Tri Ratna Bajracharya

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Verified

Tri verified their affiliation via an institutional email.

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• Ph.D. in Engineering
• Professor and Former Dean at Tribhuvan University

The need for building-related energy is increasing, mostly in developing countries where urbanization is taking place rapidly with ever-increasing demand in commercial and public services. Globally, energy efficiency is emphasized as a key strategy for addressing rising energy demand and decoupling energy from economic growth. In order to assess th...

There are inherent losses in transmission and distribution of electrical energy from the generating stations to the ultimate consumer. In this study three different distribution systems viz. IEEE 10 Bus, IEEE 33 Bus Radial Distribution System and a practical Nepalese rural Distribution System are undertaken, and load flow study is carried out to id...

Developing irrigation infrastructure is crucial for boosting agricultural productivity and securing local livelihoods, especially in regions with challenging terrains and limited water resources. Lift irrigation systems (LISs) are increasingly recognized in national policies for addressing water scarcity issues. However, ensuring their sustainabili...

In global hydropower generation, the Francis turbine is widely used because of its ability to work efficiently in a wide range of conditions like varying head and flow rates. Turbine’s meridional profile can be developed using traditional design approaches, like the Bovet method which uses empirical relations based on hydrological factors, that can...

The slow and steady motion of Earth's water bodies represents a vast majority of untapped energy resource. Harnessing the kinetic energy from low-velocity water currents represents a promising avenue for clean energy production. This study investigates the viability of extracting renewable energy from low-velocity water currents using a Vortex Indu...

Spectral pretreatment is essential in enhancing the accuracy of spectroscopy modeling by minimizing noise and systematic errors. Spectra without outlier improve the model's predictability. This study investigates the impact of pretreatment techniques on outlier detection to eliminate from the calibration set which effected predicting moisture conte...

The presentation delves into the energy security of Nepal, focusing on critical aspects such as the energy security, trilemma index, the transition index, diverse energy resources, and the current energy consumption patterns. It comprehensively addresses the challenges Nepal faces in achieving net-zero emission targets and concludes with strategic...

Airports strive for a greener energy transition to minimize their carbon footprint and greenhouse gas emissions. The installation of solar or wind turbines is gaining significance among stakeholders working in sustainable airports. This study focuses on developing Biratnagar airport as a completely greener airport by identifying suitable sites for...

Airports strive for a greener energy transition to minimize their carbon footprint and greenhouse gas emissions. The installation of solar or wind turbines is gaining significance among stakeholders working in sustainable airports. This study focuses on developing Biratnagar airport as a completely greener airport by identifying suitable sites for...

This work has improved the current capacity to estimate the flow and erosion of Pelton turbines using experimental modelling and erosion modelling based on computational fluid dynamics. Additionally, the standard method of Pelton turbine erosion modelling did not consider cavitation. This study also looks at how the bucket erosion caused by cavitat...

Lignocellulosic biomass, such as Durian Husk, presents a promising alternative to coal for energy production. However, due to its higher moisture content, pretreating the Durian Husk becomes necessary. Moreover, the drying process itself requires energy, which can be optimized by employing the most effective drying method. Therefore, the aim of thi...

Climate change significantly impacts hydrological systems resulting in hydropower generation uncertainties. In this study, a high-resolution glacio-hydrological model is coupled with an hourly-resolution power grid model to evaluate the climate change influences on hydropower generation across Nepal. Four climate future scenarios namely Cold-Dry, W...

Power generation from flowing water is often known as Hydropower generation. It is one of the major capital-intensive project that requires the detailed technical as well as financial analysis before making investment decision. Cost of Electro-Mechanical (EM) equipment including turbine, generators, controls and autonomous and auxiliaries holds the...

Most of the travel demand in developing countries is fulfilled by private vehicles dominated by 2-wheelers due to their affordability, accessibility, and availability, which has direct effects on energy, economy, and environment. To achieve sustainable transport, policies such as electric mobility and mass transport options have been implemented wh...

Demand for energy is ever so increasing and much of the focus of energy research over the last decade has been concentrated into developing an emission free and efficient source of energy that can fulfil this growing demand. Renewable energy such as micro and pico-hydropower remain popular in developing countries for rural electrification and consi...

The grid power supply in many developing countries is insufficient and irregular resulting in many commercial users relying on inefficient and air pollution intensive off-grid captive diesel generators (DGs) as a backup power supply. This study investigates the fuel consumption and emission level of such DGs and explores the possibility of reducing...

Sand particle-led erosion in the turbine parts of hydropower projects (excluding storage type projects) based on Himalaya-originated Rivers is one of the key operational challenges for concerned hydropower stations. Researchers have made multiple attempts to understand the nature of erosion and its combating technique by using numerical and experim...

The involvement of green hydrogen in energy transformation is getting global attention. This assessment examines the hydrogen production and its utilization potential in one of the hydropower-rich regions, Nepal under various demand growth and technology intervention scenarios by developing a power grid model of 52 nodes and 68 transmission lines o...

The chapter defines environmental sustainability and creates a linkage between energy and the environment. It highlights the impact of both renewable energy technologies and nonrenewable energy usages on the environment. The complementarities and conflict of energy security and environmental securities are discussed along with some case studies.

The chapter begins with the conceptualization of energy security. Then it explains the core components that are required for any country to be energy secure. Energy systems are complicated with its interlinkage with other aspects of economy, and hence there exist trade-off among the core indicators and the perspective for different economies differ...

This chapter introduces nature and the source of climate change and its effects on human society and natural systems. It discusses the role of sustainable energy in climate change mitigation and adaptation. It also highlights the global initiatives to move toward net-zero emission by mid-century.

Improved Water Mills (IWM) in many countries is one of the major sources of power for grinding. The electricity generation from IWM has been already adopted in Nepal as multiple purpose porver units (MPPU). The government subsidy was up to 3 kW earlier and now it has been changed into 5 kW. However, 5 kW IWM have not been produced by manufacturers...

Energy is an important driver of all economic activities and it is necessary for the production of goods and the provision of services. Thus, a secure supply of energy to meet national demand on both the short term and long term is important for any country. As a net importer of petroleum products from only one supplier country of petroleum product...

Geographical difficulties and slow development of power generation, transmission and distribution, related activities have made many remote areas not assessable to national grids in Nepal. Electricity demand is increasing day by day in urban as well as rural areas but instant extension of national grid seems difficult in many remote places of Nepal...

A pilot testing of a Gravitational Water Vortex Hydropower Plant (GWVHP) has been done to evaluate the applicability in a real-world scenario and validate the results from the lab-scale model. A scaled-up model of a capacity of 1 kW was constructed for the evaluation purpose. The test provided data in good agreement with a lab-scale model and a pro...

A pilot testing of a Gravitational Water Vortex Hydropower Plant (GWVHP) has been done to evaluate the applicability in a real-world scenario and validate the results from the lab-scale model. A scaled-up model of a capacity of 1 kW was constructed for the evaluation purpose. The test provided data in good agreement with a lab-scale model and a pro...

Pelton turbine is commonly employed high head impulse type turbine. Pelton turbine injector is an integrated part of the Pelton turbine machine which serves the purpose of converting entire pressure energy of water to kinetic energy and also regulates the water flowrate, with partial opening hence governing the power production. Severe erosion in P...

This research paper presents the design, construction, and performance testing of an automatic electrically powered egg incubator utilizing the horizontal placement of eggs. This experimental research was driven by the specific design and construction of a well-insulated rectangular egg-incubating box of dimension 400 mm × 600 mm × 500 mm and thick...

This paper deals with evaluation and analysis of carbon footprint of an airline operator, Nepal Airlines Corporation (NAC) by using its actual flight and maintenance data from 2016 to 2019. NAC is a multi-fleet operator, of both turboprop and turbofan aircrafts. Carbon footprint in terms of Carbon Dioxide (CO2) emission has been calculated for NAC’...

Gravitational Water Vortex Power Plant (GWVPP) is an appropriate means to convert kinetic energy of water to rotational mechanical energy at the very low head site. This study aims to establish a basic reference for the design of the runner for the Gravitational Water Vortex Turbine (GWVT) with a conical basin. Seven different geometrical parameter...

Although the BBIN (Bangladesh-Bhutan-India-Nepal) sub-region shares identical socioeconomic characteristics and secures considerable benefits from energy cooperation and power grid connectivity, it is still far behind to grasp its full potential. This paper reviews existing publications and papers from a viewpoint of resource distribution, energy s...

In today's world, where global warming is one of the greatest human challenges, sustainable energy generation is becoming increasingly relevant. The use of green and clean energy sources is the best way to minimize CO 2 , CO, NO X and other emissions of conventional energy usage. Solar photovoltaic (PV) systems are more beneficial and an exciting a...

This paper analyses the public bus network of the valley, its service coverage, and the share of the valley population with suitable access to the network within a given distance and time. It also analyses spatial relationships to public transport access in the valley. The Spatio-temporal access with the public transport is analyzed using General T...

This study presents Numerical modeling and Experimental analysis of enhancement of gas-side convective heat transfer coefficient of plain fire-tube boiler using turbulators. Insertion of twisted tape and coil wire turbulators served to arrest the thermal boundary layer formation on the 2 nd and 3 rd pass of the 3-pass fire tube boiler by preventing...

Gravitational Water Vortex Power Plant (GWVPP) is an appropriate means to convert kinetic energy of water to rotational mechanical energy at the very low head site. This study aims to establish a basic reference for the design of runner for Gravitational Water Vortex Turbine (GWVT) with conical basin. Seven different geometrical parameters have bee...

Most of the hydropower plants built in the Himalayan originating rivers contain an enormous amount of sediment in them with the domination of hard minerals. These hard minerals in the sediment are the major reason for hydro-abrasive erosion of hydro-mechanical and turbine components. The nature and severity of the erosion depend upon the nature and...

It is all about the engineering education system of Nepal and the initiative taken by the Institute of Engineering, Tribhuvan University.

Contract Management

This paper focuses on hydro-hydropower called gravitational water vortex power plant (GWVPP) which operates in an ultra-low-head requirement (0.7-3 m) and is used in off-grid energy generation in rural areas. GWVPP is a new type of hydropower system in which a channel and a basin structure is used to form a water vortex, where the rotational energy...

Growing demand for transport activities has raised numerous transport problems, mainly traffic congestion, environmental and energy issues. Efficient public bus services can be one of the sustainable solutions for meeting local transport demands. But the inefficient operation of public bus services in most of the developing countries has worsened t...

Renewable energy can contribute to adaptation to climate change, mitigation and development and may play an important role in resilient development ambition of Nepal. It has been emphasized in Nepal's Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) and climate change policy but its potential impact on SDGs era has not been fully explored and implemented....

Analysis of water quality of Himalayan originated rivers reveals the heavy sediment loading with a major portion of the sediment being hard mineral, quartz. Despite the incorporation of desanders to reduce the sediment content passing through hydro mechanical parts, significant wear is being reported in south-Asian hydroelectric projects. The repea...

Pelton turbine is a high head-impulse type turbine. The high-speed jet strikes the symmetrical semi ellipsoidal buckets, thus transferring the momentum within short period of time, impulse. The conversion of potential energy of water to kinetic energy in the form of jet is done by a nozzle with internally fitted spear or needle, the assembly in kno...

Performance and reliability of any rotating machine can be studied by proper dynamic analysis of the machine. In this regard, this paper presents the method to study the dynamic response of the shaft of a Pelton turbine due to the impact of water jet. Equations of motion for the bending vibration of Pelton turbine assembly, in two transverse direct...

The challenges posed by climate change require that the quantity and quality of water resources in Nepal be managed with sustainable development practices. The communities around the Kaligandaki Gorge Hydropower Project in the Myagdi District of Nepal depend on river flow for most of their rural and agricultural needs. Without a sustainable develop...

This paper presents the method to study the free and forced dynamic response of a shaft of a Pelton turbine unit. Equation of motion for the bending vibration of the shat of the Pelton turbine assembly is developed by using Hamilton principle by assuming Pelton wheel as a rigid disk attached on a Timoshenko shaft. Impact provided by the water jet i...

Among several options for rural electrification, Pico hydropower has a special place for its ability to generate energy continuously provided the rated flow. The type of plant to be employed for a particular site is determined considering portability, modularity and of course cost of the system. Among several pico-hydro options, Gravitational Water...

With the explosive growth of global energy demand coupled with effects of climate change, there is a significant shift towards green energy generation in recent years. Of the various renewable energy resources available, micro-hydro-power and pico-hydro-power remain very popular in both developed and developing countries. Since 2006, significant gr...

p class="Default"> There exists different parameters that act as influencing factors to measure the quality of technical education. Nature of examination with its process and activities has direct and indirect relationship towards quality product and result status in any academic institution. Institute of Engineering (IOE) is continuously enhancing...

p> The need of thermal comfort is one of the major topic of energy consumption in building. Alternative means for space heating are required for reducing building energy consumption and also reduce its carbon footprint. Solar thermal systems are matured technology in field of hot water and space heating. Though solar water heater has flourished in...

Harsh topographic conditions are a huge challenge for rural electrification in Nepal through national grid extension. Hence off-grid electrification has a huge potential and is gaining huge popularity in Nepal. Recognizing the significance of renewable energy in rural areas, with the support of various development partners, Government of Nepal cons...

Metallic alloys characterized by high energy density can be utilized as functional materials by employing them for latent heat based thermal energy storage. In this work, eutectic Pb-Bi alloy has been studied as a phase change material for medium temperature solar thermal application. A finite element model has been developed to investigate the inf...

This paper presents an application of Analytic Hierarchy Process for evaluation of the sustainability of renewable energy sources and technology in context of Nepal. Solar energy, biogas, micro hydropower and grid technology have been evaluated based on selected criteria like technical (efficiency and reliability), economic (initial investment, ope...

The main aim of this paper is to analyze the determinants of road transport energy consumption. Based on the literature study, four major factors are identified as major drivers of transport energy: transport intensity, energy intensity, per capita GDP and population. The correlation with transport energy consumption is analyzed and time series mul...

With concerns to energy savings and environmental protection, it is important to consider application of renewable energy to substitute for conventional energy sources. Despite of the huge potential of solar energy as well as successful implementation of solar PV and solar water heaters, solar space heating has not been practiced much in Nepal. In...

With concerns to energy savings and environmental protection, it is important to consider application of renewable energy to substitute for conventional energy sources. Despite of the huge potential of solar energy as well as successful implementation of solar PV and solar water heaters, solar space heating has not been practiced much in Nepal. In...

The gravitational water vortex power plant (GWVPP) is a new type of low head turbine system in which a channel and basin structure is used to form a vortex, where the rotational energy from the water can be extracted through a runner. This study is focused on the optimization of the runner to improve the efficiency of the GWVPP. Computational fluid...

p>Accepting the benefits of automation and to avoid the existing issues in semi-automated entrance examination system, Institute of Engineering (IOE) had decided to move into fully automated computer based entrance examination system in 2013. IOE had implemented automatic answer sheet scanning and processing system since 2004 and started online bas...

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There exists different parameters that act as influencing factors to measure the quality of technical education. Nature of examination with its process and activities has direct and indirect relationship towards quality product and result status in any academic institution. Institute of Engineering (IOE) is continuously enhancing the examination pr...

Under the reform process, This presentation highlights the priority automation tasks as well as future ICT research and development plan of IOE towards its excellency in engineering education.

Because of its harsh topographic conditions, rural off-grid electrification is gaining huge popularity in Nepal. Realizing the importance of renewable energy in rural areas, with the support of various development partners, Government of Nepal in its interim three year plan (2010 to 2013) considers rural electrification through renewable energy tec...

The use of solar dryer is slowly finding its way for food drying in Nepal. The use of direct type dryer is being common for household purpose but the indirect type dryer still has limited application. This work is an attempt to evaluate the performance of the existing design of indirect type solar dryer. In this study solar rack dryer with drying c...

This paper makes an analysis of the principle of downstream benefit from augmented flow of reservoir operation of Budi Gandaki Hydroelectricity Storage Project within national boundary of Nepal. Besides, this paper deals with the potential downstream benefits like hydropower, irrigation, water supply, flood control, water transport etc. The augment...

This research is about how the garbage that is considered as nuisance can actually be a source of energy that is vital for us. The fuel prepared by blending combustible fraction of waste is called refuse derived fuel (RDF). When the waste is mixed with coal known as selective fuel, they can be the replacement for coal in industries. The vertical sh...

This research is about how the garbage that is considered as nuisance can actually be a source of energy that is vital for us. The fuel prepared by blending combustible fraction of waste is called refuse derived fuel (RDF). When the waste is mixed with coal known as selective fuel, they can be the replacement for coal in industries. The vertical sh...

p>This paper is about how the garbage that is considered as nuisance can actually be a source of energy that is vital for us. The fuel prepared by blending combustible fraction of waste is called refuse derived fuel (RDF). When the waste is mixed with coal known as selective fuel, they can be the replacement for coal in industries. The vertical sha...

The development of hydropower is possible with the development of sound knowledge about all aspects. Various guidelines are available for the design of hydropower plants which are based on experience and theoretical basis. With the development of modern techniques and availability of enhance computational devices, various problems can be solved usi...

Research and Development Track: Software Engineering. This is the research and development project for the automation of examination system to be implemented over the examination control division of Institute of Engineering (IOE), Tribhuvan University. The descriptions, facts and figures mentioned on this document is real as per the existing syste...

This study is an attempt to focus on way of reducing energy consumption in context of residential building of Kathmandu Valley. The strategies of Net Zero Energy Building in developed and developing nations are different. Rather they are relatively newer concepts in developing nations. This research is intended to reflect the current scenario of ho...

Nepal has a considerable hydropower base to build on. However, given the urgent need to mitigate climate change, hydropower infrastructure will have to be planned within the ranges of uncertainty that climate trends impose, moving away from static planning and design. Plans will likely need to accommodate forecasts for targeted operations based on...

Building construction sector is one of the largest end users of environmental resources and it consumes approximately 40% of the world's primary energy use. Nowadays, people are aware of about Green / Sustainable building that is why rating systems have been developed to measure the sustainability level of green buildings in many developed countrie...

For clean and sustainable development, we need to develop renewable energy sources. At this time, many countries energy policy sets out measures for developing renewable energy technologies to solve the global problems. Gravitational water vortex power plant is one of such renewable low head turbine in which the mechanical energy of free surface fl...

The world is competing for energy and hydropower is a clean source of energy or electricity. The field of Hydro-power has often witnessed the discovery of new types of plants and components therein, by using simple principles of physics and mechanics. Gravitational water vortex power plant (GWVPP) has lately been eye-catching and interesting topic...

Energy is the crucial element for sustainable development of country. Unless the energy sector is geared up for efficient, secure and indigenous sustainable resources, the economy cannot move forward on a higher growth path. Access to reliable and affordable energy services is fundamental to reducing poverty, increasing productivity, enhancing comp...

This study is the analysis of several geometric parameters of conical basin design and their effect on vortex formation and energy. Here we have studied effect of various parameters individually on vortex velocity by using Computational Fluid Dynamics. For a given flow and head the different geometrical parameters that can be varied of conical basi...

In this present study, various empirical regression based models used across various parts of the world to determine global solar radiation on horizontal surface are generalized into seven different models. The common dependent parameter is sunshine duration and others are maximum and minimum temperature along with relative humidity. The regression...

Though the need for appropriate wastewater management technologies is undoubtedly a realized issue, so far there has been very little action taken towards wastewater treatment in Nepal. The centralized approaches of wastewater management have been unsuccessful as the existing traditional lagoons or activated sludge type wastewater treatment plants...

This paper evaluates and presents the reliability and availability of Sunkoshi Hydro Power Station, Nepal, during the period of FY 2009/10 to FY 2013/14. The operational data for the above period is collected and analyzed by using Markov model. Markov states are defined with the collected data and types of the failure faced by each generating units...

Rural off grid electrification via different technologies is experiencing rapid market growth. The Government of Nepal with the help of donor agencies has been providing various supports in different renewable energy technologies. However, questions have been raised every now and then on sustainability of government led projects and if they are act...

Hydropower projects promoted by government agencies and multilateral donor agencies in Nepal such as World Bank, Asian Development Bank etc. take decision to develop the projects on the basis of economic indices which includes the quantified socioeconomic cost and benefits. However, by virtue being the nature of private company, the projects being...

In this present study, various empirical regression based models used across various parts of the world to determine global solar radiation on horizontal surface are generalized into seven different models. The common dependent parameter is sunshine duration and others are maximum and minimum temperature along with relative humidity. The regression...

Long term sustainability of renewable energy projects in Nepal has been challenging issue because the projects are built in with a certain amount of investment subsidy from government. After installation of the energy system, it is the responsibility of the participating community or the users to operate, maintain and manage the system. The sustain...

Rural off grid electrification via different technologies is experiencing rapid market growth. The Government of Nepal with the help of donor agencies has been providing various supports in different renewable energy technologies. However, questions have been raised every now and then on sustainability of government led projects and if they are act...

The conversion of water power to mechanical energy is carried out by the use of different turbines. The most widely used turbines are Francis and Pelton turbines. Pelton turbines (impulse type turbines) are normally used in high head and low discharge conditions while Francis turbines (reaction type turbines) are used in medium head and medium disc...