Trias Mahmudiono

• PhD
• Faculty Member at Airlangga University

Iron is very important for pregnant women for fetal and placental growth and preventing bleeding during childbirth.[1] The prevalence of anemia in pregnant women in Indonesia is still quite high, namely 48.9%.[2] For this reason, iron/ folic acid (IFA) tablets are given during pregnancy, and it is recommended that a minimum of 90 tablets be consume...

Nonthermal plasma (NTP) is a novel nonthermal technology with many potential applications in the food industry because of its promising effects on food decontamination, including mycotoxin decontamination. In this study, atmospheric NTP and plasma‐activated water (PAW) were used to evaluate ochratoxin A (OTA) reduction and the quality of green coff...

Thai tea is one of the beverage products that are often ordered by Generation Z through online applications. With the rise of Thai tea drinks in the market, it is suspected that some individuals cheat by adding cyclamate to Thai tea drinks when concocting to get a good taste and sweetness at a low price. This study aimed to examine the correlation...

Backgroud: Kangean Island is one of the islands in Sumenep Regency, Madura, East Java. Malnutrition in under-five children is still one of the main problems in the Kangean Islands. In this regard, empowering posyandu (integrated service post) cadres to carry out nutrition education independently is one of the important factors in the success of red...

Background: Breakfast is a mealtime activity involving eating and drinking from waking up in the morning until 09.00 AM with a menu guided by balanced nutrition. Breakfast can increase children's intelligence and productivity at school. Nutrition education using the play-based methods is highly suitable for elementary school, one of which is flashc...

Background: Approximately 16% of mortality in children under five years old is associated with diarrhoea. In Ghana, diarrhoea is the third most common cause of death among infants. Ghana is one of the countries in Africa with an estimated 1,700 deaths due to diarrhoea in infants. Objectives: This study aimed to determine the relationship between to...

Childhood stunting remains a global health issue with significant consequences for the growth, long-term health, and development of childre, Poor nutrition is a well-established contributor to childhood stunting. This study aims to investigate the potential of utilizing biscuits as a nutritional intervention to improve the child‘s stunting conditio...

Introduction: The prevalence of online food delivery service (OFDS) environments in many food service and retail contexts has an impact on how people order and access meals, that led to the emergence food delivery riders, whose numbers have increased significantly, particularly in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. However, there are challenges for OFDS provi...

Mothers who care for children with disabilities experience various problems that affect their quality of life. The objective of this study was to identify the factors that influence the quality of life of mothers with disabilities children. A systematic review was conducted using data from six prominent electronic databases. Studies were observatio...

The current child feeding practice is still suboptimal. There are several factors that affect child feeding practices. This review aimed to synthesize the available evidence on factors related to child feeding practices based on social-cognitive theory construct. The study was conducted based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews...

Exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) is a vital element in the early stages of life. Feeding newborns solely breast milk from birth until they are six months old is sufficient. However, EBF by adolescent mothers is still not optimal. The study analyzed the effect of maternal education on EBF among babies with adolescent mothers in Indonesia. The cross-sec...

Parents play a vital role in shaping children's dietary habits, which are influenced by family behaviors, parental health literacy, and socio-economic status. Poor parental health literacy and low socio-economic status often lead to unhealthy child nutrition and lower physical activity. This study investigates the impact of nutritional education on...

Exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) is a vital element in the early stages of life. Feeding newborns solely breast milk from birth until they are six months old is sufficient. However, EBF by teenage mothers is still not optimal. The study analyzed the effect of maternal education on EBF among babies with adolescent mothers in Indonesia. The cross-sectio...

Backgrounds: The prevalence of cigarette consumption in Indonesia has reached a level that is cause for concern. Currently, more than one-third (36.3%) of Indonesia's population is classified as smokers. The World Health Organization (WHO) ranks Indonesia as the third-largest cigarette market in the world, after China and India. In fact, the preval...

This analysis uses report data from the 2018 Indonesian Basic Health Survey, which is a cross‑sectional study. The object of analysis is women aged 10–54 years and who have ever been pregnant. The variables analyzed were the history of consuming IFA tablets during the last pregnancy and pregnancy outcomes, namely: (1) gestational age at delivery <3...

Background The conceptual framework for Sex Equality and Social Inclusion (GESI) is a concept that gives special attention to women. Often, they don’t get the attention they deserve and are still excluded from society. This study was a quantitative study with a cross-sectional design with a total of 44 elderlies in Griya Werdha, Surabaya. This stud...

Complementary feeding refers to the practice of providing solid foods and liquids in addition to breast milk when a baby reaches 6 mo of age. This becomes necessary to meet a baby's nutritional needs because of the potential nutrient insufficiency of breast milk alone. This review serves as an effective means to comprehensively understand the intri...

Prevalensi stunting pada balita di Indonesia masih cukup tinggi, sehingga upaya pencegahan dan deteksi dini sangat penting. Pengabdian masyarakat ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan pengetahuan kader posyandu mengenai skrining antropometri balita stunting melalui edukasi gizi presentasi oral di Pulau Kangean, Kabupaten Sumenep, Jawa Timur. Kegiatan in...

Pesticide residues were extracted using the QuEChERS method, followed by detection by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). The non-carcinogenic health risk in adult and child consumers was calculated by target hazard quotient (THQ) and total target hazard quotient (TTHQ) in the Monte Carlo Simulation...

Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBP-A) is an emerging pollutant that enters water resources and affects various marine organisms, such as fish. Consequently, numerous studies globally investigated TBBP-A concentrations in fish fillets of the current study were meta-analyze concentration of TBBP-A in fish fillets and estimate the associated health risks for...

Nanoparticles (NPs) are insoluble particles with a diameter of fewer than 100 nanometers. Two main methods have been utilized in orthodontic therapy to avoid microbial adherence or enamel demineralization. Certain NPs are included in orthodontic adhesives or acrylic resins (fluorohydroxyapatite, fluorapatite, hydroxyapatite, SiO2, TiO2, silver, nan...

In this study, an attempt was made to meta-analyzed the concentration of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in shrimps tissue of Mediterranean Sea and health risk of consumers was estimated. Search was conducted in international databases includes Scopus, PubMed, Embase, Science Direct and Web of Science from 1 January 2010 to 20 July 2023. The rand...

In this study, potential toxic element (PTEs) including lead (Pb), arsenic (As), cadmium(Cd), iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) in traditional and industrial edible vegetable oils (peanut, sunflower, olive and sesame) collected from Hamadan, west of Iran were determined using Inductivity Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES). Besides, probab...

Exposure to heavy metals can endanger the health of exposed people in the long term. The consumption of fruit juice is increasing; it is important to estimate the health risk of consumers due to heavy metals. The current study was carried out for the analysis of toxic metals (lead (Pb), arsenic (As), and cadmium (Cd)) and essential elements (copper...

Background Older adults are prone to dementia due to poor nutrients intake and malnutrition. The purpose of this study was to determine the correlation between body mass index (BMI), macronutrient and micronutrient intake with dementia. Methods This was a cross-sectional study including 400 older adults randomly recruited from the study site. Demen...

Background Meat and meat products are introduced as one of the frequent sources of Clostridioides difficile. We aimed to determine the prevalence and antibiotic resistance of C. difficile isolates in meat and meat products using a systematic review and meta-analysis. Methods A literature search was performed in the primary international and biblio...

BACKGROUND: Healthy diet is an important tool to lower the risk and severity of COVID-19 infection. Low diet quality is usually caused by perceived barriers that stop people to do certain behavior. Perceived barriers can be overcome by implementing proper method such as conducting nutrition education. AIM: This study aimed to analyze the impact of...

Background: Exclusive breastfeeding is the cornerstone of infant health and one of the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The advancement of information technology can be used to promote health, and providing information through messages on smartphone applications can improve breastfeeding awareness and adherence. Objectives: To determine w...

Latar belakang: Pemeriksaan antropometri merupakan pemeriksaan non-invasif kuantitatif yang menyediakan pengkajian mengenai status gizi pada anak-anak dan orang dewasa. Pemeriksaan antropometeri yang tidak tepat dan teliti, dapat menghasilkan data yang tidak valid untuk dijadikan dasar penegakan interpretasi status gizi. Kesalahan interpretasi stat...

The health risks (non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risk) were calculated in both adults and children, using target hazard quotient (THQ) and carcinogenic risk (CR). The concentrations of Cd, Pb, and Ni were higher than the standard limits but they did not pose any non-carcinogenic health risks in adult and children's consumers (THQ <1). Meanwhile,...

Exposure to mycotoxins such as aflatoxins can endanger human health, especially infants and children. In this study, an attempt was made to retrieved studies related to the concentration of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) and ochratoxin A (OTA). Search was performed in international databases such as Embase, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science for the period 1...

A short mother with a height < 150 cm is likely to give birth to a short baby with a body length < 48 cm so that later this short baby will become stunted. The success rate of stunting malnutrition prevention and control with specific methods is 30% and the success rate with sensitive methods is 70%. The size at risk for short pregnant women is equ...

Wasting merupakan satu-satunya faktor risiko terbesar yang mengakibatkan kematian dini dan kecatatan pada anak usia dibawah 5 tahun. Wasting disebabkan oleh banyak faktor, tujuan penelitian ini untuk menentukan determinan yang mempengaruhi kejadian wasting pada anak di Timor-Leste. Penelitian ini menggunakan data sekunder dari Demographics Health S...

To improve farming productivity, a large number of pesticides have been used worldwide in recent decades, leading to the pollution of soil, agri-products, and water, directly/indirectly affecting human health. In this regard, many studies were conducted in different countries on residual pesticides in the environment. In the current study, residual...

Latar Belakang: Positive Deviance Heart (PDH) berfokus pada proses yang mengidentifikasi praktik-praktik yang terjangkau, dapat diterima, dan berkelanjutan yang digunakan di masyarakat oleh sumber daya yang terbatas tersebut. Salah satu tujuan PDH adalah mencegah malnutrisi pada anak dengan mengubah norma masyarakat mengenai perilaku pengasuhan, pr...

Background: Anemia is a common health problem among adolescents that needs to be resolved immediately. It is estimated that more than 50% of female adolescents aged 12-15 years have anemia. Some of the anemia's effects on adolescents include stunted growth, decreased learning ability, and susceptibility to infectious diseases. Objectives: To identi...

Background: Positive Deviance Heart (PDH) focuses on processes identifying affordable, acceptable, and sustainable practices used in communities with limited resources. One of PDH's goals is to prevent malnutrition in children by changing societal norms regarding parenting behavior, feeding practices, and health care behavior. Objectives: This stud...

Food safety agencies (FSAs) were formed across the globe as part of a series of food risk (FR) governance changes made in reaction to ongoing food crises in an endeavor to control increasingly industrialized, globalized, and hazardous food chains. Given such substantial changes in governance, little research has been done on how consumers react to,...

Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a serious health problem that continues to increase and can cause morbidity and mortality in many countries. India as a country with the second highest number of DM cases in the world after China has around 77 million cases in adults aged 20-79 years and is estimated to increase by 134 million in 2045. The cause of the inc...

The prevalence of stunting in children under five years old has decreased from 25% in 2013 to 18% in 2019 in The Gambia. The consumption of certain food groups, as part of minimum dietary diversity, serves as a measure of the adequacy of nutrient density for children. This study aims to examine the association between stunted children under five ye...

In the current study, an attempt was made to meta-analyze and discuss the concentration of ciguatoxins (CTXs) in fillets of fish based on country and water resources subgroups. The search was conducted in Scopus and PubMed, Embase and Web of Science to retrieve papers about the concentration of CTXs in fillet fish until July 2022. Meta-analysis con...

Latar Belakang: Makanan yang aman merupakan salah satu syarat penting suatu makanan dapat dikonsumsi. Rhodamin B merupakan salah satu pewarna sintetis yang memiliki dampak negatif pada kesehatan. Walaupun memiliki dampak negatif pada kesehatan dan telah dilarang penggunaannya, tetapi nyatanya di masyarakat masih ada beberapa temuan terhadap penggun...

Latar Belakang: Perkembangan industri 4.0 memberikan kemudahan untuk mengakses segala hal salah satunya adalah makanan dan minuman. Aplikasi pesan antar makanan secara daring merupakan platform yang sering digunakan saat ini pada kalangan mahasiswa. Pandemi COVID-19 menyebabkan perubahan perilaku pembelian melalui jasa secara online order terutama...

Background This systematic review aims to investigate the association between household food insecurity (HFIS) and undernutrition in children under 5 years old, thereby informing policymakers on the vital factors needed to be considered in tailoring an effective strategy to tackle childhood undernutrition and ultimately HFIS. Methods We performed...

ABSTRAK Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mencari perspektif pendekatan One-Health yang dapat diterapkan di perkotaan. Metode yang digunakan adalah Scooping review menggunakan pedoman PRISMA. Artikel relevan yang dimasukkan dalam analisis diperoleh dari beberapa database ilmiah seperti Elsevier, Science direct, dan Scopus. Kriteria inklusi dan eksklus...

Most agricultural products are exposed to pesticides. Organochlorine (OCPs) insecticides have been banned for years due to their persistence in the environment and lipophilic properties. On the other hand, some carcinogenic organophosphates are used in high amounts. Therefore, this systematic review was performed with the keywords; pesticide, carci...

The concentration of PTEs in the muscle of crabs, was meta-analyzed using a random-effects model based on countries' subgroups. The non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks related to the ingestion of PTEs via the consumption of crab fish were estimated. The meta-analysis included one hundred and eight papers with 109 data reports. The rank order of...

The presence of trace elements such as lithium (Li) in water resources in the long term can endanger consumers' health. Several studies have been conducted on Li concentration in water sources; hence, this study attempted to retrieve studies using a systematic search. The search was conducted in Web of Sciences, Embase, PubMed, and Scopus databases...

Citrus fruit consumption per capita has steadily increased over the world over the last 30 years. Citrus fruits are high in vitamin C as well as other active ingredients like phenols and flavonoids that are beneficial to human health. Therefore, the amounts of total phenol, total flavonoids, and antioxidant activity in 12 different genotypes of the...

Introduction. A national action plan for the acceleration of stunting reduction was prepared to encourage and strengthen convergence between programs through a stunting-risk family approach. The increasing role of Family Planning Instructors in assisting families at risk of stunting becomes a challenge to support behavioral change in the community....

Introduction. Fish is a protein source that can be easily found especially in Indonesia, a maritime country. However, the development of industrialization also contributes to increased pollution. In some cases, industrial wastewater contains metals that can be toxic for fish and their processed products. Mercury is one of the heavy metals that is c...

Background. Aging is a natural process in the body that everyone will experience as they get older. However, aging is not the same in each individual due to several differences such as diet, lifestyle, genetics, and overall health. Therefore, the Surabaya city government is trying to help elderly people who do not have any caregivers by scouting an...

Food-based interventions to improve linear growth are most often applied in low-and middle-income countries. However, not all food interventions have been proven to be effective in promoting linear growth. This study aimed to assess the impact and effectiveness of food interventions for improving linear growth in children under five years old. This...

Stress is a human response to straining environment. Humans respond to stress through parasympathetic and sympathetic networks. Chronic stress can be a risk factor that can trigger, worsen, or lead to weight gain. This study identified the association between psychological stress and the body mass index of fifty-five students in Surabaya. It was an...

The present study was designed to assess the concentration of potentially toxic elements (PTES) in anchovy fish sauce from the Persian Gulf and estimate health risks (non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks. In the present study, the concentration of PTES, including Lead (Pb), Iron (Fe), Arsenic (As), Cadmium (Cd), Nickel (Ni), and Copper (Cu) amon...

Fouling of heat exchangers in the food industry is one of the major industrial problems because, in addition to increasing the pressure drop, increasing the cost of cleaning, and sometimes even replacing the converter, it also causes the growth of microorganisms in the deposited areas. This issue is extremely important in various industries, especi...

Several studies have been conducted regarding the concentration and prevalence of mycotoxins particularly ochratoxin A (OTA) in coffee product, mainly due to the adverse health effects of mycotoxins on human health. In the current study, the prevalence and level of ochratoxin A (OTA) in green coffee products were meta-analyzed and associated health...

Exposure to PM2.5 can cause various diseases, including allergies, cardiovascular disease, and other related diseases. Therefore, in this study, the level of PM2.5 and potentially toxic elements (PTEs), including nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), chromium (Cr), arsenic (As), and cadmium (Cd), bound to PM2.5 in the indoor air of school were meta-analyzed. Pub...

The high malnutrition rate in children under five makes this problem one of the public health problems. Various efforts have been made to reduce malnutrition in children under five, one of which is the implementation of community programs with a positive deviance approach which is considered an effective way because the solution to the problem come...

High hydrostatic pressure technology is a relatively new method for the food industry and is considered more as an alternative to traditional storage methods such as thermal processes. Inactivation of spores, models, yeasts, and viruses has been demonstrated by this method. Although issues related to the safety and longevity of food, as well as the...

Detection of pesticide residues in soil samples was conducted using UHPLC-MS/MS. Non-dietary health risk assessment was conducted using calculate chronic daily intake (CDI) from ingestion, inhalation and dermal contact pathways and following non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks in the adults and adolescent. The rank order of pesticide in soil ba...

Exposure of reproductive-age women to toxic trace elements warrants attention because of their negative effects. This study aimed to investigate the levels of arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), chromium (Cr), and lead (Pb) in the blood of 837 Taiwanese childbearing-age women and establish the correlation between their dietary pattern and hea...

Groundwater contamination remains a global threat due to its toxic effects to humans and the environment. The remediation of contaminated groundwater sites can be costly, thus, identifying the priority areas of concern is important to reduce money spent on resources. In this study, we aimed to identify and rank the priority groundwater sites in a c...

The presence of chemical contaminants in foods and agricultural products is one of the major safety issues worldwide, posing a serious concern to human health. Non-thermal plasma (NTP) containing richly reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) has been trialed as a potential decontamination method. Yet, this technology comes with multiple downsi...

The concentration of potentially toxic elements (PTEs; Lead (Pb), Nickel (Ni), and Cadmium (Cd) Pb, Ni, and Cd), using flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) was measured in fifty surface coastal sediment samples collected from 5 points coastal sediment of Bandar Abbas city, Iran besides the potential ecological risk index (RI) estimated the e...

Introduction: The prevalence of stunting among under five years old children in Indonesia is still high, including those living in urban and non-remote areas that was taught to have better access of food and nutrition. The study aimed to determine the correlation between predisposing factors of stunting among toddlers in non-remote areas which thou...

Chemical contamination of seafood has become a global health concern. Carp fish is one of the most widely consumed globally, and several studies have been conducted on the contamination of carp fish with radioisotopes. In the current study, a meta-analysis and probabilistic exposure assessment regarding the Potassium-40 (⁴⁰K), Polonium-210 (²¹⁰Po),...

Iron-rich food consumption is an important determinant of anaemia status, and demographic characteristic may contribute to the fulfilment of iron intake. This study aimed to determine the consumption level of iron-rich and iron-fortified foods in children under two years in urban and rural areas. An analysis was done on the result of Indonesian Dem...

Previous studies have shown that resilience could play an important role in enhancing the quality of life in women with breast cancer; however, the mediating role of self-care behaviors have not been studied. This study aims to explore the mediating role of self-care behaviors in the relationship between resilience and quality of life in breast can...

The concentration of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in vegetable oils using inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) was measured. Probabilistic non-carcinogenic risk in consumers was estimated using the target hazard quotient (THQ) and total target hazard quotient (TTHQ) by Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) method. The high...

Background: Breast milk is the best nutrition for babies. The coverage of exclusive breastfeeding in Indonesia in 2017 was still low. However, there are many factors that contribute to low rates of exclusive breastfeeding including socio-cultural factors, factors related to the health system, market, environment, and knowledge. Recent studies have...

Latar Belakang: Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) adalah penyakit menular yang disebabkan oleh Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) yangmana merupakan jenis coronavirus baru dan belum pernah diidentifikasi sebelumnya pada manusia. Adanya riwayat penyakit seperti tekanan darah tinggi, gangguan fungsi jantung, dan ginjal dap...

Latar Belakang: Bayi Berat Lahir Rendah (BBLR) merupakan penyebab utama angka kematian neonatal di Indonesia yang tergolong tinggi yaitu 15/1000 kelahiran hidup. Beberapa provinsi di Indonesia belum memenuhi target nasional untuk BBLR yang didominasi oleh provinsi dengan mayoritas wilayah perdesaan. Kejadian BBLR berhubungan dengan banyak faktor ri...

The concentrations of toxic elements were analyzed by using Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (FAAS). Moreover, the human health risk was estimated by Total Target Hazard Quotient (TTHQ) and Cancer Risk (CR) in Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS) technique. The mean concentrations (mg/kg) of Cd (0.08 ± 0.08), Pb (0.23 ± 0.46), and As (0.06 ± 0.04)...

Contamination of food with mycotoxins can pose harmful effects on the health of consumers in the long term. Coffee contamination with mycotoxins has become a global concern. This study attempted to meta-analyze the concentration and prevalence of ochratoxin A (OTA) in coffee products and estimate consumers’ health risks. The search was conducted am...

One hundred and sixteen samples of extra virgin olive oils (VOOs) from markets of Tehran were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to detect the amount of benzo (a)pyrene. The values of LOD and LOQ were calculated as 0.03 and 0.05 µg/kg, respectively. The concentration of benzo (a) pyrene was from 0.03 to 0.95 µg/kg. The result...

Introduction This study aimed to summarize the effect of the aerosol box on tracheal intubation in patients with COVID-19. Areas covered According to the PRISMA guidelines, a systematic search was performed to identify relevant literature on the “impact of the aerosol box on tracheal intubation during the COVID‐19 pandemic” in different electronic...

Indonesia is one of the countries with high nutritional problems caused by inadequate feeding practices. A minimum acceptable diet (MAD) is used to assess feeding practices in children with low achievement (53,6%) aged 6-23 months. This study aimed to determine the factors influencing MAD in children aged 6-23 months in Indonesia. This study uses a...

One of the countries with a high prevalence of stunting in East Africa is Zambia. Globally, 22% of children under 5 years old are stunted or 149.2 million children in 2020. Stunting prevalence in Zambia remains above 35% in children under 5 years old at the national level. Research in Zambia about determine of stunting is still few and limited. The...

In developing countries, low birth weight (LBW) is still considered a major public health problem among infants. The national prevalence of LBW in Indonesia is quite high and ranked 6th for LBW cases among countries in Southeast Asia. This paper aimed to study the determinant of LBW especially in the urban area of Indonesia due to the wide availabi...

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS CoV-2) caused the burden of coronavirus infectious disease 2019 (COVID-19) and spread all of the world. Evaluation of antibodies is the most typical diagnostic method is utilized to detect SARS-COV-2. Quick and high-specific diagnosis of specific antibodies can be the best way to evaluate the va...

Although low birth weight (LBW) is still a major health problem in Indonesia, studies about determinants of LBW with large sample sizes are still limited. This study aimed to examine the association between LBW and maternal characteristics, as well as socio-economic backgrounds in Indonesia. A secondary analysis of 2017 Indonesian Demographic and H...

Background: The metaverse as a digital environment for Industrial Revolution 4.0 is one major form of use of the internet. There are 202.6 million internet users in Indonesia in 2021, or 73.7% of the total population. A total of 138.1 million Indonesians aged 18-64 years have used the internet to make purchases through e-commerce and 74.4% make fo...

Over the past two years, the world has faced the pandemic, COVID-19, and various changes. Several regulations and recommendations from the Ministry of Health of Indonesia have contributed to behavioral changes among Indonesian residents, especially in food consumption patterns. The change in food consumption patterns can be a positive change that f...

Exposure to potentially toxic elements (PTEs) bound to PM2.5 can cause various health effects, including cardiovascular disease, allergies, and other related diseases. There have been several studies on the concentration of PTEs, including zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), and manganese (Mn) bound PM2.5 in the indoor air of urban schools. In this study, the co...