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July 2017 - present
Publications
Publications (77)
A systematic review of 20 years of studies was conducted to understand wave dissipation trends of hybrid and natural (soft) coastal features, collectively referred to as nature-based solutions (NbS). Of 13,451 studies identified and 470 studies reviewed; only 50 studies consistently reported the basic parameters required to compare wave height diss...
As the rise in sea level becomes increasingly evident, various techniques to increase renewable energy production and reduce coastal erosion have become popular topics of study. In particular, interest has grown in varying geometries of submerged plates to focus waves and create reliable conditions for wave energy production. Through the principles...
Coastal regions across the globe are facing grand challenges associated with climate change, sea level rise, and increasing coastal flood hazard conditions. Effects of these threats are exacerbated by rising population densities and as aging infrastructure reaches or exceeds its design life. Therefore, finding sustainable, resilient adaptation alte...
Hybrid approaches to shoreline protection, where natural (“green”) features are combined with hardened (“gray”) infrastructure, are increasingly used to protect coastlines from erosion and flood-based hazards. Our understanding of hybrid systems is limited, and it is unknown whether the components of these systems interact in any meaningful sense t...
A prototype-scale physical model was used to study wave height attenuation through an idealized mangrove forest and the resulting reduction of wave forces and pressures on a vertical wall. An 18 m transect of a Rhizophora forest was constructed using artificial trees, considering a baseline and two mangrove stem density configurations. Wave heights...
A changing climate and growing coastal populations exacerbate the outcomes of environmental hazards. Large‐scale flooding and acute disasters have been extensively studied through historic and current data. Chronic coastal flooding is less well understood and poses a substantial threat to future coastal populations. This paper presents a novel tech...
Wave overtopping of shoreline infrastructure can lead to significant flooding and consequent loss of life, impairment of transportation systems, and ecological damage. Coastal defenses against overtopping traditionally include hard structures, such as seawalls and revetments, and design guidelines for these structures, e.g., the EurOtop manual (Van...
This paper presents results of a reduced (1:8) scale experiment investigating the performance of hybrid structural (gray) and natural-based (green) infrastructure for wave overtopping reduction. Experiments were scaled to a 1:8 geometric scale based on 1:2-scale experiments conducted during the Summer of 2023 at Oregon State University. Seven wave...
Mangroves and other natural coastal defenses have the potential to augment or replace traditional engineered coastal structures in preventing adverse events such as wave overtopping. Natural, or “green” systems may reduce maintenance costs, reduce sediment erosion, and increase biodiversity compared to traditional “gray” infrastructure built from s...
Hurricane Idalia made landfall along the coast of the Florida Big Bend as a Category 3 hurricane on August 30, 2023, near Keaton Beach, FL. Marked by one of the fastest rates of tropical cyclone intensification observed in the Atlantic basin, the hurricane made landfall with maximum sustained wind speeds near 125 mph. The associated wind field had...
Wave damping by vegetation has been included in many numerical models for coastal engineering primarily through a parameterized expression for the wave height decay following Mendez and Losada (2004). CD is an empirical coefficient often derived from reduced-scale laboratory experiments in which alpha is measured directly. Multiple values of CD can...
As coastal communities face increasing chronic and acute hazards, nature-based coastal engineering solutions have experienced a rapid growth in popularity and interest. Recent works on this topic have shown that this “green infrastructure” may be effective at mitigating coastal hazards and thus have potential as sustainable adaptation alternatives...
Coastal communities have been prone to extreme inundations generated by storm surges and tsunamis. Especially inundated overland flows adversely impact low-lying areas. Therefore, mitigation solutions are essential in protecting human lives and infrastructures. So far, hard structures (gray structures) have been widely used to protect coastal commu...
Tidal inlets are dynamic systems, leading to engineering challenges in maintaining navigability and protecting infrastructure on adjacent shorelines. Interventions to stabilize tidal inlets are commonly used worldwide. It is known that many inlet stabilization techniques may lead to changes in the circulation and morphology of the inlet and adjacen...
For residential structures in America's coastal communities, resilience is an essential system quality. Such resilience is best conceptualized as a given system's ability to anticipate, respond to, recover from, and adapt to disruption. Practically, the quantification of parcel-scale resilience requires detailed temporal data and the ability to ass...
The increase in the magnitude of natural disasters has led to the development of risk assessment methodologies to indicate risk levels in qualitative terms. Among these, the Source-Pathway-Receptor-Consequence (SPRC) methodology assesses the risk from the source of the hazard to the possible consequences. In the present work, an economic evaluation...
Eighteen years after Hurricane Charley made landfall in 2004, Hurricane Ian made landfall in nearly the same location, also as a Category 4 hurricane. Unlike Hurricane Charley (2004), water more so than wind was the impetus behind the disaster that unfolded. Despite being a belowdesign-level wind event, the large windfield drove a powerful storm su...
Bay-side storms, defined here as storms with tracks on the landward side of barrier islands, may disturb the hydrodynamics of inner bays to a larger extent than on the ocean side. These storms are common in large-scale O(>100,000 m) estuarine systems and have the potential to modify the circulation in bays and within tidal inlets. Here, we provide...
Structural coastal protection interventions have been implemented worldwide to stabilize channels and shorelines in tidal inlets. Although these conventional “gray” interventions typically attain their goals, there is an increasing interest and need to consider nature-based or “green” interventions that also address system resilience and environmen...
Natural and Nature-Based Features (NNBF) are promoted as alternatives to structural flood protection measures. Progress has been made in understanding the physics and engineering of these systems; however, engineering, ecological, and social barriers to implementation remain. This paper identifies these barriers using the results of a literature re...
Earthquake-triggered giant tsunamis can cause catastrophic disasters to coastal populations, ecosystems and infrastructure on scales over thousands of kilometres. In particular, the scale and tragedy of the 2004 Indian Ocean (about 230,000 fatalities) and 2011 Japan (22,000 fatalities) tsunamis prompted global action to mitigate the impacts of futu...
Coastal highways along narrow barrier islands are vulnerable to flooding due to ocean and bay-side events, which create hazardous travel conditions and may restrict access to surrounding communities. This study investigates the vulnerability of a segment of highway passing through the Pea Island National Wildlife Refuge in the Outer Banks, North Ca...
Floods account for the highest annual average losses from natural hazards across the United States, and the occurrence of repeat flood inundation events in United States communities is increasing. Distinguishing damages caused by distinct flood events in a community that has experienced repeated flooding is difficult, and best practices for repeat...
Hurricanes have large and lasting effects along coastlines, representing one of the deadliest and costliest natural hazards. Among the rapidly growing literature on the impacts of hurricanes, an increasing topic of interest is the potential role of mangroves, and other coastal habitats, as nature-based strategies (NBS) for coastal defense. In addit...
Between 28 and 30 October 2021, Annapolis, Maryland, USA, experienced the third highest flood event on record, referred to as the “Oktober Flut.” Unlike many of the extreme coastal flood events that have impacted Annapolis in the past, the Oktober Flut was not associated with a tropical or post-tropical cyclone. Instead, sustained wind forcing from...
This study investigates the potential of a Rhizophora mangrove forest of moderate cross-shore thickness to attenuate wave heights using an idealized prototype-scale physical model constructed in a 104 m long wave flume. An 18 m long cross-shore transect of an idealized red mangrove forest based on the trunk-prop root system was constructed in the f...
Characterizing the fragility, resistance, and resilience of marshes is critical for understanding their role in reducing storm damages and for helping to manage the recovery of these natural defenses. This study uses high-resolution aerial imagery to quantify the impacts of Hurricane Michael, a category 5 hurricane, on coastal salt marshes in the F...
The combined effect of storm surge and wave action during severe storms in coastal regions can cause significant damage to civil infrastructures with cascading consequences to coastal communities and their residents with respect to emergency response, repair, and recovery. This coupling of natural, physical, and social systems presents an important...
Rising seas, tropical cyclones, and tsunamis threaten increasingly populated coastal areas, leaving coastal communities searching for sustainable, resilient adaptation solutions to mitigate the impacts of chronic and acute coastal flood hazards. This work specifically investigates parcel-scale effects of the Rhizophora mangle (red mangrove) species...
Large (km-scale) mangrove forests can provide protection to shorelines and near-coast structures during extreme coastal flood events, including tsunamis and tropical cyclones. However, little is known about the effects of mangroves with a modest cross-shore thickness (∼10 – 50 m), on flow hydrodynamics and resulting inland pressures and forces on n...
In early October 2016, Hurricane Matthew crossed North Carolina as a Category 1 storm, with some areas receiving 0.38–0.46 m (15–18 in.) of rainfall on already saturated soil. The NIST-funded Center for Risk-Based Community Resilience Planning teamed with researchers from NIST’s Engineering Laboratory (Disaster and Failure Studies Program, Communit...
This collection archives instruments and planning materials related to the building damage assessment survey for Wave 1 of the Lumberton, NC Field Study conducted by the Center for Risk-Based Community Resilience Planning, a NIST-funded Center of Excellence. The survey was designed to gather specific types of information on the physical structure o...
A hydraulic physical model study was conducted to quantify horizontal forces and pressure distributions on an elevated structure under nonbreaking, impulsive breaking, and broken wave conditions. Regular wave trials with varying wave heights and periods were used to estimate phase-averaged horizontal pressure distributions at the time of the maximu...
Coastal communities are challenged to develop sustainable adaptations to mitigate hazards associated with rising seas and intensifying storms. Based on field and laboratory studies, we quantified parcel-scale benefits of mangrove shorelines, building on observations of mangrove protection of near-shore residential infrastructure in the Florida Keys...
On September 1, 2019, Hurricane Dorian made landfall on Elbow Cay in the Bahamas at 16:40 UTC with sustained winds of 185 mph (295 km/h), wind gusts up to 225 mph (360 km/h), and a central pressure of 910 mb, tying Dorian with the 1935 Labor Day hurricane for the strongest sustained winds observed in a landfall in the Atlantic Basin. Shortly therea...
In 2017, Hurricanes Harvey, Irma, and Maria caused more than $200 billion dollars of damage in the United States, as well as the incalculable cost of the loss of life and mental trauma associated with these disasters (Sullivan 2017). In a changing climate, sea level rise and the potential for increasing tropical cyclone intensity can result in even...
Hurricanes generate elevated surge levels and strong waves that can cause extensive damage to buildings and other coastal infrastructure, especially those located in low-lying coastal regions. The history of recorded damage on buildings near the shoreline from past storms indicates that the intensity of storms and resulting damage has increased ove...
With an increase in both the population densities in coastal communities and the frequency of high-intensity tropical cyclones in recent years, effective strategies to mitigate wave and surge-induced structural damage are essential to ensure community resilience. To prevent damage in vulnerable areas, structures must be constructed or retrofitted t...
The 2017 Atlantic hurricane season had 17 named storms, 10 hurricanes, and 6 major hurricanes, generating over 226 units of accumulated cyclone energy (ACE), a measure used by the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Association (NOAA) that refers to the combined the intensity and duration of a hurricane. These statistics earned the hurricane sea...
Experiment Type Wave Equipment Type Large Wave Flume (LWF) Date of Publication December/5/2018 Description A large-scale physical hydraulic model was constructed in the Large Wave Flume (LWF) at the NHERI-EF at Oregon State University. We measured water surface elevations, horizontal and vertical pressures, and horizontal and vertical forces on an...
In this paper, we investigate short-duration solitary wave impacts on overhanging near-coast structures, which are represented here as rectangular blocks protruding out from a vertical wall. Wave transformation is computed for a variety of scenarios using the OpenFOAM variant IHFOAM. In agreement with previous studies, the largest pressures and loa...
This study describes an extensive series of large-scale experiments to create a comprehensive dataset to derive horizontal and vertical wave forces on elevated coastal structures subject to storm waves, surge, and tsunamis, incorporating the effect of the relative structure elevation, breaking type (non-breaking, breaking, or broken), 3D flow alter...
Developed coastal regions are vulnerable to damage during hurricane events due to storm surge inundation and overland wave propagation. Thus, a robust methodology to predict horizontal wave loads on elevated coastal houses is required for improving design guidance in coastal areas. Waves that break directly on or impact a structure as a turbulent b...
A large-scale physical model was created in Oregon State University's Large Wave Flume to collect an extensive dataset measuring wave-induced horizontal and vertical forces on an idealized coastal structure. Water depth was held constant while wave conditions included regular, irregular, and transient (tsunami-like) waves with different significant...
Regional-scale and local damage surveys of the U.S. Mid-Atlantic coast were performed after Hurricane Sandy in 2012. A satellite-based analysis of over 15,000 houses within one block of the New Jersey, Long Island, and Staten Island coastlines showed a strong correlation between destruction and poststorm dune heights. A detailed survey in Ocean Cou...
Here in present work, rotational Boussinesq–Green–Naghdi models were applied to assess the hydrodynamic intensity through the study of the boulder transport in east coast of Philippines during typhoon Haiyan and damage to coastal residences in New Jersey coast due to hurricane Sandy. The hydrodynamic forces were quantitatively analyzed and correlat...
Experiments were conducted at a 1:20 length scale in a large tsunami flume to measure wave evolution and pressures on and around structural elements. The water surface profiles of waves propagating across a bare beach were compared with those recorded in front of an onshore obstacle representing an urban macro-roughness element. The addition of a s...
This paper presents data and analysis for block and boulder transport during Super Typhoon Haiyan along a 4.5km long, low (5-12m) cliffed coastline in Calicoan Island, Eastern Samar, Philippines. Wave runup exceeding 15.2m elevation above mean sea level drove large limestone clasts, with volumes up to ~ 83m³, up to ~ 280m inland. A few very large c...
2D modeling for surf zone phenomenons are validated in present work using the rotational Boussinesq-Green-Naghdi model. Three benchmark test cases are simulated: tsunami wave runup a conical island; tsunami wave runup complex shelf; and rip current and wave setup over sand bars. The computed results are compared to the experimental data including t...
Posthurricane Ike surveys for almost 2,000 individual wood-framed houses were combined with high resolution numerical hindcasts to investigate the collapse limit state arising from overland waves and surge. For this storm, freeboard above wave crests, wave height, current velocity, and construction date were found to be the most important factors d...
Hurricane Ike was the third costliest hurricane to hit the United States, causing almost $30 billion in damage after making landfall on the Bolivar Peninsula, Texas, in September, 2008. Following the disaster, a case study of the peninsula was conducted to evaluate hurricane-generated wave and water level effects on wood framed, pile-elevated coast...
