Toivo Muilu

• Doctor of Philosophy
• Principal Scientist at retired

High-speed telecommunications have a positive impact on the development of regions and municipalities. A poor digital infrastructure can lead to digital exclusion or a digital divide. In Finland, the strategy has therefore been to ensure that everyone has access to high-speed broadband. This article asks what the digital divide between different ki...

Publications of the Government´s analysis, assessment and research activities 2022:9

Long-term support for farms located in Central and Northern Finland (support regions C1–C4) is paid in accordance with Article 142 of Finland’s Act of Accession to the European Union (EU). This report evaluates the impacts of Northern support scheme in Finland in 2016–2020. The base of the evaluation is the targets appointed in Article 142 of Finla...

Tutkimuksessa kartoitettiin alueellisen liikkuvuuden ja monipaikkaisuuden nykytilaa ja laajuutta eri näkökulmista ja erilaisten aluetyyppien kautta. Erityisesti tarkasteltiin työhön liittyvää sekä yksilöiden, työpaikkojen ja alueiden ominaisuuksia, jotka vaikuttavat liikkuvuuteen ja liikkuvuusmuotovalintoihin. Lisäksi tutkimuksessa selvitettiin jo...

Yksinkertaisimmillaan monipaikkaisuus tarkoittaa, että ihmisillä on useampi kuin yksi oleskelu- tai asuinpaikka. Suomessa monipaikkaisuus on ilmiönä yleistynyt viime vuosikymmeninä, mutta asumisen ja työnteon monipaikkaisuuden vaikutuksia ei vielä huomioida päätöksenteossa tai suunnittelussa. Tässä artikkelissa monipaikkaisuus liitetään vapaa-ajan...

Julkaisu käsittelee EU-osarahoitteisten Manner-Suomen maaseudun kehittämisohjelmien aluetalous- ja työllisyysvaikutuksia, ja esittelee analyysityökalun näiden arviointiin. Tutkimuksessa luodaan katsaus maaseudun kehitykseen asumisen, työn ja yrittämisen näkökulmista ja arvioidaan ohjelmakauden 2007-2013 toimenpiteiden (maatalouden investointituet,...

This article discusses the opportunities and challenges for resource-wise development strategies in regional planning. Spatial planning integrates the key aspects, transportation, housing, and food production which are, on many occasions, stated as the most significant consumption factors causing environmental impacts. In light of the challenges th...

Tiivistelmä: Tutkimuksessa tarkasteltiin Oulun kuntaliitoksen ja Kainuun hallintomallikokeilun vaikutuksia maaseutuasumiseen ja-alueisiin. Tulosten perusteella kehitettiin maaseutuvaikutusten arviointimenetelmää. Kuntien ja sitä laajempien aluetasojen roolit julkisten palvelujen järjestämisessä ovat olleet kuntaliitosten ja yleensä aluehallintoa...

This article analyses structural and regional development and concentration of agriculture in terms of jobs and value of production, here value added, in Finland during 1975-2008 based on statistical and georeferenced data. The empirical results showed us that, while the relative socioeconomic importance of agriculture has decreased all over Finlan...

Differences in income between population groups in Finland have begun to increase since the recession of the early 1990s. These differences are examined here in terms of mean taxable incomes per household in 1989, 1993 and 1997 in 1 × 1 km grid cells, and the results are compared with those obtained using postal districts and municipalities as area...

An examination is made of the concept of economic dependency ratio and its applicability as a tool for analysing changes in regional structures in Finland against the background of the unprecendented rise in unemployment from 4.4 % to 22.2 % that took place in 1989-1993, when Finland moved from the middle rank in the European employment statistics...

This paper reports on employment policies for rural young people aged 16-25 years in Finland. These age cohorts are vital to the future of rural areas, since it is difficult to predict a rosy future in the long-term for any area that lacks young, active people. Yet is seems that rural young people are not treated as a special target group in every...

Population density is generally calculated by dividing a given surface area with the number of its inhabitants. This is, for example, the principal method employed to identify areas of Sweden and Finland entitled to support under Objective 6 of the EU Structural Funds. This simple procedure, which in effect represents the relationship between the p...

This paper discusses certain aspects of the application of a georeferenced data system to the analysis of migration in Finland. The approach is methodological in nature, the aim being to test the system and the resulting material and to try out different GIS techniques for examining migration. The material comprises migration data produced by Stati...

The traditional approach to regional features of migration in Finland has been to set out from variables recorded for local government districts (communes) or other administrative units. The material for the present paper comprises more accurate migration data collected by Statistics Finland on a grid of 1 x 1 km squares defined by map coordinates....

The aim is to describe the spatial patterns of milk consumption in Finland and changes in these over the period 1978-93. A clear tendency is noted throughout the country for the consumption of low-fat milk to increase significantly, with the main emphasis on the southern parts and the provincial capitals, large cities and major municipal centres. Q...

The article discusses regional changes in unemployment in Finland in the early 1990's on the basis of georeferenced grid cell data and employment figures compiled by Statistics Finland. The areal units are 1 × 1 km grid cells defined in a strip coordinate system. The investigation should be seen in the light of the rise in the unemployment rate fro...

Under the terms of its charter, the original aim of the University of Oulu was to conduct research into conditions in northern Finland and the ways in which these could be developed. Although this definition was omitted from the new law concerning the University of Oulu enacted in 1983, cooperation with the surrounding northern communities still co...