Valerie Merindol

• Dr (Pol sc), HDR (Manag)
• Chair at PSB, Paris school of Business

Purpose Showing that the contribution of innovation spaces to the development of collaborative innovation projects remains ambiguous for both independent innovation spaces and those run by large organizations, this research proposes to highlight the essential role of boundary spanners to make such projects emerge from innovation spaces. Design/met...

Livre blanc sur l'open lab Y.SPOT

Purpose Innovation management in the healthcare sector has undergone significant evolutions over the last decades. These evolutions have been investigated from a variety of perspectives: clusters, ecosystems of innovation, digital ecosystems and regional ecosystems, but the dynamics of networks have seldom been analyzed under the lenses of entrepre...

Research about the emergence of communities has mainly focused on a single context of interaction, either physical or virtual. To uncover the relationships between different contexts (physical, cognitive and virtual), the article investigates the progressive construction of different communities linked to collaborative spaces. Through a qualitative...

[ENG] The article examines the modes of coordination adopted within modern communities as presented by Adler (2001) and Amin and Cohendet (2004) as major modes of organization of activities in the context of the knowledgebased economy. This research aims to show the originality of the combination of resilient trust and reflexive trust, price and hi...

L’article étudie les modes de coordination adoptés au sein des communautés modernes présentées par Adler (2001) et Amin et Cohendet (2004) comme des modes majeurs d’organisation des activités dans le contexte de l’économie fondée sur la connaissance. Cette recherche vise à montrer l’originalité de la combinaison entre la confiance résiliente et réf...

Purpose Health care ecosystems instantiate different innovation trajectories, driven either by science-/techno-push or user-centric rationales. This article focuses on organization intermediaries (OIs), respectively, active in health care ecosystems driven by science- and techno-push versus user-centric innovation processes; it aims at characterizi...

La recherche menée s’intéresse aux espaces collaboratifs de l’entrepreneuriat. Notre projet vise à comprendre comment la protection sociale est appréhendée au sein des tiers-lieux, en interrogeant les entrepreneurs, les gestionnaires, et employés de ces lieux. Il explore en détail les pratiques, les relations, et les dispositifs qui se construisent...

Cet article analyse les modes d’animation des réseaux assurés par les organisations intermédiaires (OIs) pour aider les écosystèmes en santé à répondre aux défis de l’innovation ouverte. La méthode qualitative compare les modes d’animation des réseaux de 8 cas d’OIs localisées en France. L’article apporte trois contributions. Il identifie les diffé...

AVAILABLE FOR PUBLIC RELEASE ON 31-JAN-2021 RESEARCH COMMISSIONED BY BPIFRANCE DEEPTECHS DIRECTORATE AND BPIFRANCE LE LAB

Jusqu’à présent, la conduite des programmes s’appuie sur des processus très contrôlés et très directifs. Or, il faut désormais trouver de nouvelles méthodes plus agiles, permettant de mieux prendre en compte les innovations, les propositions des utilisateurs et les ressources d’autres acteurs ne venant pas de la défense.

This article investigates recent evolutions in Defence-related innovation management, and its reorganisation towards joint efforts operating user-centric innovation and open innovation rationales in parallel to more traditional perspectives framed by the (top-down) management of technologies. It is the introductory paper of a series of policy paper...

Translating, transforming and assembling new knowledge are essential boundary practices for creative processes, especially in an open innovation context. Only few studies highlight the role of individuals in these practices. This article aims to deepen the function they can take through the properties and uses of intermediary objects and negotiatio...

The adoption of Management Innovation in organizations is difficult to investigate. Controversies exist on the nature of Design thinking (DT), which can be used as a toolbox for managers, or as a theory of design practice. Based on a multi-case study, this article investigates the impacts brought by DT in organizations, in terms of new practices an...

In this contribution, we investigate the use of boundary objects (Star and Griesemer) for the orchestration of resources (Teece). We propose a comparative case study elaborating on two Dassault Aviation military fighters under an abductive approach. In this contribution, we elaborate on the micro-foundations approach. Our contribution discusses sev...

download for free from http://innov-sante.newpic.fr Le secteur de la santé porte des problématiques majeures de nos sociétés modernes. Les sujets sont nombreux et multiples : aspects thérapeutiques (par exemple avec les biotechs), enjeux sociétaux (par exemple la prise en compte de la dépendance), gestion du parcours de soin (par exemple avec les...

In this contribution, we investigate the use of boundary objects (Star and Griesemer) for the orchestration of resources (Teece). We propose a comparative case study elaborating on two Dassault Aviation military fighters under an abductive approach. In this contribution, we elaborate on the microfoundations approach. Our contribution discusses seve...

Our research report is available for free download from the url: http://innovasia.newpic.fr The report is available in French language only.

The European - Security and Defence Union

Cet article étudie les caractéristiques des structures de transfert technologique et des laboratoires d’innovation ouverte gérés par les universités et organismes de recherche. Il compare leurs rôles comme intermédiaires des relations science–entreprises en fonction des modes 2 et 3 de production des connaissances proposés par Etzkowitz & al (1997)...

This research focuses on managerial roles and practices in the local-global deployment of the orchestration of resources. We aim at understanding how local and global managers contribute to 'sensing', 'seizing' and 'reconfiguring' in a transnational firm. We offer an exploratory, explanatory and theory-building case study and an abductive method gr...

This article provides an original framework for analyzing networks of scientific collaborations in Europe at regional level. Which are the determinants of the observed clustering phenomenon? Which is the role of the territories? The aim of this article is to provide empirical evidence in order to answer to these questions. For this, we base our ana...

The structural changes inside the French innovation system have impacted the role of defense firms since the late 1980s. Major changes have affected the defense budget and public R&D funding system in particular. The aim of this article is to understand French defense firms’ repositioning within the National Innovation System (NIS) based on an anal...

Cet article analyse les capacités hautement créatives comme un ensemble de ressources et compétences permettant d'accéder à une variété de connaissances distantes, de les articuler et de préserver leur redondance pour aboutir à des idées nouvelles et originales. Basé sur une étude de cas exploratoire sur les laboratoires d'innovation ouverte de tro...

L’Innovation Factory, Bpifrance Le HUB et Paris&Co publient une étude sur les lieux d’innovation en Ile-de-France, menée par Valérie Merindol et David W. Versailles, enseignants chercheurs de la Chaire NewPIC de Paris School of Business. Dans un contexte économique et technologique en mutation, de nouveaux lieux émergent, propices à l’installation...

Les laboratoires d’innovation ouverte (LIO) sont vecteur de diffusion des pratiques et valeurs entrepreneuriales dans l’entreprise. À partir de la comparaison de onze de ces dispositifs dans neuf grandes entreprises françaises, cet article met en perspective les caractéristiques clés des LIO, leurs missions, le rôle des salariés, leur relation au r...

The article defines creative capabilities in established firms in the open innovation context. Creative ideas emerge from the confrontation between un-related knowledge assets mutually enriching each other. Hybridization amplifies with the variety of actors and experiences. With an exploratory case study, we identify that creative capabilities rely...

The goal of this article is to investigate the key characteristics of intermediaries between science (universities or research organizations) and industry in relation with the knowledge production modes 2 and 3 as described by Etzkowitz & al (1997) and Carayannis & al (2009). We identify two main types of organizational intermediaries managed by un...

To cite: Capdevila, I., & Mérindol, V. (2016). Les open labs de la recherche et de l’enseignement supérieur. In Le Livre blanc des Open Labs: Quelles pratiques ? Quels changements en France ? Paris: PBS Paris Business School / ANRT.

In this contribution, we address the rationales of the management of dynamic capabilities in relation with coordination and interaction between managers in the different steps of “sensing”, “seizing” and “reconfiguring” (Teece, 2007, 2014), in reference to the use of boundary objects (Star & Griesemer). We propose a comparative case study elaborat...

Depuis quelques années, on assiste à la multiplication de ce qui sera défini dans ce chapitre comme des « open labs », au-delà de la diversité des intitulés existants. Ces dispositifs, qui associent généralement un lieu et une démarche, peuvent être créés par des acteurs très divers (entreprises, universités, écoles, collectivités locales, associat...

Ce livre blanc réalise un état des lieux des « open labs », phénomène émergent en France. Au-delà de la diversité des initiatives (Fab Labs, Living Labs, hackerspaces / makerspaces, TechShops), il propose une définition plus englobante et générique du phénomène : les « open labs » constituent un lieu et une démarche portés par des acteurs divers, e...

Cet article étudie comment les entreprises s’approprient les idées nouvelles produites à l’extérieur de leurs frontières à travers l’analyse de trois dimensions clés qui influencent la créativité et son assimilation par les organisations : les boundary spanners, les objets intermédiaires et les trading zones. Nous analysons comment le management de...

The article aims at identifying the variety of integration practices, and demonstrating how teams enact this capacity. At the team level, we focus on the relationships between team reflexivity and the various forms of integration. We explore and compare five innovation cases based on SEB’s business unit “Kitchen electric” that specializes in cookwa...

In this contribution, we address the acquisition of dynamic capabilities in global firms, and investigate the nature of (organizational and collective) mechanisms and processes suited to generating adaptation and strategic flexibility in global firms confronted to discrepant ecosystems. We propose a comparative case study elaborating on several pro...

The article investigates the link between technological challenges and knowledge capacities in order to understand the evolution of the ecosystem in the context of technological change. The article focuses on focal organization. Technological challenges are appraised with respect to this nature and location. The article shows that the transformatio...

Au sein des grandes firmes multi-technologiques, les capacités dynamiques reposent sur le fait de penser simultanément la diversité et la cohérence entre les technologies et les produits. Peu de travaux ont cherché à étudier comment cette cohérence se manage au sein de l’entreprise. Cet article analyse comment le business model peut constituer un...

This call for papers associates with the AIMS research group "Resources, Competences, and Dynamic Capabilities". The workshop will be held in PARIS (75013) on March 22+23, 2016. Papers will be accepted in French and in English.

Les entreprises du secteur défense valorisent les approches duales permettant de mieux capitaliser sur des compétences et des synergies entre marchés civils et militaires, dans une logique de meilleure efficience et d’accroissement des seuils de rentabilité.

Information technology and the variety of forms of co-creation : Toward a new paradigm for American Defense This article investigates the role of Defence as an active user of technology. It shows that two user centric models of innovation co-exist : the owner and Lead user status. The article analyses the consequences of user’s characteristics on t...

Cette étude a été commandée par l'Observatoire économique de la Défense du Ministère de la Défense. Pour les entreprises, la dualité consiste à tirer parti de l’exploitation de compétences, de technologies, de produits, de procédés pour satisfaire des besoins exprimés à la fois sur des marchés différents, civils et militaires. Aujourd’hui, la forte...

Gouvernance de l'innovation : Une analyse de la cohérence des dispositifs de coordination à travers la gestion des connaissances Thèse pour l'habilitation à diriger des recherches Discipline : Sciences de gestion Présentée et soutenue publiquement par

The diversity of European regions in terms of R&D and of absorptive capacities has been extensively investigated but without taking into account all dimensions of the regional innovation systems. Even though the variety of connections is a source of constraints and opportunities for the development of territories, few analytical contributions have...

Today patents contribute to several dimensions of a firm’s strategy in order to improve its technological and competitive leadership. The purpose of the article is to identify the implication of the strategic role of patents on the acquisition of new organizational capabilities. It analyses why changes are slow in the French firms as compared to th...

The recent upsurge in patent applications has raised a number of concerns regarding the use and value of patents. The aim of this paper is to investigate the respective contribution of patent, firm and sector characteristics to this value, which is assessed through two indicators based on forward citations: the number of forward citations and the g...

This paper provides an original framework for investigating scientific collaboration networks at European regional level. Is European scientific area an integrated system? Are the European regions organized around a core? Which are the determinants explaining the transition of region from periphery towards a core position? To answer these questions...

The governance of innovation represents a key issue because of the complexity of technologies and of the variety of stakeholders in presence. Three main coordination mechanisms prevail: communities, hierarchies, and market-based processes (Amin & Cohendet, 2004; Adler, 2001). In each of them, coordination and exchanges rely on different engines, re...

The aim of this paper is to analyze the impact of firm and sector characteristics on the quality of patents, once it has been controlled for patent characteristics. To do so, we perform a wide cross-sector analysis based on a large multi-sector database.The quality of patents is measured in terms of breakthrough inventions, that is, the top one per...

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How important is the market for the sale of patents? What are the determinants of patent trade? Market for ideas concerns all the transactions related to already existing technologies excluding others technological exchange as in the case of human mobility (i.e. labour market) or R&D collaborations (Arora and Gambardella 2010, p.777). However the e...

This paper explores the diversity of 66 French competitiveness clusters, which were all accredited in 2005 according to the same specifications, by characterizing the initial context in which they emerged and taking a close look at the link between this initial context and their current performance. Since French competitiveness cluster policy is b...

La diversité des régions européennes en matière de R&D et de leur capacité d’absorption (Oughton & al 2002 ; Pinto, 2009) a fait l’objet de nombreux travaux sans que pour autant toutes les dimensions des systèmes régionaux d’innovation n’aient été prises en compte (Cooke, 2005). Cet article propose de contribuer à l’analyse des caractéristiques des...

Defence innovation systems are structured around two main groups of players that interact in the development of complex programmes: the state (the client and the government agency) and the systems integrators. Technological and institutional changes since the 1990s have affected the division of labour and knowledge in the industry. In this paper, w...

RESUME Les compétences technologiques et organisationnelles sont difficiles à identifier, en particulier dans des périodes de changement de contexte. Si la littérature sur les compétences et les connaissances est riche, la possibilité d'opérationnaliser les concepts demeure souvent limitée. En particulier les organisations sont souvent démunies pou...

Innovate, yes - but how? Our second chapter presents strategic awareness tools and how they are used to support innovation. We describe how these tools are involved in decision-making and explain how they are changing with new information technologies, in particular the Web 2.0. In what way does a strategic awareness service contribute to producing...

Les clusters représentent de plus en plus un instrument de politique industrielle tant aux niveaux national qu’européen. En France, les pôles de compétitivité ont été impulsés par l’Etat français en 2004 pour renforcer les liens entre les acteurs d’un territoire (entreprises grandes et petites, établissements de recherche et de formation) actifs su...

French “competitiveness clusters” were set up in 2005 to strengthen cooperation between small and large enterprises, and training and research institutions working on similar topics and located in the same geographical area, with the aim of making this area more competitive and attractive through enhanced innovation. Our analysis of this set of abo...

This contribution aims at demonstrating that dual-use policies represent now a dimension central to military R&D policies and should not be understood only as a transfer mechanism between the civilian and the military. The paper investigates the concept of dual-use policies in the framework of Knowledge-Oriented Policies (KOP). Il will elaborate on...

French “competitiveness clusters” were set up in 2005 to strengthen cooperation between small and large enterprises, and training and research institutions working on similar topics and located in the same geographical area, with the aim of making this area more competitive and attractive through enhanced innovation. Our analysis of this set of abo...

L'auteure s'interroge sur le rôle de la défense en matière d'innovation et analyse le rôle des interactions entre institutions civiles et militaires d'une part, et nationales et supranationales d'autre part. Une problématique au carrefour des sciences politiques, du management et des technologies civiles et militaires. oui

Defense industrial architecture are structured by prime contractors in charge of system integration, and by the States that act as unique clients and owners of the programs. These actors interact closely together for the elaboration of Defense programs. Institutional and technological evolutions have affected the division of labor and the division...

Current investigations in job prospective improve project human resources management. Their implementation remains somehow ambiguous. This contribution proposes a job prospective methodology grounded in the relationship between individual tasks and collective competences. It inquires into the activities of combat pilots in the French Air force at t...

L’émergence d’une économie fondée sur la connaissance a profondément modifié le rôle de la Défense dans l’innovation. A partir des années 1990, la Défense n’est plus considérée comme une locomotive technologique mais son niveau d’implication dans le processus d’innovation n’a pas pour autant été clairement redéfini. En s’intéressant à son statut d’...

L’étude comparée de la prospective et de la planification stratégiques a rarement été réalisée pour mettre en évidence leurs caractéristiques fondamentales et pour analyser les formes possibles de coordination de ces deux outils d’aide à la décision à l’intérieur des grandes organisations. En reliant la prospective et la planification stratégiques...

March's and Nooteboom's contributions to the analysis of the dynamics of innovation have made an analysis of the learning processes possible on the basis of the mechanisms associated to exploration and exploitation. This contribution develops an approach of the dynamics of innovation between heterogeneous actors committed to stable and recurring re...

L’objectif de cet article est d’appréhender le rôle des communautés de savoir et de la hiérarchie dans les processus d’apprentissage organisationnel et leur complémentarité pour permettre à l’organisation de s’adapter et de renforcer ses compétences. Leur combinaison dépend en grande partie de la culture de l’organisation et de l’existence de routi...

Innovation is not simply a body of practice but also a body of behaviors, a complex frameset of interactions, learning processes and co-evolution between actors and institutions. This paper elaborates on the opposition between cooperative-learning and competitive-learning situations and on three knowledge levels in technology diffusion: technical,...

Cet article pour objectif d'analyser le rôle de l'État client de systèmes d'armes - la Défense- au sein de réseaux d'innovation en prenant en compte son statut d'usager de la technologie. Face à la diversité de plus en plus grande des réseaux, la Défense occupe une place beaucoup plus variée qu'autrefois dans le processus d'innovation. Pour prendre...

The Transatlantic Technological Gap : Between Myth and Reality This article offers a study of the transatlantic scientific and technological gap, starting from a combination of elements, such as fund differentials in Research and Development (R&D) and the management of intangible assets (production of knowledge and competences). Beyond macroeconomi...

For decades, the explanation of Defence decision processes occurred in the general framework of the military industrial complexes. This system can be described as a web of interactions within stable relations where the ministries of Defence played a leading role due to their three-part function as the sole client (monopsony), the resource allocator...

Au cours des années 1980-1990, trois grandes contraintes ont introduit des évolutions majeures au sein de la politique d'acquisition d'armement. La première repose sur la rapidité du changement technologique. La seconde concerne la variété de missions et d'emplois des équipements de Défense. La troisième contrainte concerne l'ampleur des restrictio...

Généralement la création de connaissances est perçue comme un attribut de l’organisation et non pas du réseau dans lequel elles agissent. La conception de produits technologiquement complexes requiert de plus en plus de recourir à des collaborations stables ; elle suppose le partage des connaissances entre firmes qui collaborent et l’intégration de...

The conception of complex products requires the support of stable networks of contributors and supposes sharing knowledge between contributing firms, under the leadership of a system integrator. We investigate knowledge articulation in integration networks and alliances in reference to Boisot’s strategic management of knowledge. We conclude that ti...

During decades, the actors associated to the decision processes have stabilized their relations in the general framework of th e military industrial complexes. This system can be featured as a web of interactions enclosed in stable relations where the ministries of Defence plaid a leading role due to their threefold situation: unique client (monops...