Tom Long

The University of Warwick · Department of Politics & International Studies

El estudio de la política exterior colombiana enfatiza las limitaciones externas y la prerrogativa presidencial en la formulación de la política exterior. A partir de literatura reciente de análisis de política exterior y de evidencia de distintos casos (Plan Colombia, bases militares estadounidenses, discusiones de libre comercio con China y el fa...

North America has survived a tumultuous three decades since the implementation of the North American Free Trade Agreement. What characterizes our shared region today? What sort of region can advance our shared interests and well-being over the next generation? This volume offers an agenda for how the region’s leaders can forge inclusive and effecti...

North America has survived a tumultuous three decades since the implementation of the North American Free Trade Agreement. What characterizes our shared region today? What sort of region can advance our shared interests and well-being over the next generation? This volume offers an agenda for how the region’s leaders can forge inclusive and effecti...

International organizations come in many shapes and sizes. Within this institutional gamut, the multipurpose multilateral intergovernmental organization (MMIGO) plays a central role. This institutional form is often traced to the creation of the League of Nations, but in fact the first MMIGO emerged in the Western Hemisphere at the close of the nin...

La performatividad es un aspecto fundamental de la política exterior. En el caso colombiano, una mezcla teatral de acciones y retórica se entrelaza con la aspiración gubernamental a que el país represente el papel de un “buen miembro” del Orden Internacional Liberal (oil). Esto afecta las percepciones de tomadores de decisiones sobre los intereses...

North America has survived a tumultuous three decades since the implementation of the North American Free Trade Agreement. What characterizes our shared region today? What sort of region can advance our shared interests and well-being over the next generation? This volume offers an agenda for how the region’s leaders can forge inclusive and effecti...

Studies of public opinion toward regionalism tend to rely on questions regarding trade integration and specific regional organizations. This narrow focus overlooks dimensions of regionalism that sit at the heart of international relations research on regions today. Instead, we argue that research should explore public preferences with respect to re...

Small states are crucial actors in world politics. Yet, they have been relegated to a second tier of International Relations scholarship. In A Small State's Guide to Influence in World Politics, Tom Long shows how small states can identify opportunities and shape effective strategies to achieve their foreign policy goals. To do so, Long puts small...

Although Latin America plays a minimal role in debates on the ‘liberal international order’, scholars recognize the region’s influence on international law, norms, and institutions. We contend that these Latin American contributions to international order spring from a tradition of ‘republican internationalism’, rooted in the region’s domestic poli...

Las crisis de orden internacional—junto con la debilidad del regionalismo en el hemisferio occidental—tiene enorme relevancia para América Latina. Para Chile, a pesar de su aparente lejanía del centro de la crisis, las consecuencias podrían ser aún mayores en algunos aspectos. Esa convergencia de crisis desafiará al modelo de inserción económica ch...

The Biden administration holds significant political tools for navigating relations with Latin America. How will it leverage this power?

It is frequently, though incorrectly, stated that the United States has been hegemonic in the Western Hemisphere since enunciation of the Monroe Doctrine in 1823. These overstated notions of US dominance often form the background for today’s assessments of the roles of rising powers and other extra-hemispheric actors in Latin America. And while his...

Why do some states choose to recognize de facto states, even when this involves potential costs? We explore this question through the case of Paraguay-Taiwan relations, arguing that Paraguay uses its diplomatic recognition policy for status-seeking, which generates intangible and material benefits that offset the macroeconomic opportunity costs of...

The study of Colombian foreign policy emphasises external constraints and presidential prerogative in foreign policymaking. Drawing on insights from recent foreign policy analysis literature and evidence from several cases (Plan Colombia, US military bases, free trade talks with China, and ICJ arbitration of a maritime border with Nicaragua), this...

The first thing to note about Arturo Santa-Cruz's new book is that it is intended as a contribution to International Relations (IR) theory. This is worth underscoring because, even amid a growing movement for a more ‘global’ approach to International Relations, studies of US–Latin American relations tend to be read as regionalist, more so than stud...

Annette Idler's new book on the Colombian conflict is the product of truly extraordinary research. Idler illustrates how the country's interwoven political and criminal violence is experienced by people in peripheral regions. To do so, she immersed herself in those regions, many of them difficult-to-access, frequent sites of violence, at the margin...

After World War II, the US-led international security order exhibited substantial regional variation. Explaining this variation has been central to the debate over why is there no nato in Asia. But this debate overlooks the emergence of multilateral security arrangements between the United States and Latin American countries during the same critica...

In 2014, 43 students from the Ayotzinapa teachers college were disappeared in the southern Mexican state of Guerrero. Massive protests against the violence and the slow, stumbling government response followed. Months later, the Mexican government produced an investigation which blamed local political and criminal actors, calling the account ‘the hi...

Although international precommitment regimes offer a tool to escape the apparent contradiction between sovereignty and the international protection of democracy and human rights, they raise theoretical and practical questions. This article draws on multinational archival research to explore an overlooked historical episode and suggest new thinking...

This essay reviews the following works: Reconceptualizing Security in the Americas in the Twenty-First Century. Edited by Bruce M. Bagley, Jonathan D. Rosen, and Hanna S. Kassab. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2015. Pp. xix + 368. $49.99 paperback. ISBN: 9780739194874. Brazil in the World: The International Relations of a South American Giant. By Sea...

Recent debates about challenges to the Liberal International Order (LIO) have led IR scholars, both those critical and supportive of the concept, to examine LIO’s origins and effects. While this work has shed new light on the evolution of international order, there has been a surprising absence: Latin America. We explore the theoretical consequence...

Revista Mexicana de Política Exterior, no. 114 (ISSN 2594-2441) https://revistadigital.sre.gob.mx/images/stories/numeros/n114/long.pdf Resumen: Las relaciones entre Estados Unidos y América Latina se han visto profundamente afectadas por la combinación de tendencias de largo plazo y el repentino declive del liderazgo constructivo en la administrac...

This paper explores the long term effects of asymmetrical economic relations on the constitution of national elites and interests in Latin America. Dubbed by Ikenberry and Kirshner as "The Hirschman effect" in honor of Albert O. Hirschman's 1945 work, this concept illustrates the international political effects of unequal commercial relations. The...

Trump’s approach to Latin America, like much of his foreign policy, has been characterized by hot rhetoric that outstrips action but is uttered without consideration for the consequence. It favors unilateralism, mercantile nationalism, a vitiation of diplomacy, and faith in military solutions to complex problems. The immediate reaction to Trump’s s...

Joseph S. Tulchin, Latin America in International Politics: Challenging US Hegemony (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2016), pp. vii + 235, $62.00; £60.50 hb. - Volume 50 Issue 2 - TOM LONG

Until its recent crisis, Brazil’s rise, combined with seeming US decline and distraction, led observers to declare South America a ‘post-hegemonic’ region. How have US and Brazilian ambitions and capabilities affected the countries’ relations within the shared neighbourhood of the Western Hemisphere? Building on work by Womack, B. [2016. Asymmetry...

In recent years, scholars have devoted increased attention to the agency of small states in International Relations. However, the conventional wisdom remains that while not completely powerless, small states are unlikely to achieve much of significance when faced by great power opposition. This argument, however, implicitly rests on resource-based...

This paper will briefly examine the concept of RPGs as it applies to North America. Focusing on the role of these goods, it contextualizes today’s situation with a succinct account of North American integration. The paper argues that rule of law has emerged as one of the most important RPGs in North America, directed largely at regional economic tr...

Full text: http://rdcu.be/pfwP Much time and enormous amount of academic effort has gone into defining small states and their position in world politics. This endeavor, sadly, has produced very little agreement. It is therefore time to reposition the discussion. I do so by arguing that the analysis of small states should move from a concentration o...

Desde el final de la Guerra Fría, en la agenda de las relaciones entre Estados Unidos y América Latina han predominado los asun-tos transnacionales o " intermésticos " , como la migración, el co-mercio, el crimen organizado transnacional, la energía y el medio ambiente. El término " interméstico " , acuñado por Bayless Manning en 1977, es una palab...

Los asuntos “intermésticos” como el comercio, la migración y el narcotráfico tienen un gran peso en las relaciones contemporáneas entre Estados Unidos y América Latina. Este artículo sostiene que los asuntos intermésticos enfrentan más actores con capacidad de veto y tienen menos “conjuntos ganadores” (win-sets) que los asuntos de política exterior...

It is commonly asserted that the United States no longer holds the dominant position it once did in Latin America. This decline is credited to several factors: a global decline in U.S. power, lower levels of U.S. attention to the region, the entrance of new extra-hemispheric challengers, and more “assertive” Latin American leaders. This paper exami...

“Intermestic” issues, including trade, migration, and drug-trafficking, dominate contemporary U.S.-Latin American relations and matter deeply to Latin American and Caribbean states. The differing dynamics these create within the U.S. foreign policy process have been broadly explored. However, this article asks what effects the dynamics of U.S. inte...

Latin America Confronts the United States offers a new perspective on US-Latin America relations. Drawing on research in six countries, the book examines how Latin American leaders are able to overcome power asymmetries to influence US foreign policy. The book provides in-depth explorations of key moments in post-World War II inter-American relatio...

In the aftermath of the 2003 U.S.-led invasion of Iraq, scholars of international relations debated how to best characterize the rising tide of global opposition. The concept of "soft balancing" emerged as an influential, though contested, explanation of a new phenomenon in a unipolar world: states seeking to constrain the ability of the United Sta...

Two decades ago, Canada, Mexico, and the United States created a continental economy. The road to integration from the signing of the North American Free Trade Agreement has not been a smooth one. Along the way, Mexico lived through a currency crisis, a democratic transition, and the rising challenge of Asian manufacturing. Canada stayed united des...

In recent years, analysts have argued that the United States' influence in Latin America is waning; others add that Washington is being replaced by actors from the region and beyond. However, even when Washington was at the height of its power, Latin American leaders were influential in shaping hemispheric relations, sometimes centrally--albeit in...

In the early 1970s, Panama’s negotiations with the United States over the status of the Panama Canal ground to a standstill. General Omar Torrijos had rejected treaties left unratified by previous governments only to receive a less generous offer from the Nixon administration. Realizing that the talks were being ignored in Washington, the Panamania...

ISA 2010 paper. The past affects policy changes in two major ways, through holdover problems and through the process of framing. Most clearly, succeeding administrations faced similar challenges to their predecessors. Put another way, scholars can approach moments of change by asking what question policymakers sought to address in a given era. Do r...

More than two decades have passed since the fall of the Berlin Wall and the transfer of the Cold War file from a daily preoccupation of policy makers to a more detached assessment by historians. Scholars of U.S.-Latin American relations are beginning to take advantage both of the distance in time and of newly opened archives to reflect on the four...