Tzu-Chien Liu

• PhD
• Professor at National Taiwan Normal University

Professional vision (PV), which includes the ability to perceive and interpret classroom events, is important for classroom behaviour management, particularly in the training of student teachers. However, to date, few assessment systems that can assess student teachers’ professional vision by immersing them in a realistic classroom environment (pre...

Parent–child reading critically affects children’s learning and development, and dialog reading (DR) is a highly effective strategy for parent–child reading. This study employed the prompt, expand, evaluate, and repeat (PEER) DR strategy to develop a picture book incorporating augmented reality (AR) technology. AR information is extracted from the...

We investigated interaction effects of multimedia representation format and learner’s prior knowledge level on learning outcomes. Eighty-seven high school students with a lower or a higher level of physics prior knowledge learned about the operation of a nuclear power plant and the concepts of generating electricity by studying static graphics, an...

Worksheets are often used during field trips and utilize a learning cycle with three stages (exploration, concept introduction and concept application) to engage learners in the learning activities of observation and exploration. However, traditional paper worksheets do not provide multimedia and interactive presentations with physical objects, whi...

Learner control of video presentations by using pause buttons or timeline scrollbars was suggested as helpful for learning from sources of transient information such as dynamic visualizations and spoken words. However, effective learner control could be difficult to attain without sufficient instructional support. This study developed strategies fo...

While common, computer presentations given during classroom lectures do not always improve learning effects; thus, this study incorporated three elements into technology-assisted classroom lectures: emphasis, augmentation, and integration. These three elements cannot be implemented simultaneously when using PowerPoint (PPT) presentations during cla...

We investigated whether the temporal contiguity effect, which holds that information sources, such as visual information and narration need to be temporally coordinated for learning to be effective, can also be found in narrated slideshows. A concurrent presentation-key point format (CPK), in which visual information sequentially appeared as key po...

System pausing at pre-determined positions during multimedia presentations can enhance multimedia learning. However, the pause positions are usually set up based on the structure of the learning material (e.g., segmentation principle) rather than on the complexity of its different sections (as determined by levels of element interactivity, accordin...

Redundancy effect has been investigated in many controlled experimental studies, however, it is seldom investigated whether the same redundant material may cause different results in classroom, which is a major learning place for students. Considering that it is not easy to control the internal validity in classroom environment, this study proposed...

Although a modality effect indicating better learning from an animation with spoken learning guidance than from an animation with written learning guidance has often been found in research on learning from animation, the effect has hardly been investigated for learning from computer simulation. This study examined the interaction effects between th...

Physical education is a course that integrates knowledge of sports with skill drilling. Augmented Reality (AR)-assisted instruction has infrequently been applied in sport skill drilling. Video-assisted instruction has frequently applied to physical sports; however, it neither involves interactive practice nor embodies both textbook learning and the...

Electronic slideshows are widely applied to assist lecturing in classroom situations. On the one hand, it is easy to present rich content with the use of electronic slideshows. On the other hand, finding important information from the rich content and mentally integrating relevant sources of physically separated information shown in the electronic...

Computer-mediated dictionaries have been important and widely used aids in the comprehension of, and learning from online texts. However, despite the convenience of computer-mediated dictionaries in retrieving word meaning, its use may reduce the time that readers spend reading each word and negatively affect word retention. In addition, readers’ v...

This article develops a framework for self‐regulated digital learning, which supports for self‐regulated learning (SRL) in e‐learning systems. The framework emphasizes 8 features: learning plan, records/e‐portfolio and sharing, evaluation, human feedback, machine feedback, visualization of goals/procedures/concepts, scaffolding, and agents. Each fe...

The boom in Internet and communication technology has accelerated change in information delivery channels from paper to networked, digital displaying devices. Reading electronically has altered the cognitive and metacognitive processes readers use to approach science texts. Assessing reading in a digitized environment also opens up opportunities to...

If children could be enticed to pay more attention to the print area, it could help increase their print awareness and future reading ability. Along with the development of electronic technology, many books have changed to the electronic format, and storybooks are no exception. The purpose of this study was to understand which electronic storybook...

The present study examined and analyzed the articles and studies published in the Journal of National Taiwan Normal University and Journal of Research in Education Sciences during the 60-year period from 1956 to 2017. A total of 1,345 published studies were analyzed and classified them into seven categories—Article contents, participants, research...

The finding that under split‐attention conditions students learn more from a picture and spoken text than from a picture and written text (ie, the modality effect) has consistently been found in many types of computer‐assisted multimedia learning environments. Using 58 fifth‐grade and sixth‐grade elementary school children as participants, we inves...

Computer-based spell checkers help to correct misspells instantly. Almost all the word processing devices are now equipped with a spell-check function that either automatically corrects errors or provides a list of intended words. However, it is not clear on how the reliance on this convenient technological solution affects spelling learning. Accor...

Context-aware ubiquitous learning (u-learning) is an emerging paradigm of e-learning, and it provides new educational practices for knowledge and skill development. This paper focuses on the identification and analysis of u-learning effectiveness to develop a learning design model to guide interested practitioners via Phenomenological Research Meth...

It has been shown in numerous studies that the application of Augmented Reality (AR) to teaching and learning is beneficial, but determining the reasons behind its effectiveness, and in particular the characteristics of students for whom an AR is best suited, can bring forth new opportunities to integrate adaptive instruction and AR in the future....

Mobile devices such as laptops, personal digital assistants, and mobile phones have become a learning tool with great potential in both classrooms and outdoor learning. Although there have been qualitative analyses of the use of mobile devices in education, systematic quantitative analyses of the effects of mobile-integrated education are lacking....

The main target in this research was to assist elementary schools building a smart classroom. To let students learn in the smart classroom, four points were underlined as follows: (1) developing the inquiry-based nature science learning materials, quiz, and model; (2) designing digital learning system and tools; (3) doing teacher and student traini...

This study compared the effects of effortless selection of target plants using quick respond (QR) code technology to effortful manual search and selection of target plants on learning about plants in a mobile device supported learning environment. In addition, it was investigated whether the effectiveness of the 2 selection methods was differential...

Based on cognitive load theory, the effect of different levels of instructional detail and expertise in a simulation-based environment on learning about concepts of correlation was investigated. Separate versions of the learning environment were designed for the four experimental conditions which differed only with regard to the levels of written i...

This study investigated the occurrence of the redundancy effect in a normal classroom when presenting multiple formats of information with the assistance of electronic slideshows. A virtual classroom that simulates a normal classroom was developed as the experimental platform in this study. One hundred and twenty undergraduates and graduated studen...

Computer simulations were used to teach students basic concepts associated with correlation. Half of the students were presented information in a sequential series of single frames in which each frame replaced the preceding frame while the other half were presented the information in simultaneous multiple frames in which each frame was added to the...

Cognitive load theory is an instructional theory that uses our knowledge of human cognitive architecture, especially processing limitations of working memory, to enhance effectiveness of instructional design. This paper reviews main assumptions and principles of cognitive load theory and discusses their application to technology-based learning envi...

The issue of individual differences among learners has thus far received the most attention from education researchers. Many teachers strive to develop a learning strategy with significant effect on the majority of learners. Through literature analysis, this study found that not only could Augmented Reality (AR) improve learning effectiveness, it c...

This paper developed and evaluated a Lilliput Multimedia (LM) system to enhance students' learning motivation by bringing them personally onto the scene to explore the world without having to leave the classroom. The LM system integrates of digital multimedia exhibition content, remote-controlled toy cars, and toy models of the buildings to motivat...

The study aims at investigating how the fitness between learners’ learning styles and adopted learning modalities influences the learning of English as a foreign language (EFL) by elementary school students. A quantitative research was adopted. 87 fifth graders participated in this study. They were randomly assigned to three groups of learning moda...

The aim of this study was to explore the effectiveness of using a mobile device to construct a ubiquitous language learning environment on the oral output of overseas Chinese students learning Mandarin Chinese. Many overseas Chinese students have come to Taiwan to learn Chinese. However, they learn Chinese simply in the classroom, just as they do i...

The major purposes of this study were to understand teachers’ definitions of e-textbooks, to identify teachers’ needs when using e-textbooks and to explore the relationships between teachers’ needs of using e-textbooks and teachers’ attributes. To achieve these major purposes, an open questionnaire was proposed to experts to obtain their requiremen...

Language learning has undergone rapid changes over the past several years from computer-assisted learning to more recently, mobile devices. Mobile devices have become useful learning tools that can potentially be applied in both various settings. This study adopted 44 peer-reviewed journal articles published between from 1993 to 2013 to demonstrate...

Two experiments examined the effects of prior knowledge on learning from different compositions of multiple representations in a mobile learning environment on plant leaf morphology for primary school students. Experiment 1 compared the learning effects of a mobile learning environment presenting text and photos of plants on a tablet PC, either in...

Recent research has shown that students involved in computer-based second language learning prefer to use a digital dictionary in which a word can be looked up by clicking on it with a mouse (i.e., click-on dictionary) to a digital dictionary in which a word can be looked up by typing it on a keyboard (i.e., key-in dictionary). This study investiga...

This study aims to disclose how eye-tracking technology has been applied to studies of learning, and what eye movement measures have been used for investigations by reviewing studies that have employed the eye-tracking approach. A total of 81 papers including 113 studies were selected from the Social Sciences Citation Index database from 2000 to 20...

The integration of location-based environments for formal and informal learning aims to engage learners in the analysis of objects or scenes in the real world that are used as learning objects for achieving learning objectives. Location awareness of mobile devices allows mobile devices to be able to sense and react based on location-based environme...

This study investigated whether arrow‐line cues can improve the effectiveness and efficiency of learning in a mobile device supported learning environment on leaf morphology of plants, either with or without the use of real plants. A cued and un‐cued condition, in which primary school students used text and pictures on a tablet PC , were compared w...

Simulation-based computer-assisted learning (CAL) is emerging as new technologies are finding a place in mainstream education. Dynamically linked multiple representations (DLMRs) is at the core of simulation-based CAL. DLMRs includes multiple visual representations, and it enables students to manipulate one representation and to immediately receive...

How to improve mobile and ubiquitous learning with an innovative approach is a challenge task. To achieve this objective, we designed and implemented a self-propelled toy car based learning system. Our new learning system integrated various advanced technologies such as the Radio Frequency Identification (RFID), location service, wireless sensor ne...

Energy education has been conducted to equip learners with relevant energy conservation knowledge for many years. However, learners seldom put the knowledge into practice and even have few ideas about how to reduce energy consumption. To this end, there is a need to address this issue to improve the efficiency of energy education. One of the strate...

In the context of classroom, it is possible to create a playground with digital technology beneficial for learning in spite of rising enthusiasm in incorporating educational games in classroom. This paper is an essay to describe a learning playground called Digital Learning Playground (DLP). It is essentially an application of digital technology to...

This research used online virtual environment to create and develop a Chinese learning community. The research wanted to know if the community can help the Chinese learners enhance their oral Chinese communication skills, and if community can influence members' behaviors of their Chinese speaking and teaching. The research used action research to f...

The purposes of this study were twofold. The first aim was to design and develop a clicker-based instructional model known as Clicker-Assisted Conceptual Change (CACC), based on the cognitive conflict approach for conceptual change, to help students to learn scientific concepts. The second aim was to determine the beneficial effects of CACC on stud...

How to motivate students to learn and improve the efficiency of interactive teaching is a challenging issue. The purpose of this study is to develop a new game-based learning system using toy robots to enhance students' learning motivation and effectiveness. The new learning system integrated wireless communication technologies, digital multimedia...

Statistical literacy is essential to people of modern era. However, research has shown that students often hold misconceptions when they study statistics. Although two-tier diagnostic instruments have been developed for diagnosing and exploring students’ misconceptions in other fields of science, few are availble in statistics education. Therefore,...

As technology develops, the prevalence of conventional book dictionaries has slowly declined due to advancements in computer-mediated aids, such as online type-in dictionaries and program-installed pop-up aids. The goal of this study was to examine how technology “may” have changed the long-standing pedagogical practice of book dictionary usage by...

Internet‐based science learning has been advocated by many science educators for more than a decade. This review examines relevant research on this topic. Sixty‐five papers are included in the review. The review consists of the following two major categories: (1) the role of demographics and learners' characteristics in Internet‐based science learn...

The purpose of this study is to design and develop a three-in-one share platform in cooperative English reading (3-in-1 SPICEreading) to help EFL teacher effectively implement cooperative reading in EFL settings. With the attempt to make SPICEreading truly match both EFL teachers’ teaching and students’ learning requirements, a design research appr...

Understanding and applying statistical concepts is essential in modern life. However, common statistical misconceptions limit the ability of students to understand statistical concepts. Although simulation-based computer assisted learning (CAL) is promising for use in students learning statistics, substantial improvement is still needed. For exampl...

Simulation-based computer assisted learning (CAL) is recommended to help students understand important statistical concepts, although the current systems are still far from ideal. Simulation-Assisted Learning Statistics (SALS) is a simulation-based CAL that is developed with a learning model that is based on cognitive conflict theory to correct mis...

Providing adaptive features and personalized support by considering students' learning styles in computer-assisted learning systems has high potential in making learning easier for students in terms of reducing their efforts or increasing their performance. In this study, the navigational behaviour of students in an online course within a learning...

This paper reports on a study to investigate the effects of collaborative concept mapping in a one-device-per-student (1:1) digital learning environment, as compared with one-device-to-many-students (1:m), in terms of students' overall learning gains, knowledge retention, quality of the concept maps, interactional patterns, and learning perceptions...

Although learning styles are considered as an important factor in education, students often have to learn in courses that do not support their learning styles. A challenge for technology facilitated learning is therefore to assist and help students to cope with courses that do not match their learning styles by training and developing their less pr...

This paper describes the MAA (Multi-Agent Architecture) and location-based learning framework for the support of learning in the ubiquitous-pervasive environment. A project plans to build a MAA-based learning environment with various agents. The agents have different abilities, for example, the agent can sense where the learner is located, the agen...

Different learners have different needs; they differ, for example, in their learning goals, their prior knowl- edge, their learning styles, and their cognitive abilities. Adaptive web-based educational systems aim to cater individual learners by customizing courses to suit their needs. In this paper, we investigate the ben- efits of incorporating l...

In order to introduce robots into education field appropriately, it is necessary to consider the children’s perceptions of the robots. In this study, the researchers developed the questionnaire for exploring the children’s general impressions of the robots, the roles of the robots in the classroom and the appearances of the robots. A hundred and si...

Cooperative learning is often adopted as a teaching strategy when robots are introduced into the classroom. Previous research suggested that there was a relative correlation between a group’s level of interaction and its gender composition. In this study, we utilized experimental design to explore the degree of satisfaction and involvement when stu...

Correlation is an essential concept in statistics; however, students may hold misconceptions about correlation, even after receiving instruction. This study aimed to elucidate (1) the misconceptions held by senior high school students about correlation, using the tool of concept mapping along with interviewing, (2) the possible causes of these misc...

Considering learning styles in technology enhanced learning seems to be a promising concept for making learning easier for students. However, contradictory opinions exist on this issue. In this paper, we aim at investigating the possible benefits of providing students with courses that fit their learning styles based on the Felder-Silverman learnin...

This study has three major purposes, including designing mobile natural-science learning activities that rest on the 5E Learning Cycle, examining the effects of these learning activities on students' performances of learning aquatic plants, and exploring students' perceptions toward these learning activities. A case-study method is utilized and the...

In learning management systems (LMSs), teachers have more difficulties to notice and know how individual students behave and learn in a course, compared to face-to-face education. Enabling teachers to know their students' learning styles and making students aware of their own learning styles increases teachers' and students' understanding about the...

Ubiquitous learning allows students to learn at any time and any place. Adaptivity plays an important role in ubiquitous learning, aiming at providing students with adaptive and personalized learning material, activities, and information at the right place and the right time. However, for providing rich adaptivity, the student model needs to be abl...

Location-based adaptive mobile learning utilizes a unique feature: location awareness of mobile devices in regards to other online learning to implement location-based functionalities or features to create adaptive and collaborative learning in mobile learning environment. There are many important research issues and technical challenges in the loc...

With the prevalence of information in the digital age, it is more important to assist teachers to manage their own practical knowledge. According to this perspective, this study first illustrates the relationship between the instructional plan and teachers' practical knowledge. Then, this paper introduces the design rationale and functions of a tea...

Bill Gates mentioned in Scientific America that robot will enter every home in ten year the same as personal computers have entered into almost every home in ten year. This project is to response to this trend, and to think about how robot can enhance learning, for example, robot can be as learning tools, teaching tools, learning companions, teachi...

Although the approaches about how to manifest the technology innovation could contribute to the development of innovative learning technologies, the neglect of teacherspsila individual differences in technology applications may interrupt the technology diffusion. In this paper two case studies about teaching with innovative learning technologies (i...

In order to explore why some learners have better learning effects with the simulation tool, and the others do not, the researchers used the quasi-experimental design and think-aloud method to investigate the relations between individual differences and learning effects from studentspsila learning processes with the simulation tool, dynamic simulat...

Making students aware of their learning styles and presenting them with learning material that incorporates their individual learning styles has potential to make learning easier for students and increase their learning progress. This paper proposes an automatic approach for identifying learning styles with respect to the Felder-Silverman learning...

Ubiquitous learning extends e-learning from indoor to outdoor but also overcomes the weakness of mobile learning which only provides the specific domain knowledge to learners in particular learning environment. A ubiquitous learning environment covers the knowledge of different domains, hence, how to offer individual learner the learning sequence a...

This paper presents an infrastructure for developing problem-based pervasive learning environments. Building such environments necessitates having many autonomous components dealing with various tasks and heterogeneous distributed resources. Our proposed infrastructure is based on a multi-agent system architecture to integrate various components of...

This paper develops a context-awareness learning path planner. The learning path planner constructs suitable learning path for individual student according to his/her misconceptions of the learning objects and the distances in the real world. Beside the remedy learning path, the planner also provides two guidance messages to students, the moving gu...

Students in network-based learning environments may have their own learning paths based on either their learning results or status. The learning system can choose suitable learning materials for individual students depending on students' learning results. There is a lot of research about learning diagnosis in distance education, and the main object...

Pedagogical content knowledge (PCK) is essential to career development for teachers. Teachers can develop their own PCK by research-based activities such as action research and lesson study, with a particular emphasis on the employment of classroom practice, information technology, and collaborative learning. However, in recent studies, most of the...

Giving examples to students or letting students give examples is important in ordinary instruction. However, it is difficult for teacher to provide work-out examples to students since the proper examples are depending on the contexts and varying with students' life experiences and knowledge. In order to deal with the limitation of ordinary classroo...

Today's commercial robots are getting smaller and smaller. The price of robots are also getting close to the mobile phones and becoming affordable to be personal. In order to make the researchers and educationists using the personal robots in the schools and classes, this paper overviews the human-robot interaction factors, e.g. emotions and appear...

Outdoor learning in areas such as natural science has high potential to enhance learning by giving students a real experience of what they shall learn. However, traditional outdoor learning faces several problems. One of the major problems is that students lack instant guidance so that they often can not get suitable feedback. In the long run, stud...

This paper describes the MAA-based (Multi-Agent Architecture) location-aware service project for supporting users learning in the ubiquitous/pervasive environment. The project plans to build a MAA-based learning environment with various agents have different abilities, for examples, the agent can sense the location where the user is at; the agent c...

Peer assessment becomes a popular and effective approach to enhance students' critical thinking skills and make them reflect more about their and others' work. In recent years, several web-based peer assessment systems were developed in order to support peer assessment through technology. These systems have different functionality, characteristics,...

Although wireless and mobile technology is regarded as a useful tool for enhancing student-centered learning, few studies have explored the factors that may affect the application of this emerging technology in classroom situations. Accordingly, this study selects three factors (instructional belief, instructional routine, and features of wireless...

ABSTRACT This paper presents an approach ,to integrating ,the JADE-based multi-agent system ,(MAS) with ,the Modular,Object-Oriented ,Dynamic ,Learning Environment,(Moodle) - an ,open ,source ,learning management,system. This approach tries to overcome some shortcomings of Moodle that limit the benefits of Web-based distance learning, from various...

Teacher professional development approaches digitalization, combination with practice, and cooperative learning; emphasizes teachers' growth in subject knowledge and practical knowledge. With the design, practice, and reflection of lesson plans, promotes the teacher's individual emphasis on professionalism, build a knowledge base through cooperativ...

educational computing refers to a scenario where every student in a group or class uses a computing device equipped with wireless communication capability to conduct a learning task. This paper, drawing from design experiences with our digital classroom environment series and other studies, attempts to describe a few valuable 1:1 design perspective...

School-based curricula are seen as the important strategy to facilitate educational reforms and are spread in many countries, especially in Asia. However, the efficiency of developing and implementing school-based curricula in most schools are very low because the tasks those need to be dealt with are very complex and difficult. How to develop and...

Instructional planning is an essential professional activity often used by teachers. However, some characteristics of existing university-based teacher education programs may hamper pre-service teachers' learning of instructional planning. Thus, this study adopts the cognitive apprenticeship as a theoretical foundation to construct a web-based lear...

Developing school based curriculum is one of the important strategies to facilitate teachers involving in education reforms. However, the curriculum development processes, which comprises analysis, design, implementation, and evaluation, are very complexity and difficult. Thus, how to enhance the effectiveness of school based curriculum development...

We believe that with regard to the information technology applications in education, one student one computing device will be the future and long-term trend. Many related studies on learning systems have been carried out, from applying the simplest functions of the remote controller to the very powerful capabilities of the Tablet PC. Based on this...

With advances in information technology, wireless communication and mobile devices most recently applied to education. The wireless technology enhanced classroom (WiTEC) integrates wireless local area network, mobile learning devices, and client-server architecture to support instruction and learning activities. This paper introduces a framework th...