), salt-split skin, Western blots, electron microscopy, PCR, in situ hybridiz...

Background: Follicular tumors and cysts are common skin lesions in dogs. Both are distinguished based on their cellular origin (matrical, isthmus, or infundibular cells) and the type of keratin they produce. Typically, differentiation requires histopathology, as all these lesions often have similar cytologic features. Objectives: The goal of thi...

Objective: To describe a case of testicular neoplasia and alopecia universalis in a dog, and successful treatment of the latter with ciclosporin. Animal: Twelve-year-old intact male wirehaired fox terrier. Methods: Castration, skin biopsy for histopathology, lymphocyte immunophenotyping and clonality analysis of the canine T-cell receptor gamm...

Case series summary: This case series describes the clinical utility of antigen testing for the diagnosis of feline ocular histoplasmosis. Four cats with suspected (n = 2) or confirmed (n = 2) ocular histoplasmosis are described: three from Oklahoma and one from California. In one case, serial urine antigen tests, as well as a serum antigen test f...

Background: Hyperaesthetic leucotrichia (HL) rarely affects horses and causes painful lesions on the dorsum that result in leucotrichia. This may be a variant of erythema multiforme (EM), but there are no studies investigating this condition. Objectives: Describe the clinical and histological features of HL and compare them to the histological f...

Objectives: To describe a small subset of canine solitary cutaneous histiocytoma in which lymph node metastasis has been documented. Methods: Cases of dogs with solitary cutaneous histiocytoma lesions and regional lymph node metastasis diagnosed via histopathology were found through a retrospective search of the databases of IDEXX Laboratories a...

Background: Histopathology has been essential in advancing our knowledge in veterinary dermatology. However, morphological features and histological patterns cannot always reveal an aetiological diagnosis. Objectives: Several ancillary techniques can assist in achieving an aetiological diagnosis. Some of these techniques have found their way int...

Metastatic dissemination of carcinomas to lymph nodes impacts prognosis and treatment recommendations in human and veterinary medicine. Routine histopathologic evaluation of regional lymph nodes involves haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining to identify intra-nodal neoplastic cells; however, identification of small volume metastases (micrometastase...

CD1 molecules are antigen-presenting glycoproteins primarily found on dendritic cells (DCs) responsible for lipid antigen presentation to CD1-restricted T cells. Despite their pivotal role in immunity, little is known about CD1 protein expression in dogs, notably due to lack of isoform-specific antibodies. The canine (Canis familiaris) CD1 locus wa...

Feline primary cutaneous lymphomas (FPCLs) account for 0.2% to 3% of all lymphomas in cats and are more frequently dermal nonepitheliotropic small T-cell tumors. Emergence of FPCL seems unrelated to feline leukemia virus (FeLV) serological positivity or to skin inflammation. A total of 17 cutaneous lymphomas with a history of vaccine injection at t...

Photosensitization, also known as photodermatitis, occurs when phototoxic or photoactive substances accumulate in the skin and interact with sunlight to result in an often severe, crusting, itching or painful dermatitis in unpigmented and/or lightly haired areas of the skin. Primary photosensitization, caused by direct ingestion of photosensitizing...

A 14-year-old female spayed Dachshund was presented with generalized scaling, erythema, pruritus, poor quality of hair coat, and progressive weight loss. Cutaneous epitheliotropic T-cell lymphoma (CETCL) was suspected. Skin biopsies were suggestive of CETCL. However, immunohistochemistry revealed the presence of numerous CD20+ and CD3+ cells. Clona...

Chondro-osseous respiratory epithelial adenomatoid hamartomas (COREAHs) are rare tumors in the nasal cavity of people, which have not been described in other species. COREAHs in people are minimally invasive and rarely recur following excision. Histologically, these tumors are composed of disorganized, mature, nasal turbinate tissue that is organiz...

Canine sterile nodular panniculitis (SNP) is an inflammatory disease of the panniculus that is typically managed with immunomodulatory or immunosuppressive treatments. It has been reported to be a cutaneous marker of an underlying systemic disease. To assess the presence or absence of concurrent systemic diseases associated with canine SNP and to d...

Bovine papillomaviruses (BPV1/BPV2) have long been associated with equine sarcoids; deciphering their contribution has been difficult due to their ubiquitous presence on skin and in the environment, as well as the lack of decent techniques to interrogate their role in pathogenesis. We have developed and characterized an in situ hybridization (ISH)...

Equus caballus papillomavirus 2 (EcPV2) has been proposed as an etiologic agent for genital squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), the most common malignant tumor of the horse penis. EcPV2 is commonly detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) on normal horse genitalia; therefore, unraveling the virus' role in oncogenic transformation requires other metho...

Papillomaviruses, of the family Papillomaviridae, are epitheliotropic, nonenveloped, circular, double-stranded DNA viruses that contribute to benign and malignant tumors in humans and animals. We report here the whole-genome sequence of canine papil-lomavirus type 12, found at a pigmented plaque located on the skin of a mixed-breed bloodhound.. 201...

Horses belong to the order Perissodactyla and bear the majority of their weight on their third toe; therefore, tremendous force is applied to each hoof. An inherited disease characterized by a phenotype restricted to the dorsal hoof wall was identified in the Connemara pony. Hoof wall separation disease (HWSD) manifests clinically as separation of...

Leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala) is a leguminous tree that is nutritious forage for domestic livestock when ingested in limited amounts. Unfortunately, leucaena contains mimosine, a plant amino acid, that can be toxic when ingested at higher concentrations. Reported toxic effects include alopecia (fur loss), poor body condition, infertility, low bi...

Suspected Streptomyces spp infections were identified in 4 cats at UC Davis Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital between 1982 and 2011. Three had ulcerated, dark red mycetomas involving the dermis, subcutis, and fascia with fistulous tracts and/or regional lymphadenopathy. One cat had pyogranulomatous mesenteric lymphadenitis. Granulomatous inflamm...

Objective To describe a surgical technique for laparoscopic medial iliac lymph node (MILN) extirpation, and to describe the quality of biopsy specimens obtained. DesignExperimental study. AnimalsPurpose-bred male hound-mix research dogs (n=8). Methods Dogs were randomized to groups of left or right-sided laparoscopic surgical approaches. Three tran...

Papillomaviruses with the features of epitheliotropic, nonenveloped, circular, and double-stranded DNA belong to the family Papillomaviridae, which contributes to benign and malignant tumors in humans and animals. We report the wholegenome sequence of canine papillomavirus type 11 found at a pigmented plaque located on the skin of a mixed-breed blo...

Objective To describe a technique for video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) extirpation of the tracheobronchial lymph nodes (TBLN), and to describe the quality of biopsy specimens obtained.DesignExperimental study.AnimalsPurpose-bred male hound-mix research dogs (n = 8).Methods Dogs were randomized to groups of left-sided or right-sided VATS...

Processing substantially reduces the bioavailability of lysine in pet foods, and certain populations of cats may be at risk for deficiency. A previous study reported that kittens consuming lysine deficient diets developed facial skin lesions; however these were not characterized with histopathology. The hypothesis of this study was that kittens wit...

Chronic progressive lymphedema is a disorder of many draft horse breeds that presents with progressive swelling of the distal portions of the legs. This is associated with scaling, marked dermal fibrosis, and the development of skin folds and nodules. There seems to be a genetic predisposition to altered elastin metabolism and impaired function of...

A 25-yr-old spayed female spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta) developed intermittent right pelvic limb lameness that persisted following conservative medical therapy. No obvious musculoskeletal lesions were noted on initial physical exam; however, spinal radiography was suspicious for possible intervertebral degenerative joint disease or discospondylit...

The cat (Felis silvestris catus) shows significant variation in pelage, morphological, and behavioral phenotypes amongst its over 40 domesticated breeds. The majority of the breed specific phenotypic presentations originated through artificial selection, especially on desired novel phenotypic characteristics that arose only a few hundred years ago....

Supporting Figures. Figure S1. Genome-wide scan of Tajima’s D estimate in cat populations. Black line corresponds to Cornish Rex breed and gray lines correspond to other populations. A clear decrease in the values of Tajima’s D is detected in chromosome A1 in the Cornish Rex breed. The reduction in Tajima’s D values is unique to the Cornish Rex bre...

Supporting tables. Table S1. SNPs with di values above the 99th percentile in the Cornish Rex analysis. Table S2. SNP coordinates in the cat genome with highest di values for Cornish Rex phenotype. Table S3. Consensus details homozygous regions across all Cornish Rex cats. Table S4. Gene symbols and names within the 3 Mb haplotype on chromosome A1....

Background: Calcinosis cutis is well recognized in dogs with endogenous hyperglucocorticism and iatrogenic hyperglucocorticism, but the pathogenesis is still unclear. Objectives: The objectives of the study were to identify possible correlations between histopathological patterns of dermal mineralization in skin biopsies and underlying causes fo...

Alopecia areata (AA) causes hair loss due to inflammatory changes within and around hair bulbs and lower portions of the hair follicles. Documentation of AA in horses is limited to a few case reports. The aim of this retrospective study was to characterize equine AA by describing patterns in age, sex, breed and lesion distribution in a series of ca...

Background: Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) in dogs is a heterogeneous disease complex, which consists of nonepitheliotropic (NE) and epitheliotropic forms. These lymphomas are readily recognized by the presence of dominant populations of cytologically atypical lymphocytes. Objective: The objective of this study was to introduce the key feature...

Hypothesis/objectives: To describe the clinical, histological and immunological findings of an equine case of pemphigus vulgaris, including the demonstration of antidesmoglein (anti-Dsg) autoantibodies. Case report: The diagnosis of pemphigus vulgaris was confirmed in a 9-year-old Welsh pony stallion with both direct and indirect immunofluoresce...

Papillomaviruses are epitheliotropic, nonenveloped, circular, double-stranded DNA viruses within the family Papillomaviridae that are associated with benign and malignant tumors in humans and animals. We report the complete genome sequence of canine papillomavirus type 10 identified from a pigmented plaque located on the head of a mixed-breed blood...

To describe the clinical signs, major laboratory findings, diagnostic procedures and outcome in dogs with erythema multiforme or epitheliotropic T-cell lymphoma of the oral cavity. Retrospective analysis identified 14 client-owned dogs with erythema multiforme or epitheliotropic T-cell lymphoma of the oral cavity. Histological changes were combined...

A 10-year-old Lipizzaner stallion was evaluated over the course of 1.5 years because of intermittent, recurrent colic. The horse was initially treated medically for gastric ulcers; dietary changes were made, and a deworming protocol was instituted, without resolution of colic episodes. Subsequently, the horse underwent exploratory celiotomy and a l...

To determine whether CT provides unique information about the treatment or prognosis for horses with ethmoid hematoma (EH). Retrospective case series. 16 horses with EH. Horses with a diagnosis of EH that had undergone a diagnostic CT study were included. Clinical features, treatment, outcome, radiographic and CT images, and histologic specimens we...

To (1) determine if histologic scores of pelvic flexure biopsies can predict short-term survival in horses with large colon volvulus (LCV) and (2) identify clinical variables predictive of short-term survival. Case series. Horses (n = 28) with LCV (≥360°). Medical records (January 2000–February 2008) of 28 horses were reviewed and clinical data rec...

In dogs, papillomaviruses are thought to cause oral and cutaneous papillomas and pigmented plaques. Eight canine papillomaviruses have been fully sequenced to date. Four of these canine papillomaviruses, including Canis familiaris papillomavirus (CPV)-3, CPV-4, CPV-5, and CPV-8, were amplified from pigmented plaques. Given the identification of sev...

Papillomaviruses, of the family Papillomaviridae, are epitheliotropic, nonenveloped, circular, double-stranded DNA viruses that contribute to benign and malignant tumors in humans and animals. We report here the whole-genome sequence of canine papillomavirus type 12, found at a pigmented plaque located on the skin of a mixed-breed bloodhound.

Over the past 20 years, there have been significant inroads into understanding the roles of antimicrobial peptides in homeostatic functions and their involvement in disease pathogenesis. In addition to direct antimicrobial activity, these peptides participate in many cellular functions, including chemotaxis, wound healing and even determination of...

Canine dermal haemangiosarcoma (HSA) is believed to have a better prognosis compared to HSA in other organs, but outcome has only been reported in a small number of dogs. The purpose of this study was to assess outcome and prognostic factors in a larger cohort of dogs with dermal HSA. Clinical data was collected retrospectively for 94 dogs and hist...

Equine chronic progressive lymphoedema (CPL) is a disabling disorder of draught horse breeds. Combined decongestive therapy (CDT) is the treatment of choice for lymphoedema in man and has been adapted for use in horses. Equine CDT, which includes manual lymph drainage (MLD) and subsequent bandaging with short stretch bandages, was expected to impro...

The skin functions as more than a physical barrier to infection. Epithelial cells of the skin can synthesize antimicrobial peptides, including defensins, which exhibit direct antimicrobial activity. Here we characterize the expression pattern, genetic variation and activity of the major β-defensin expressed in canine skin, canine β-defensin 103 (CB...

BACKGROUND AIMS. The use of allogeneic mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) to treat acute equine lesions would greatly expand equine cellular therapy options; however, the safety and antigenicity of these cells have not been well-studied. We hypothesized that equine allogeneic umbilical cord tissue (UCT)-derived MSC would not elicit acute graft rejection...

Medical records of dogs with sebaceous adenitis diagnosed by histopathology over an 18-year period were reviewed. From a total of 40 cases, 24 were treated with oral vitamin A. Dogs ranged from 9 months to 12 years of age at the time of disease onset. Purebred as well as mixed-breed dogs were affected. Akitas represented approximately one-third of...

Three horses presented with variably painful, nonulcerated masses of the head or neck that were diagnosed as glomus tumours. Grossly, they were fleshy, pink to tan masses ranging from 0.4 to 9 cm in diameter, involving either the deep dermis and subcutis or the subcutis and underlying skeletal muscle. Microscopically, neoplastic epithelioid cells w...

A third-generation fluoroquinolone, pradofloxacin (PRA), is currently being developed to treat bacterial infections in dogs. The purpose of this study was to assess the clinical efficacy in 20 dogs affected with superficial and deep pyoderma. An initial aerobic skin culture was performed in dogs with superficial pyoderma; aerobic/anaerobic tissue c...