
Tran Ngoc Tuan- Ph.D. in Aquaculture
- Professor (Associate) at Shantou University
Tran Ngoc Tuan
- Ph.D. in Aquaculture
- Professor (Associate) at Shantou University
Research interest: Aquaculture; Diseases; Gut microbiota; Immune response; Prebiotics; Probiotics; Postbiotics.
About
117
Publications
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Introduction
Tran Ngoc Tuan mainly focuses on research related to gut microbiota and their metabolites which influence the immunity of aquatic animals.
The paper “Tran et al., 2020. Progress and perspectives of short-chain fatty acids in aquaculture. Rev. Aquacult., 12(1):283-298" is one of his recent publications.
He is named in the World's Top 2% of Scientists List in 2023 in the sub-field of Fisheries (by Stanford University).
Current institution
Additional affiliations
March 2018 - July 2020
July 2015 - November 2017
Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences
Position
- PostDoc Position
Description
- I worked on the alternation of microbial composition and diversity in the fish gut and their interactions with the host under environmental changes.
Education
September 2011 - June 2015
September 2007 - September 2010
September 2002 - September 2006
Publications
Publications (117)
Aquaculture, encompassing the cultivation of diverse saltwater and freshwater fish and shellfish species, is rapidly expanding, driven by the pressing need for sustainable food production. However, intensified farming practices often lead to significant economic losses due to fish mortality from infectious diseases and stress-related conditions. Co...
Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) are extracellular nanostructures secreted by bacteria, which carry various virulence factors and play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of bacterial infections. In this study, outer membrane vesicles derived from Vibrio parahaemolyticus (Vp-OMVs) were isolated to examine their effects on innate immunity in mud crabs...
Dear Colleagues,
The emergence of new diseases in aquatic animals poses significant challenges to aquaculture and its sustainability. These diseases, driven by factors such as environmental changes, intensified aquaculture practices, and the transboundary movement of aquatic organisms, threaten the health and stability of aquatic populations. This...
Butyrate-producing bacteria (BPB) benefit the health of aquatic animals. This current study aimed to isolate BPB from the intestines of Nibea coibor and assess their probiotic potential. The results showed that nine isolates were obtained in vitro from the gut of N. coibor, including six Clostridium butyricum, two Proteocatella sphenisci, and one F...
This study evaluated the synergistic effects of dietary butyrate-producing bacteria (Clostridium senegalense I5 (I5)
and Paraclostridium benzoelyticum G5 (G5) and Gracilaria lemaneiformis-derived polysaccharide (GLP) in rabbitfish (Siganus canaliculatus). Both bacterial strains demonstrated high susceptibility to most antibiotics, salt
tolerance...
Pacific white shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) is one of the most productive and economically important species globally. However, the development and continuous expansion of the farming scale led to an increase in the risk of disease occurrence in shrimp farming. The application of probiotics as an effective method for controlling diseases in aquaculture...
As an enduring hot topic in the field of innate immunity, apoptosis is widely considered an effective approach to eliminate pathogenic microbes and plays a crucial role during host–pathogen interactions. Recently, researchers have found that the virus-containing host cells could transmit apoptotic signals to the surrounding uninfected cells during...
Sea cucumber (Apostichopus japonicus) is a significant aquatic economic species globally. However, the advancement of the sea cucumber aquaculture industry is impeded by its high susceptibility to elevated temperatures. To elucidate the impact of high temperature on physiological changes, gene expression, and metabolic responses in sea cucumbers, w...
Exosomes have been considered anti-microbial immune factors in animals (including aquatic animals). However, the relationship between exosomal proteins and immune responses during bacterial infection has not been addressed. Flotillin-1 has previously been shown to enrich plasma membrane which implicates in cellular processes, including signal trans...
Ferroptosis, characterized by iron-dependent cell death, has recently emerged as a critical defense mechanism against microbial infections. The present study aims to investigate the involvement of exosomes in the induction of ferroptosis and the inhibition of bacterial infection in crustaceans. Our findings provide compelling evidence for the pivot...
The Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis) has significant economic potential in both the Chinese domestic and global markets. The hemolymph microbiota is known to play a critical role in regulating physiological and biochemical functions in crustaceans. However, the study of the hemolymph microbiota of E. sinensis in response to infections has n...
A prebiotic-based strategy for isolation of butyrate-producing bacteria through alterations in gut microbiota in mud crab (Scylla paramamosain)
Innate immunity plays the most important system responsible for protecting crustaceans against invading pathogens. White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) is considered a serious pathogen in crustaceans with high cumulative mortality and morbidity in infected animals. Understanding the mechanism of the response of hosts to WSSV infection is necessary, whi...
The butyrate-producing bacterium Clostridium butyricum has been proven to be important in improving the growth and health benefits of aquatic animals. In this study, C. butyricum G13 was isolated for the first time from the gut of the mud crab (Scylla paramamosain). The results of this study showed that C. butyricum G13 could produce a high concent...
The dietary supplementation of red seaweed-derived polysaccharides has been shown to be beneficial to fish and shellfish aquaculture. However, the function of red seaweed (Gracilaria lemaneiformis)-extracted polysaccharide (GLP) on the health status of rabbitfish (Siganus canaliculatus) is still unknown. This study explored the influences of GLP on...
Lysine crotonylation (Kcr) is a newly discovered type of post-translational modification. Although Kcr has been reported in several species, its role in crustaceans remains largely unknown. In this study, Kcr in hemocytes of mud crab (Scylla paramamosain) was characterized using pan anti-crotonyllysine antibody enrichment and high-resolution liquid...
Introduction
The fungus Aspergillus niger is found to be predominant in the body of Pacific white shrimp (Penaeus vannamei); however, its role in shrimp’s health has not been explored. This study aimed to evaluate the influences of A. niger on growth, antioxidative activity, immune response, and gut microbiota of juvenile Pacific white shrimps unde...
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is an inflammatory cytokine that is important in cell survival, proliferation, differentiation, and death. However, the functions of TNF in the immune responses of invertebrates have been less studied. In this study, SpTNF was cloned and characterized from mud crab (Scylla paramamosain) for the first time. SpTNF contains...
Hemolymph and midgut are important tissues in the invertebrate’s immune response, ROS generated by SpNox plays a vital role in regulating microbiota and maintaining homeostasis. In this study, the function of SpNox in regulating the hemolymph and midgut homeostasis in mud crab (Scylla paramamosain) was investigated. The results showed that SpNox re...
This study intended to characterize the Gracilaria lemaneiformis (SW)-derived polysaccharide (GLP) and explore the fermentation aspects of SW and GLP by rabbitfish (Siganus canaliculatus) intestinal microbes. The GLP was mainly composed of galactose and anhydrogalactose (at 2.0:0.75 M ratio) with the linear mainstay of α-(1 → 4) linked 3,6-anhydro-...
Yellow oil mud crab (YOC) is a new variant of mud crab (Scylla paramamosain), which was attracted much attention in recent years due to its high level of nutrition. However, the nutritive values and the physiological changes in YOC have not been clearly understood. In this study, we aimed to identify the nutrient compositions (including total carot...
Aquaculture plays an important role in contributing to global food security and nutrition; thus, the intensification and diversification of aquaculture are increasingly considered. However, paralleling the development of the industrial scale in aquaculture, the occurrence of diseases is always an important issue that causes great losses in economic...
Crab species are economically important crustaceans with high demand in markets. Development of the culture system resulted in an increase in disease outbreaks. Disquisition and application of methods that can prevent and control diseases during the crab culture period are crucially essential. The application of prebiotics and probiotics to replace...
As an enduring hot topic in the field of innate immunity, apoptosis is widely considered as an effective approach to eliminate pathogenic microbes, and possesses crucial role during host-pathogen interactions. Recently, researchers have found that virus-containing host cells could transmit apoptotic signals to surrounding uninfected cells during in...
During the last decade, indiscriminate antibiotic use has increased with intensive aquaculture practice for disease management leading to the emergence. Hence, there is a need to devise sustainable feed additives with nutraceutical value. Marine macroalgae containing natural polysaccharides have drawn attention because of their significant bioactiv...
Reactive oxygen species (ROS), a group of unstable and highly reactive molecules or free radicals, are productions of molecular oxygen through cell metabolism. In invertebrates, especially in crustaceans, hemolymph plays an extremely important role in innate immune regulation and inflammatory responses, in which various microbes were modified by RO...
Exosomes, secreted by most cells, are critical antimicrobial immune factors in animals. Recent studies of certain key regulators of vesicular transport, the Rab GTPases, have linked Rab dysfunction to regulation of innate immune signaling. However, the relationship between exosomes and Rab GTPases, resulting in antimicrobial activity in vertebrates...
Probiotics are live microorganisms and friendly to the environment, conferring health benefits on hosts. However, in some cases, the live form of probiotics may lead to the establishment of potential risks to wild aquatic organisms by releasing viable bacteria into ambient environments. Non-viable probiotics are termed as “paraprobiotics,” and exhi...
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of heat-killed Lactobacillus plantarum L-137 (HK L-137) on growth, feed utilization, immune response, and survival rate of cage-cultured red tilapia (Oreochromis sp.). The cages were located in Dong Thap (DT), Vinh Long (VL), and An Giang (AG) provinces (Vietnam). The formulated diets contained iso-nitrogeno...
Most host organisms undergo metabolic changes in response to pathogens, environmental cues or simply to boost their immunity. Metabolic modulation has therefore been exploited by both host and pathogens to outwit the other during host–pathogen interactions. Recent studies have revealed that a growing number of metabolites and metabolic processes in...
BNIP3 (BCL2 and adenovirus E1B 19-kDa-interacting protein 3), which is a pro-apoptotic protein in the BCL-2 family involves a variety of cell signaling pathways, including mitochondrial dysfunction, mitochondrial autophagy, and apoptosis in vertebrates. However, the role of BNIP3 in the regulation of apoptosis and/or autophagy in crustaceans suffer...
Innate immunity is the only defense system for resistance against infections in crustaceans. In crustaceans, white spot diseases caused by white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) are a serious viral disease with high accumulative mortality after infection. Attachment and entry into cells have been known to be two initial and important steps in viral infec...
Probiotics confer health benefits to aquatic animals, although the use of live probiotics could negatively impact the aquaculture environment. Thus, heat-killed probiotics are an alternative choice that could equally improve growth performance and disease resistance of farmed fish and shellfish. This review summarised current understanding of heat-...
Although, in mammals, the Krüppel-like transcription factor 13 (KLF13) plays an essential role in cell proliferation, survival, differentiation, apoptosis, tumorigenesis, immune regulation, and inflammation, its role in penaeid shrimp is unclear. In the current study, we characterized a KLF13 homolog in Penaeus vannamei (PvKLF13), with full-length...
Aquatic organisms have to produce proteins or factors that help maintain a stable relationship with microbiota and prevent colonization by pathogenic microorganisms. In crustaceans and other aquatic invertebrates, relatively few of these host factors have been characterized. In this study, we show that the respiratory glycoprotein hemocyanin is a c...
Molting is a crucial lifelong process in the growth, development, and reproduction of crustaceans. In mud crab (Scylla paramamosain), new exoskeleton, gills, and appendages are formed after a molting, which contributes to a 40 to 90% increase in body weight. However, little is currently known about the associations between molting and the dynamic c...
This study aimed to investigate the effects of heat-killed Lactobacillus plantarum L-137 (HK L-137) on the growth, survival, intestinal morphology, immune response, and disease resistance of snakehead (Channa striata). The fish (7.30±0.07 g) were fed diets supplemented with 0 (control), 2, 4, 10, 20, and 40 mg of HK L-137 kg-1 of feed. After feedin...
Shrimp aquaculture is an essential economic venture globally, but the industry faces numerous challenges, especially pathogenic infections. As invertebrates, shrimp rely mainly on their innate immune system for protection. An increasing number of studies have shown that ubiquitination plays a vital role in the innate immune response to microbial pa...
Notch signaling pathway is a highly evolutionary conserved signaling pathway, which modulates many biological processes such as cell differentiation, tissue development and immune response. Our previous study revealed that Litopenaeus vannamei Notch (LvNotch) was involved in immune response by regulating reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in...
Acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) is a major debilitating disease that causes massive shrimp death resulting in substantial economic losses in shrimp aquaculture. The Pir toxin proteins secreted by a unique strain of Vibrio parahaemolyticus play an essential role in the pathogenesis of AHPND. At present, most studies on the effects of...
Immune priming has now been demonstrated as a form of immune memory in a wide range of invertebrate species that lack acquired immune systems. Owing to the specific activation of innate immunity upon reinfection, immune priming has important implications for vaccinating economically valuable shellfish to effectively prevent infectious diseases. To...
Aestivation is a common strategy of sea cucumbers (Apostichopus japonicus) in response to high-temperature conditions. Previous studies have individually investigated the immune and physiological alterations at the aestivation stage. However, these studies have not evaluated the relationship between immunity and physiology. In this study, we explor...
Aquaculture production of crustaceans (mainly shrimp and crabs) has expanded globally, but disease outbreaks and pathogenic infections have hampered production in the last two decades. As invertebrates, crustaceans lack an adaptive immune system and mainly defend and protect themselves using their innate immune system. The immune system derives ene...
Clostridium butyricum is a bacterium of rod shape, strictly anaerobic, Gram‐positive and form spores. Short‐chain fatty acids, biofuel compounds and precursors of biomaterials (H2, butanol and 1,3‐propanediol) are produced by C. butyricum during the fermentation of carbohydrates and sugars. In humans and animals, although C. butyricum has been foun...
Activating transcription factors 2 (ATF2) is a transcription factor of the members of ATF/CREB family that is phosphorylated and activated by the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) in responding to the stimulation of stimuli. In present study, SpATF2 from mud crab (Scylla paramamosain) was identified and studied. The open reading frame of SpAT...
Sea cucumber species are abundant (over 1400 species) and widely distributed globally. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequencing is frequently used to identify the phylogenetic and evolutionary relationships among species. However, there are no reports on the mitochondrial genome of P. liuwutiensis. Here, we performed mtDNA sequencing of Phyllophorus li...
Mud crab (Scylla paramamosain) is an economically important marine crustacean species commonly distributed in China and Indo-west Pacific countries. However, the disease outbreaks caused by Vibrio parahemolyticus have resulted in high mortality and disastrous economic losses in the mud crab culture industry. Immune priming has shown the capacity of...
The intestinal tract of aquatic animals is harbored by a large number of symbiotic microbes, which is important for host health and nutritional metabolism through multiple mechanisms. The composition of gut microbiota in aquatic animals is influenced by several factors. In fact, consuming specific diets may affect the composition and activity of in...
Dietary carbohydrates are anaerobically fermented by gut microbiota to short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), conferring gut health benefits. Of all tested prebiotics, galactooligosaccharides (GOS) and resistant starch (RS) stimulated the SCFA production in mud crab (Scylla paramamosain), a crustacean model, to a greater extent than the other carbohydrat...
In mammals, casitas B-lineage lymphoma (CBL) family proteins, a RING-type E3 ubiquitin ligase, are involved in many signal transduction pathways. However, the functions of CBL in invertebrates are not well elucidated. In this study, Sp-CBL containing CBL-N, CBL-2, CBL-3 and RING domains was identified in mud crab Scylla paramamosain. Sp-CBL was wid...
Haemophilus parasuis (H. parasuis) is one of the bacterial pathogens of great concern as it causes huge economic losses to the swine industry worldwide. One of the reasons why the control of H. parasuis has failed is the increase in antimicrobial resistance (AMR). The country of Vietnam has the second-largest pig production in Asia. However, there...
The innate immune system is the first line of defense protecting the hosts against invading pathogens. Mud crab (Scylla paramamosain) is widely distributed in China and Indo-west Pacific countries, which develops a very complicated innate immune system against pathogen invasions. Innate immunity involves the humoral and cellular responses that are...
As a prerequisite for probiotics to establish and settle in the host intestine, adhesion is an essential criterion for probiotic screening. However, adhesion of probiotics in the intestines of one of the most important cultured fish species globally, the grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idellus, remains understudied. Here, we assessed the adhesion prope...
Background: Aestivation is one of the strategies used by sea cucumbers (Apostichopus japonicas) in order to improve survival in response to the high-temperature and droughty conditions. Previous studies have carried out to investigate the immune or physiological alterations at the aestivation stage. However, it lacks information on the relationship...
Bcl-2 associated athanogene-1 (BAG1) is involved in various signalling pathways including apoptosis, cell proliferation, gene transcriptional regulation and signal transduction in animals. However the functions of BAG1 during the antiviral response of mud crab Scylla paramamosain is still unclear. In this study, the mud crab BAG1 (SpBAG1) was chara...
The complete Holothuria leucospilata mitochondrial genome was determined and analyzed in this work. It had a circular mapping molecular with a total length of 15,904 bp and contained 13 protein-coding genes, 2 rRNA genes, 22 tRNA genes, and 1 putative control region. Phylogenetic analysis showed that H. leucospilata clustered together with Holothur...
Pacific white shrimp is the major farmed shrimp species in the world. It is known to be very sensitive to the environmental and management changes such as intensification, which is one of the primary necessities to increase shrimp production, but represents a stressful condition, and needs to be managed properly to diminish its negative effects in...
Mud crabs (Scylla paramamosain), a commercially important cultured species in the southeastern region of China, is usually infected by Vibriosis or parasites, causing great economic losses in cultured farms. Previous studies have demonstrated that probiotics benefited in enhancing the immune response against invading pathogens in aquatic animals. I...
Transglutaminase (TGase) is important in blood coagulation, a conserved immunological defense mechanism among invertebrates. This study is the first report of the TGase in mud crab (Scylla paramamosain) (SpTGase) with a 2304 bp ORF encoding 767 amino acids (molecular weight 85.88 kDa). SpTGase is acidic, hydrophilic, stable and thermostable, contai...
Vibrio parahaemolyticus is one of the major pathogens caused diseases in cultured mud crab (Scylla paramamosain). Mud crabs lack an adaptive immune system, their defenses depend almost on innate immunity. Evaluation of the molecular responses of mud crabs to pathogens is essential for control of disease occurrence in farmed animals. In this study,...
Serine proteases (SPs) are important in various immune responses, including prophenoloxidase (proPO) activation, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) synthesis, and hemolymph coagulation in invertebrates. In this study, SP3 and SP5 of mud crab (Scylla paramamosain) were studied. SP3 and SP5 were expressed in all examined tissues (mainly in hemocytes), and...
Cysteine cathepsins are described as lysosomal proteases with housekeeping and highly specialised functions in many organisms. In this study, cysteine cathepsins were identified from the transcriptome profile of blunt snout bream (Megalobrama amblycephala). A total of 41 cysteine cathepsin-like sequences were found and divided into groups of cathep...
Gut microbiota plays a crucial importance in their host. Disturbance of the microbial structure and function is known to be associated with inflammatory intestinal disorders. Enteritis is a significant cause of high mortality in fish species, including grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus). Study regarding the association between microbial alternat...
Phagocytosis and apoptosis are key cellular innate immune responses against bacteria and virus in invertebrates. Class B scavenger receptors (SRBs), which contain a CD36 domain, are critical pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) of phagocytosis for bacteria and apoptotic cells. In the present study, we identified a member of SRB subfamily in mud cra...
The profound interplay between intestinal microbiota and animal biology has received ample scientific attention. Yet the alternations of microbiota populating the fish intestine with respect to starvation remain incompletely understood. The present study used 16S rRNA sequencing to investigate changes of intestinal microbiota in grass carp (Ctenoph...
Saprolegnia spp. are important pathogens causing a reduction in the hatching rate of freshwater fish eggs. This paper describes on the Saprolegnia infection found on the eggs of Asian swamp eel (Monopterus albus) during hatching period. The egg samples with fungal mycelia were directly collected from the hatchery. The isolation and identification o...
Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus), a herbivorous freshwater fish species, is an important cultured fish species worldwide. Recently, grass carp is emerging as an important model fish species for researching the intestinal microbiota. Numerous studies of the microbiota inhabiting the intestine of grass carp have been published. Previous studies...
Smac/DIABLO gene is essential for the apoptosis mechanism in mammals. This study is the first report of the Megalobrama amblycephala (ma) diablo gene, and the first report of the tertiary structure of a Diablo polypeptide in fish. Madiablo is 1540-bp long with an open reading frame of 792 bp, encoding a putative protein of 263 amino acids with a mo...
Dietary intake affects the structure and function of microbes in host intestine. However, the succession of gut microbiota in response to changes in macronutrient levels during a long period of time remains insufficiently studied. Here, we determined the succession and metabolic products of intestinal microbiota in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idel...
Animal digestive tract is habitat for a large number of autochthonous microbiota, which play central roles in multiple biological and physiological processes of the host. In this study, two different micro-biomass preparation methods were employed to evaluate the diversity of intestinal mucosa-associated microbiota in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon i...
Grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idellus, harbours complex intestinal bacterial communities, which are important in several physiological processes of their host. Intestinal microbiota of grass carp have been previously described in numerous studies. However, an overview on the bacterial community diversity, including their establishment, their functio...
Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are the most dominant type of DNA variations in genome which is useful in genetic linkage mapping and quantitative traits loci analysis. In this study, a SNP’s database of blunt snout bream (Megalobrama amblycephala) was obtained from the transcripts of cDNA library using Solexa/Illumina sequencing. A total of...
http://www.channuoithuysan.vn/las-tap-2-2016/las-tap-2-2016.html#/26
Achlya spp. commonly infects many freshwater fish species. This study aimed to isolate, identify and determine the infectious abilities of some fungal strains isolated from snakehead fish. A total of 57 fish samples (47 infected fish and 10 healthy fish) were collected from cultured farms in Vinh Long Province during the period of June 2015 to May...
Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-) is known to be crucial in many biological activities of organisms. In this study,
physicochemical properties and modeling of TNF- protein of fish was analyzed using in silico approach. TNF- proteins
selected from fish species, including grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella), zebra fish (Danio rerio), Nile tilapi...
Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) encodes for major histocompatibility antigens which are important in the adaptive immunity of organisms. In this study, the two blunt snout bream (Megalobrama amblycephala) (Ma-)MHC Iα and MHC IIα antigen proteins were retrieved from the NCBI database and characterised using in silico approaches. Physicochemic...
This study was performed to analyse and evaluate the status of technical and finance aspects of white leg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) cultured in Soc Trang province (Viet Nam) during September to December, 2013. The results obtained from 30 households showed that the white leg shrimp culture system was mainly transferred from black tiger shrimp c...
http://www.channuoithuysan.vn/las-no-1-2016.html#/34
The growth performance of catfish seed in earthen and concrete tank had been well documented. However, the challenges of shooters and economy of available space had changed the focus of fish seed producers to the use of hapas in both systems in recent times. This study therefore compares the growth performance and survival of catfish fry raised wit...
Background
Heat shock proteins play an important role in protection from stress stimuli and metabolic insults in almost all organisms.
Methods
In this study, computational tools were used to deeply analyse the physicochemical characteristics and, using homology modelling, reliably predict the tertiary structure of the blunt snout bream (Ma-) Hsp70...
Striped catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) is a very common aquaculture species in large scale throughout the Mekong Delta of Viet Nam for recent years. Disease occurrence caused by pathogens during culture period has been experienced. Fungi are more seriously and increasingly important pathogen in farmed striped catfish. In this study, the dist...
In Mekong Delta, viral infection, including white spot syndrome virus (WSSV), monodon baculovirus (MBV), heptopancreatic parvovirus (HPV), infectious hypodermal and hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHHNV) and gill-associated nidovirus (GAV) frequently infect cultured shrimp starting at the postlarvae stage. These viral infections cause high mortality...
This study was carried out to confirm whether Aeromonas hydrophila is a main haemorrhagic pathogen in blunt snout bream Megalobrama amblycephala (BSB). The fish was challenged with bacterial concentrations of 1.7×10 4 , 1.7×10 5 , 1.7×10 6 and 1.7×10 7 cfu/fish for 7 days post infection. The results showed that mortality was bacterial-dose dependen...