Tzu-Hua Wang

National Tsing Hua University | NTHU · Department of Education and Learning Technology

Visual development in infancy is crucial for establishing neural connections and enhancing the growth of the visual center. Adequate visual stimulation supports cognitive learning, helping children integrate images, colors, and shapes. This research examines the design and use of a visual image teaching aid to guide children in exploring image cogn...

This research delves into the examination of the correlation between service learning and critical digital literacy among preservice preschool teachers in Taiwan, with a particular emphasis on the role of online social capital. The survey took place in Taiwan with preservice preschool teachers who willingly completed a questionnaire. Initially, the...

Research on in-service Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math (STEM) Teacher Professional Development (TPD) has received attention in the last decade, but has not produced conclusive findings. This study aimed to examine the trends of STEM TPD programmes by applying several proposed frameworks. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Revie...

Studies have demonstrated that task‐evoked pupillary responses (TEPRs) can be adopted to measure the examinee's cognitive load. This study compared three approaches for the measurement of TEPRs, mean pupil diameter, mean pupil dilation, and mean percentage of pupil dilation, to determine the best‐fit measuring method. The valid participants of this...

In a rapidly globalizing and increasingly complex world, the need for interdisciplinary knowledge and skills has never been greater. The ability to think critically across multiple disciplines and to solve problems that span traditional disciplinary boundaries is essential for success in today’s world. Interdisciplinary thinking allows us to see t...

This study analyzes how social presence can enhance learning from the perspective of the cognitive–affective theory of learning with media. We focused on danmaku, a comment system used by online video platforms that allows viewers to add real-time comments at specific points in a video. We proposed Hypothesis 1, that social presence would contribut...

The multi-generational workforce presents challenges for organizations, as the needs and expectations of employees vary greatly between different age groups. To address this, organizations need to adapt their development and learning principles to better suit the changing workforce. The DDMT Teaching Model of Tsing Hua STEAM School, which integrate...

Game-based learning and formative assessment are important elements of learning for today's students. This study brings the two together using the RPG MAKER software (Gotcha Gotcha Games Inc.). With this software, we created a role-playing game that incorporates multiple formative assessments. However, what kind of feedback is given in formative as...

根據認知負荷理論，學習材料難度與學習者內在認知負荷呈現正相關，而過去研究素材難度對學生答題的影響，主要是透過行為評估，例如透過正確率、反應時間或者逆效率分數作為反映認知負荷的有效指標，然而，對於回答不同內在認知負荷問題時的神經活動仍有待研究。在腦波研究中，透過反應鎖定事件可了解受試者在答題前後的大腦活動，以藉此判斷題目難度對於學生在答題時所產生的負荷狀態。 本研究設計三種難度的二元一次聯立方程式題型，並觀察學生答題時的行為表現(正確率、反應時間)及事件相關電位，用以探討數學運算中的大腦認知負荷。此外，本研究依據受試者答題表現分為高低分組並進行以下探討： 一、 不同難度的答題表現為何?答題後之振幅是否隨著難度提高而增大？ 二、高低分組在進行不同難度的數學運算之答題腦波為何？ 本研究以44位大...

Working memory performance affects children’s learning. This study examined objective (task performance), subjective (self-report), and physiological (pupil dilation) cognitive load (CL) while children completed a spatial working memory complex span task. Frist, 80 Taiwanese 11-year-olds (40 boys) who participated in Experiment 1 confirmed the suit...

Objective: Human frontal lobe development is strongly linked to the development of executive functions, which are among the last mental processes to mature. In comparison to young adults, children have lower levels of executive function due to their poorly unfully-developed frontal lobes. The P300 ERPs are regarded as an effective method of identif...

Computer-based testing is an emerging method to evaluate students’ mathematics learning outcomes. However, algebra problems impose a high cognitive load due to requiring multiple calculation steps, which might reduce students’ performance in computer-based testing. In order to understand students’ cognitive load when answering algebra questions in...

Studies indicate that learners’ cognitive style (CS), self-regulated learning (SRL), and working memory (WM) are associated with their academic performance. These studies describe the relationship of academic achievement with SRL, CS, or WM individually or pairwise relationships between SRL, CS, and WM rather than the overall relationship between a...

Cognitive load theory indicates that intrinsic cognitive load increases as the difficulty of learning material increases(Sweller, 2011), so, the higher the difficulty of the question, the worse the answering performance will be. However, the adequacy of test time may be another factor affecting the performance of answering questions, it should be c...

The performance of Field-independence (FI) students in mathematics is considered to be better than Field-dependence (FD) students, which may be related to their cognitive ability (Morris, Farran, &Dumontheil, 2019). In the past, we used linear equations to set up questions with 7 levels to understand their cognitive ability within a limited answeri...

Background Academic dishonesty (AD) and trustworthy assessment (TA) are fundamental issues in the context of an online assessment. However, little systematic work currently exists on how researchers have explored AD and TA issues in online assessment practice. Objectives Hence, this research aimed at investigating the latest findings regarding AD...

Unlike the rapid development of STEAM education, moral education has obviously received much less attention. However, while not arguably more important than science, technology, engineering, arts, and mathematics, moral judgment is integral to teacher groups. In order to study this issue, we considered Laurence Kohlberg's moral judgement interview...

This study examined the motivation of Chinese mature students toward learning English. The participants in the study were ten Chinese mature learners, of whom four were English majors and six were non-English majors. Each underwent a semi-structured interview. Their responses were then coded and analyzed based on Matsuzaka-Carreira’s motivation fra...

This study attempted to investigate elementary school teachers' understandings, beliefs, and intentions toward STEM and Computational Thinking. We collected data through a survey of 16 teachers at one elementary school in Malang City, Indonesia. They represented a variety of subjects with diverse learning experiences. The survey took place after th...

The role of osmosis and diffusion is not an easy concept for students to understand. In addition to basic knowledge, many misconceptions need to be clarify. This research attempts to start from the perspective of student question-generation (SGQ), with a e-learning system to explore whether this method can promote students' understanding of osmosis...

In this study, a scale was constructed to aid college educators in developing interdisciplinary courses for smart living industry–related talent cultivation. The scale, named the Undergraduate Student Interdisciplinary Competences for the Smart Living Industry (USIC_SLI) scale, was developed on the basis of a literature review and a two-phase exper...

認知負荷理論指出，當學習材料難度越大時，認知負荷也越大。在行為研究方面已有許多相關證據，例如以整體答對率作為認知負荷指標等，然而在腦波方面的研究卻相當稀少。 本研究以在數學主題中使用頻率較高且人們較為熟知的二元一次聯立方程式作為研究材料，針對同樣題型但不同難度的題目，以行為及事件相關電位來進行觀察，深入探討數學運算中的認知負荷問題。 基於上述N170效應及認知負荷理論，本次研究主要觀察重點有三： 一、人們在進行數學運算時是否會因熟悉而產生N170效應？ 二、若有產生N170效應，是否有腦側化的現象? 三、不同難度之間的N170波形是否符合認知負荷理論——振幅隨著難度提高 而增大？ 本研究以49位大學生及研究生作為研究對象，進行三種不同難度（簡單、中等、困難）的二元一次聯立方程式運算，每種難...

This research applied a web-based dynamic assessment system, GPAM-WATA system, to help low English achievers to perform self-directed learning of junior high school English grammar. A quasi-experimental design was adopted. A total of 124 seventh graders from four classes participated in this research. Participants were randomly divided into the GPA...

Pedagogical agents (PAs) are a crucial aspect of the e-learning environment. A PA is defined as a virtual character presented on an interface, and they are designed to promote student learning. PAs have been widely discussed in academic papers. However, an appropriate analysis framework has not been proposed because of the diversity and complexity...

Since schools cannot use face-to-face tests to evaluate students’ learning effectiveness during the COVID-19 pandemic, many schools implement computer-based tests (CBT) for this evaluation. From the perspective of Sustainable Development Goal 4, whether this type of test conversion affects students’ performance in answering questions is an issue wo...

The purpose of this study is to develop an educational program to promote the understanding of STEAM education by preschool teachers. Different from other stages, STEAM education for early childhood should pay more attention to the connection with life. Therefore, the researchers designed four courses for preschool teachers, from the theoretical ba...

In this study, a mobile learning system (MLS) was developed and adopted to facilitate elementary second-grade students to learn mathematics. A quasi-experimental design was adopted. There were two learning models, including the typical instruction group (TI group) and MLS group. The learning content is the topic of multiplication. A total of 93 s-g...

During the COVID-19 period, how to use technology and instructional design to allow learners to express themselves like face to face is an issue that educators should take seriously. Danmaku is a comment system which allows users to add real-time comments to specific points in the video. This mechanism provides a sense of synchronicity and makes us...

There is still controversy over whether the pedagogical agent (PA) is effective. The PA is a virtual character presented on the interface to promote student learning. This study carefully examined the effect of PA and tested the image principle (when the image of the PA is displayed on the screen, it does not necessarily promote deeper learning) in...

The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in educational disruption at a global scale. Based on the United Nation’s Sustainable Development Goal 4, “achieving inclusive and quality education for all”, this study designed two feasible learning models for the solution of sustainable learning during the COVID-19 pandemic, GPAM-WATA and Paper-and-Pencil test...

The learners’ intrinsic cognitive load (ICL) is decided by the difficulty of learning materials but not by the instructional method. Students' observation ability plays a crucial role in mathematical computation that students can understand the rules from the questions and produce effective solution procedures within a limited time; therefore, the...

Intrinsic cognitive load refers to learners’ mental workload affected by the difficulty of the learning materials but not by the instructional method (Sweller, 2010). We want to understand how learners' brain activity changes as learning materials become more and more difficult. In this study, we tested college students(N=17) with algebra mathemati...

The Pedagogical Agent (PA) is an important topic in the e-learning environment. It’s defined as a virtual character presented on the interface to promote student learning. The key elements are the virtual character, the interface, and promoting learning. PA is widely discussed in academic papers; however, a complete analysis framework is not yet to...

In an environment disrupted by technology, critical thinking is a crucial 21st Century Skill that allows learners to stay intact when any number of organizations (corporate, political, educational and cultural) try to influence readers to think and act in ways that serve their purposes [1]. It has also been emphasized in the ATC21S [2] project as o...

The idea of competency, which is widely disseminated through science curricula in various countries, has great potential for the professionalisation of science teachers. Moreover, teachers need competencies for introducing these competencies and for supporting students to develop them. In this chapter, we explore a characterisation of scientific co...

This research develops a web‐based model, entitled the “intuitive claim, peer‐assessment, discussion, and elaborate claim argumentation training” (IPadE) model, and embeds with a Web‐based Interactive Argumentation System to enhance undergraduate students' socioscientific argumentation abilities. This research adopts a quasi‐experimental research d...

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the First International Congress on Education and Technology in Sciences, CISETC 2019, held in Arequipa, Peru, in December 2019. The 12 full papers presented in the volume were carefully reviewed and selected from 96 submissions. The papers are focused on the two main topics: pedagogical practice...

This study develops a new version of the problematic Internet use scale suitable for senior elementary school students. It includes six subscales: time management, compulsive Internet use, emotion adjustment influence, interpersonal and academic influence, preferred online social interaction, and daily life influence. This research utilized the sur...

Lay Description What is already known about this topic: Although science laboratory instruction is important to science education, the role of science laboratory instruction in science education has been increasingly questioned. Many teachers still follow outmoded science laboratory instruction methods in their teaching, which makes students treat...

This research tries to use multimedia animation to design examination questions and develop a Web-based Performance Assessment system (WPA system) to evaluate examinees' understanding of the procedure of scientific experiments. WPA system also documents and scores the process an examinee responds to multimedia animation questions, including the tra...

This research explored how different models of Web-based dynamic assessment in remedial teaching improved junior high school student learning achievement and their misconceptions about the topic of 'Weather and Climate.' This research adopted a quasi-experimental design. A total of 58 7th graders participated in this research. Participants were div...

This chapter discusses current and future research trends of technology-enhanced science teaching and learning and probes into several new learning technologies, which will highly influence science teaching and learning in the future. These technologies include digital assessment, automatic feedback system, ubiquitous learning (u-Learning), augment...

This research investigates the effectiveness of integrating Interactive Whiteboard (IWB) into the junior high school biology teaching. This research adopts a quasi-experimental design and divides the participating students into the conventional ICT-integrated learning environment and IWB-integrated learning environment. Before teaching, students to...

This research develops a Web-based argumentation system named the Web-based Interactive Argumentation System (WIAS). WIAS can provide teachers with the scaffolding for argumentation instruction. Students can propose their statements, collect supporting evidence and share and discuss with peers online. This research adopts a quasi-experimental desig...

This research used Web-based two-tier diagnostic assessment and Web-based dynamic assessment to develop an assessment-centered e-Learning system, named the ‘GPAM-WATA e-Learning system.’ This system consists of two major designs: (1) personalized dynamic assessment, meaning that the system automatically generates dynamic assessment for each learner...

Introduction Mental models are mental representations created on the spot to solve problems, to construct knowledge at the global-structural level and to understand scientific phenomena (eg, Johnson-Laird, 1983; Vosniadou, Skopeliti & Ikospentaki, 2004). Some view mental models as central to the analysis of conceptual change. In other words, for su...

The Interactive Whiteboard (IWB) is a new educational technology recently introduced in Taiwan. It revolutionizes not only the traditional classroom teaching environment but also the history of the whiteboard. This research tries to understand how IWB influences student learning effectiveness in health and physical education curriculum and student...

This research refers to the self-regulated learning strategies proposed by Pintrich (1999) in developing a multiple-choice Web-based assessment system, the Peer-Driven Assessment Module of the Web-based Assessment and Test Analysis system (PDA-WATA). The major purpose of PDA-WATA is to facilitate learner use of self-regulatory learning behaviors to...

This research adopts the Graduated Prompting Assessment Module of the WATA system (GPAM-WATA) and applies it to the remedial teaching of junior high school mathematics. The theoretical basis of the development of GPAM-WATA is the idea of ‘graduated prompt approach’ proposed by Campione and Brown (1985; 1987, pp. 92–95). In GPAM-WATA, when examinees...

This research combines the idea of cake format dynamic assessment defined by Sternberg and Grigorenko (2001) and the ‘graduated prompt approach’ proposed by Campione and Brown (1985, 1987) to develop a multiple-choice Web-based dynamic assessment system. This research adopts a quasi-experimental design to investigate the effectiveness of this Web-b...

This research aims to develop a multiple-choice Web-based quiz-game-like formative assessment system, named GAM-WATA. The unique design of ‘Ask-Hint Strategy’ turns the Web-based formative assessment into an online quiz game. ‘Ask-Hint Strategy’ is composed of ‘Prune Strategy’ and ‘Call-in Strategy’. ‘Prune Strategy’ removes one incorrect option an...

Teacher assessment literacy is a key factor in the success of teaching, but some studies concluded that teachers lack it. The aim of this research is to propose the “Practicing, Reflecting and Revising with WATA system (P2R-WATA) Assessment Literacy Development Model” for improving pre-service teacher assessment literacy. WATA system offers persona...

In an e-Learning environment, the unique features of Web technology have driven great changes in teaching and learning. The main advantage of e-Learning lies in its breakthrough of the limits of time and space. However, there is also a lower level of teacher supervision, and students are required to learn more actively and be responsible for their...

Abstract  The web-based formative assessment developed in this research is named Formative Assessment Module of the Web-based Assessment and Test Analysis System (FAM-WATA). FAM-WATA is a multiple-choice web-based formative assessment module containing six effective strategies: ‘repeat the test’, ‘correct answers are not given’, ‘query scores’, ‘as...

Abstract The purpose of this research was to investigate the effects of formative assessment and learning style on student achievement in a Web-based learning environment. A quasi-experimental research design was used. Participants were 455 seventh grade students from 12 classes of six junior high schools. A Web-based course, named BioCAL, combinin...

This study introduces the development of a Web-based assessment system, the Web-based Assessment and Test Analyses (WATA) system, and examines its impacts on teacher education. The WATA system is a follow-on system, which applies the Triple-A Model (assembling, administering, and appraising). Its functions include (1) an engine for teachers to admi...

This research aims to develop a Metacognition strategy for Web-Based Instruction (WBI) to stimulate reflective questions in biology learning to run Frontpage Feedback System (FFS) embedded in web pages, and thus to evaluate the influence of this internet-teaching style on biology learning among freshmen. According to the questionnaire survey, we fo...

The study attempted to adapt two web tools, FFS system (Frontpage Feedback System) and WATA system (Web-based Assessment and Test Analysis System), to construct a Hi-FAME (High Feedback-Assessment-Multimedia-Environment) Model in WBI (Web-based Instruction) to facilitate pre-service teacher training. Participants were 30 junior pre-service teachers...

With the rapid development of information and communication technology (ICT), integrating the Interactive Whiteboard (IWB) into traditional classroom teaching has become an important research issue in recent years. This study aims to compare the effectiveness of IWB-integrated instruction with that of traditional ICT instruction, and to investigate...