Varadharajan Sridhar

International Institute of Information Technology Bangalore | IIITB · Centre for Information Technology and Public Policy (CITAPP)

As usage of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies across industries increases, there is a growing need for creating large marketplaces to host and transact good quality data sets to train AI algorithms. Our study analyses the characteristics of such an oligopsony crowdsourced AI Marketplace (AIM) that has sets of large number of producers and f...

The introduction of dynamic spectrum access (DSA) technologies in mobile markets faces technical, economic and regulatory challenges. This paper defines industry openness and spectrum centralization as the two key factors that affect the adoption of DSA technologies. The adoption process is analyzed employing a comprehensive System Dynamics model t...

Offshore software development using geographically distributed teams is an accepted practice in software development today. However, software development companies have largely only offshored the software development lifecycle’s coding and testing phases. However, lately, offshoring the requirements analysis (RA) phase has become increasingly viabl...

In emerging countries such as India, mobile is becoming the primary and possibly the only device for accessing Internet and other information services. In this article, we identify three variables, namely, (a) wireless broadband connectivity (b) affordable smartphones and (c) localised content and applications that drive the value proposition of Mo...

After a command and control paradigm of spectrum management lasting from 2001 to 2008, India has gone in for a phased transition to a liberalised regime. Notable elements of this change include the unbundling of spectrum from the service licence, the choice of the auction mechanism for the assignment of spectrum and the freedom to use a spectrum bl...

Radio spectrum for commercial mobile services continues to be scarce. Countries around the world have recognized the importance of efficient utilization of this scarce resource and have initiated regulatory and policy steps towards flexible approaches to spectrum management, including sharing of licensed spectrum, and releasing unlicensed spectrum...

The emergence of broadband networks - both wireline and wireless - has assisted in fostering the applications and content development, and provided content and application providers with a huge and growing addressable market with very low barriers to entry. However, there is always a tension between end-user connectivity providers and CAPs on the n...

Micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs) are always on the lookout for simple but effective IT solutions that will present new business opportunities. For example, MSMEs exploited the Internet to join the global online business-to-business marketplace. Might they do the same in emerging countries with explosive growth in smartphones--not only c...

The authors tackle the complexity of radio spectrum decisions taking into account the delicate context dependencies. They bridge technology, economics, and regulation with ease and link international cases with the most relevant current spectrum issues in the Indian growth market.' —Heikki Hämmäinen, Professor, Aalto University, Finland 'This is a...

Process, technology, and project factors have been increasingly driving organizations to offshore early software development phases, such as requirements analysis. This emerging trend necessitates greater control and process facilitation between client and vendor sites. The effectiveness of control and facilitation has, however, not been examined w...

Demand for wireless data and Internet services are expected to grow exponentially, both in advanced and emerging markets in the near future. While advanced countries have often used centralized planning and coordination methodology to forecast and allocate the associated spectrum blocks to wireless operators for meeting the demand, it is often ad-h...

In this research essay, the authors envision a Platform-on-Platform (PoP) model to understand the (r)evolutionary nature of future networks, with examples and constructs from the two most pervasive networks, namely the Internet and the mobile cellular networks. First, they articulate how PoP model is conceptualized on the economic principles of n-s...

Demand for wireless data and Internet services are expected to grow exponentially, worldwide, in the near future. While regulators of advanced countries have often used centralized planning and coordination approach to forecast and allocate the associated spectrum blocks to wireless operators for meeting the demand, it is often ad-hoc in emerging m...

Technology convergence has enabled provisioning of media in various forms (newspapers, books, magazines and video) through a wide range of devices such as Smartphones, Tablets, and Laptops. There is also a paradigm shift in the delivery of media through a simple one-way broadcast network to two-way networks of networks.

Women Self Help Groups (SHGs) in rural areas of India are involved in livelihood activities that include production of items from locally available raw material. The SHGs face challenges in terms of marketing and distribution, scaling of production, access to market requirements, and lack of branding of their products. One of the many reasons for t...

This book discusses the innovations in the telecom industry in India. It specifically describes the sub-segments of Indian telecom, providing insights into critical technology, market, and regulatory issues. It also demonstrates how the triad of technology, regulation, and policy can help optimize the critical factors for enabling growth of the sub...

Demand for wireless data and Internet services are expected to grow exponentially, in advanced and emerging markets in the near future. While advanced countries have often used centralized planning and coordination methodology to forecast and allocate the associated spectrum blocks to wireless operators for meeting demand, often its ad-hoc in emerg...

Much like the financial crisis that precipitated a new world order, a quiet revolution of some sorts is happening in the telecom industry worldwide. The bankruptcy of stalwarts such as Nortel and the impregnation of Google and Apple into the mobile phone space at an amazing alacrity are changing the world order once dominated by the likes of biggie...

Globalization of software development has resulted in a rapid shift away from the traditional collocated, on-site development model, to the offshoring model. Emerging trends indicate an increasing interest in offshoring even in early phases like requirements analysis. Additionally, the flexibility offered by the agile development approach makes it...

With more than 500 million subscribers, India is the second largest mobile phone market in the world after China. With an average of 15 operators having been given licenses and 8 operators already providing the second generation (2G) mobile services in each service area, the Indian mobile market is also the most competitive in the world. Spectrum w...

Sasken, a communication software company based in India, provided research and development support to leading wireless device vendors from its offshore centres. In 2006, Sasken was tasked with building an advanced multimedia player for high-end mobile handsets for the Japanese market. The Japanese market was one of the most advanced in the mobile s...

This chapter introduces traffic separation technique and presents several traffic separation approaches to transmit HSPA (HSDPA/HSUPA) traffic and UMTS Release 99 (R99) traffic over a shared access transport network. The traffic separation technique enables QoS differentiations of HSPA and R99 traffic, while aiming to achieve a maximum utilization...

The process of information systems planning is critically dependent on the users of the system. The involvement and participation of these users and its impact on the effectiveness of IS planning has not been studied in the literature. In this article we address the effect of user involvement and participation on the quality of IS planning projects...

Quick deployment, competition, and reduced prices have propelled the growth of mobile services in India much like in other developing and transitional countries. India has the second largest mobile subscriber base in the world, and continues to exhibit phenomenal growth. It is the objective of this study to determine the effect of different techno-...

With 225 million subscribers, India has the world’s third largest mobile subscriber base in the world. The Indian mobile industry is also one of the most competitive in the world with 4-7 operators in each service area. A large number of operators bring competition and its associated benefits such as decrease in price and hence corresponding growth...

WirelessComSoft, a software company based in India, provided research and development outsourcing support in an Intellectual Property strong wireless communication products and services space. Over a period, WirelessComSoft developed a robust information security infrastructure and complied with industry standard auditing procedures. However, imple...

Consumer-oriented electronic commerce is a global phenomenon. However, while online transactions are readily accepted by consumers in some countries, in others consumers seem to be less accepting. This paper uses diffusion of innovation theory in combination with literature on culture and information technology to examine the question of whether cu...

Globalization of software development has resulted in a rapid shift away from the traditional collocated, on-site development model, to the offshoring model. Emerging trends indicate an increasing interest in offshoring even in early phases like requirements analysis. Additionally, the flexibility offered by the agile development approach makes it...

This paper outlines the various stages of spectrum policy in India and highlights the underlying principle of maximal usage of spectrum advocated in the policy. It argues that allocative efficiency is a more appropriate policy measure and illustrates the absence of allocative efficiency in the Indian mobile industry. Possible causes of allocative i...

The process of information systems planning is critically dependent on the users of the system. The involvement and participation of these users and its impact on the effectiveness of IS planning has not been studied in the literature. In this article we address the effect of user involvement arid participation on the quality of IS planning project...

Globalization of software development has resulted in a rapid shift away from the traditional collocated, on-site development model, to the offshoring model. Emerging trends indicate an increasing interest in offshoring even in early phases like requirements analysis. Additionally, the flexibility offered by the agile development approach makes it...

Quick deployment and advancement in technologies have propelled the growth of mobile services in China. Since China contributes to about 20% of world’s mobile subscriber base, it is important to study the factors that affect the growth of mobile telecom services. However, penetration of mobile services is not uniform across different regions of Chi...

Globalization of software development has resulted in a rapid shift away from the traditional collocated, on-site development model, to the offshoring model. Emerging trends indicate an increasing interest in offshoring even in early phases like requirements analysis. Additionally, the flexibility offered by the agile development approach makes it...

The off-shore software development companies in countries such as India use a global delivery model in which initial requirement analysis phase of software projects get executed at client locations to leverage frequent and deep interaction between user and developer teams. Subsequent phases such as design, coding and testing are completed at off-sh...

The off-shore software development companies in countries such as India use a global delivery model in which initial requirement analysis phase of software projects get executed at client locations to leverage frequent and deep interaction between user and developer teams. Subsequent phases such as design, coding and testing are completed at off-sh...

The off-shore software development companies in countries such as India use a global delivery model in which initial requirement analysis phase of software projects get executed at client locations to leverage frequent and deep interaction between user and developer teams. Subsequent phases such as design, coding and testing are completed at off-sh...

The off-shore software development companies in countries such as India use a global delivery model in which initial requirement analysis phase of software projects get executed at client locations to leverage frequent and deep interaction between user and developer teams. Subsequent phases such as design, coding and testing are completed at off-sh...

With 225 million subscribers, India has the world's third largest mobile subscriber base in the world. The Indian mobile industry is also one of the most competitive in the world with 4-7 operators in each service area. A large number of operators bring competition and its associated benefits such as decrease in price and hence corresponding growth...

Globalization of operations, reduced time to market, increased need to respond quickly to customers' needs worldwide and reduced cost of operations have encouraged many business organizations to adopt global virtual teams for their business activities. In this study, we explore a comprehensive model consisting of different variables that impact per...

This article examines the recommendations of the Telecommunications Regulatory Authority of India for preventing the "winner's curse" and promoting a healthy competitive environment for sustaining the growth of this exponentially growing industry.

Businesses that are involved in offshore software development often operate in a virtual project environment in which peer teams located at customer premise exchange project specifications with the offshore software development facility. To understand the complex issues in such a virtual project environment during the requirements definition phase...

This chapter presents a conceptual model that explains how e-commerce adoption in developing countries is affected by various infrastructure enablers and socio-economic variables. It describes the status of infrastructure enabler variables such as computer and Internet penetration, quality and speed of Internet connectivity, security infrastructure...

Quick deployment, competition, advancement in technologies, and reduced prices have propelled the growth of mobile services in India much like in other developing and transition countries. Since India has the third largest mobile subscriber base in the world, it is important to study the factors that affect the growth of mobile telecom services in...

Penetration of mobile services is not uniform across the country. While some areas of the country have experienced exponential growth, the other areas, especially economically disadvantaged, have very low mobile density. This mobile divide is a serious concern for government, policy makers and telecom operators. Predicting growth of subscriber base...

In this study, we investigate empirically the relationship between telephone penetration and economic growth, using data for developing countries. Using 3SLS, we estimate a system of equations that endogenizes economic growth and telecom penetration. We find that the traditional economic factors explain demand for mainline and mobile phones, even i...

The global software development environment brings with itself abundant business opportunities as well as challenges in terms of coordination, communication and control. Recent years have also witnessed the growth of the agile movement. To address the global software development challenges there is a need to combine the flexibility offered by the g...

The growing trend in offshore software development has imposed new skills requirements on collaborating global partners. In the U.S. this has translated into skill sets that include communications, project management, business analysis, and team management. In a virtual setting, these skills take on a complex proportion. This paper describes an edu...

This article suggests a revision of the Telecommunications Regulatory Authority of India's bidding process that allocates spectrum space to mobile phone service providers for the provision of 3G services.

Round-the-clock work cycle, low cost of software development, and access to specialized skills have prompted many companies in the USA, Canada, and Europe to outsource some or part of their software development work to off-shore centers in countries such as India. While design, development, and testing phases that are traditionally off-shored requi...

Quick deployments, competition, advancement in technologies and reduced cost of access have propelled the growth of mobile services in India. Predicting growth of subscriber base is critical for service providers so that they can plan their network investments accordingly. Accurate forecast of subscriber base will also help policy makers and regula...

Given the digital divide between the developed and developing world, and recent findings that mobile phones can bridge this divide, we develop a causal model that analyses the effect of telecom penetration on economic development in developing economies. The paper addresses the following questions to understand the dynamics of this causal connectio...

Survivability, also known as terminal reliability, refers to keeping at least one path between specified network nodes so that some or all of traffic between nodes is routed through. Survivability in high capacity telecommunication networks is crucial as failure of network component such as nodes or links between nodes can potentially bring down th...

Round-the-clock work cycle, low cost of software development, and access to specialized skills have prompted many companies in the USA, Canada, and Europe to outsource some or part of their software development work to off-shore centers in countries such as India. While design, development, and testing phases that are traditionally offshored requir...

Electronic commerce is often touted as a global phenomenon. However, most studies of e-commerce have focused on more developed countries. While it is important to understand e-commerce in the context of richer, more developed countries, it also impacts developing countries. Using diffusion of innovation theory, and literature on trustworthiness in...

Survivability refers to keeping a system partially or fully operational when one or more of its components fail. Survivability in telecommunication networks is crucial, as failure of a network component can potentially bring down the whole communication network, as happened in some real-world cases. Adding redundant network components increases the...

Businesses that are involved in offshore software development often operate in a virtual project environment in which peer teams located at customer premise exchange project specifications with the offshore software development facility. To understand the complex issues in such a virtual project environment during the requirements definition phase...

This paper provides a survey on studies that analyze the macroeconomic effects of intellectual property rights (IPR). The first part of this paper introduces different patent policy instruments and reviews their effects on R&D and economic growth. This part also discusses the distortionary effects and distributional consequences of IPR protection a...

Telecom policies should be developed to foster the positive effects of network externalities, which enable the building up of a critical mass of users for services, thus motivating further growth.

The cellular industry all over the world has been witnessing very high growth rates in subscriber base in recent years. For developing countries in particular, cellular services are becoming a very significant proportion of the overall telecom infrastructure. The mechanics of competition within this market involve complex feedback effects between i...

Global software development projects use virtual teams, which are primarily linked through computer and telecommunications technologies across national boundaries. Global virtual teams rarely meet in a face-to-face context and thus face challenging problems not associated with traditional colocated teams. To understand the complex issues in a virtu...

The cellular industry all over the world has been witnessing very high growth rates in subscriber base in recent years. For developing countries in particular, cellular services are becoming a very significant proportion of the overall telecom infrastructure. The mechanics of competition within this market involve complex feedback effects between i...

Global software development projects use virtual teams, which are primarily linked through computer and telecommunications technologies across national boundaries. Global Virtual Teams rarely meet in a faceto -face context and thus face challenging problems not associated with traditional co-located teams. To understand the complex issues in a virt...

In the standard urban model, employment is concentrated in the Central Business District (CBD) and the locational choice of households is modeled solely on access to the employment center. Now, technology has facilitated the emergence of new office environments where work is done at unconventional locations that were earlier in the CBD. While the u...

We develop a Benders-and-cut algorithm for fixed-charge capacitated network design problem which incorporates both Benders cuts and polyhedral cuts into an implicit branch-and-bound algorithm. The algorithm is tested over a wide range of problem instances with varying sizes and traffic conditions. It is shown that this new algorithm’s performance i...

We develop a method to determine the topology of a network that interconnects a number of token rings using source routing bridges. The purpose is to compute a topology that provides low response delays for network users at a minimal cost of bridge installations. We formulate this network design problem as a mixed binary integer linear program. We...

We consider a variant of B⁺-tree called the B⁺-tree with physical clustering (BC), which is exemplified by VSAM key-sequenced datasets. In this file, logically contiguous data buckets are physically clustered in a storage unit called a region in order to enhance the efficiency of sequential processing. As a consequence, recor...

We address the problem of determining the topology and bridge-capacity assignments for a network connecting a number of token rings via source-routing bridges. The objective is to minimize the cost of bridge installations while meeting the network users' performance requirements. The problem is modeled as a mixed 0–1 integer program. A comparison i...