Veena Kumari

• Central Food Technological Research Institute

Healthy individuals consume solid food and receive nutrition by mouth through swallowing and then digesting it. However, individuals not able to obtain nutrition by swallowing can receive Enteral Nutrition or Tube Feeding. It comprises of tubal feeding to obtain the nutrients needed by the body. There is a wide range of enteral formulations availab...

Noodles were extruded as 6 treatments using raw jackfruit bulb flour, jackfruit seed flour and refined flour in different proportion. Different levels of refined wheat flour, jackfruit seed flour and jackfruit bulb flour were added in the ratio (40:30:30, 50:25:25, 50:30:20, 50:40:10, 50:10:40, 50:20:30). This study comprises the quality analysis o...

Underexploited jackfruit can be better utilised, if consumer acceptable products like noodles can be prepared from this fruit. Jackfruit bulbs and seeds were subjected to different treatments for preparation of flour. Bulbs and seeds were standardised for optimum width, blanching, immersion in different media, drying and milling. Composite flour wa...

Effects of hemolymph Lpp-associated Hh and Lpp RNAi on Hh signaling in the wing imaginal disc. (A) Wing discs from larvae secreting moderate levels of Hh into the hemolymph under the control of npc1b-GAL4 or high levels under the control of lpp-GAL4, stained for Hh and Ci155 (see also Figure S3A). npc1b-GAL4 does not drive sufficient Hh expression...

Hh proteins can associate with different human and Drosophila lipoproteins. (A) Shh levels in supernatants and cell lysates derived from MIA PaCa-2, grown in serum-free medium with or without addition of different human lipoproteins. Equal amounts of cells (lysates) or volumes (supernatants) were analyzed by WB. Compare the significantly higher amo...

Lipoprotein-independent Hh secretion forms in imaginal discs. (A and B) Quantification of (A) Ci155 and (B) Engrailed staining of wing discs from larvae in which Lpp, LTP, or Cv-d was knocked down in the fat body by RNAi. Lpp RNAi stabilizes Ci155 throughout the anterior compartment (see also Figure 5B,D) and reduces the range of Engrailed expressi...

Signaling properties of Hh-N*. (A) Immunofluorescence of wing discs from larvae secreting Hh or Hh-N* from the fat body, stained for Hh and Ci155. Hh-N* was generated by expressing Hh in the fat body of Lpp RNAi animals. Scale bar = 100 µm. (B) Quantification of Hh staining of wing discs shown in (A). Yellow lines indicate the anterior/posterior co...

Signaling properties of Hh-N. (A) Immunofluorescence of wing discs from larvae secreting Hh or Hh-NMed from the fat body, stained for Hh, Ci155, and Engrailed. Scale bar = 50 µm. (B–D) Quantification of (B) Hh, (C) Ci155, and (D) Engrailed staining of wing discs shown in (A). Translucent lines indicate ±SD (n = 12). (E) Quantification of Ci75 level...

Shh is secreted in lipoprotein-associated and lipoprotein-free forms. (A) Shh levels in cell lysates from HeLa cells transfected with human Shh, grown in serum-free medium or in the presence of 10% FBS, analyzed by Western blotting (WB). (B) Density of different Shh lipid modification mutants. Supernatants from HeLa cells transfected with Shh, ShhC...

Properties of circulating Drosophila Hh and human Shh. (A) Shh is present in lipoprotein-containing fractions in human circulation. Lipoproteins were isolated from 4 ml of human serum (Sigma) by KBr density centrifugation [65]. Membranous vesicles (along with large lipoproteins such as chylomicrons and VLDL—see also Figure S12A) were pelleted by ce...

Molecular properties of different Hh/Shh secretion forms. (A) WB of Shh fractionated by size and density. Supernatants from Shh-transfected HeLa cells grown in the presence of FBS were analyzed by gel filtration chromatography. Column fractions were pooled as indicated and subsequently analyzed by both Triton-X 114 phase separation and Optiprep den...

The Drosophila hemolymph as a system to study Hh secretion. (A) Hemolymph Hh levels in larvae expressing Hh under the control of different GAL4 drivers, analyzed by WB. lpp-GAL4 is strongly active in the fat body; myoIA-GAL4 is mostly and strongly active in the gut; npc1b-GAL4 is moderately active in the midgut; en105-GAL4 is mostly and strongly ac...

Drosophila embryos produce Hh-N*. (A) Experimental scheme to purify Hh-N* from Drosophila embryos. Embryonic extracts for experiments shown in (B–F) were prepared with 100 mM Na2CO3, pH 9. Embryonic extracts for experiments shown in (H) and (I) were prepared in 10 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8, 0.5 M NaCl. All buffers used for preparation of embryonic extracts...

Ultracentrifuge sedimentation and Triton X-114 phase separation behavior of lipoproteins and Hh proteins. (A) Different human lipoprotein classes isolated from human serum were centrifuged at 100,000 g for 2 h. Equal volumes of input and 100,000 g supernatants (S) were separated by gel electrophoresis and visualized by Coomassie staining. Note that...

Lipoproteins repress the signaling activity of Shh-N*. (A) Shh-N* isolated from HeLa cells grown in serum-free medium was incubated in PBS containing 1% FBS at 37°C with constant shaking and subsequently fractionated by density gradient centrifugation. Shh-N* that was not exposed to serum served as a control. After incubation with serum, the vast m...

Author Summary Hedgehog (Hh) proteins are conserved secreted signaling molecules that regulate embryonic development and adult tissue homeostasis. Ectopic Hh signaling promotes tumorigenesis, and secretion of mammalian Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) by many tumors supports their growth and survival. As Hh proteins are covalently modified by sterol and palmit...