Timothy C. Clapper

Weill Cornell Medicine | Cornell · Department of Pediatrics

This article explores the adult learning theories that might affect the way that adult learners perceive learning and reach understanding of clinical expertise. Although educators in clinical and simulation settings are becoming much more aware of the theories that affect adult learning, too often their knowledge might not reach past the great work...

Purpose. The purpose of this article is to introduce cooperative-based learning and Vygotsky’s zone of proximal development (ZPD) to the simulation literature as two important mutually supportive learning theories that may enhance the effectiveness of simulation-based instruction. Design/Methodology/Approach. A brief literature review of cooperativ...

Many articles, book chapters and presentations begin with a declaration that the majority of medical errors are attributed to communication. However, this statement may not be supported by the research reported in the literature. Objectives The purpose of this systematic review is to identify where errors are reported in the research literature. Me...

Many articles exist today espousing the value of debriefing following a simulation or gaming event. Although debriefing, a reflection-on-action strategy, is important, a useful reflection strategy may accentuate the reflection-in-action process that is arguably even more important than the debriefing. In this article, we explain a concept called th...

Background When the concepts of mastery learning and deliberate practice are applied in accordance with their intended meaning, they can be used to create robust learning opportunities that can ensure that more learners achieve and maintain higher standards of competency. With the rapid expansion of healthcare simulation over the past 10–15 years,...

OBJECTIVES: To assess effects of a Simulation-Based Discharge Education Program (SDP) on long-term caregiver-reported satisfaction and to compare clinical outcomes for children with new tracheostomies whose caregivers completed SDP versus controls. METHODS: The study employed a mixed methods approach: (1) a qualitative analysis of feedback from c...

Few studies have examined the value of dedicated simulation-based point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) training in improving Internal Medicine residents’ knowledge and comfort with cardiac POCUS to diagnose acute decompensated systolic heart failure and large pericardial effusion. This mixed-methods research included all 48 first-year Internal Medicine...

Boot camps are designed to deliver highly specific education in a short amount of time. Educational boot camps are known to improve confidence in clinical capabilities and medical knowledge and promote teamwork skills. We created an emergency medicine (EM) boot camp with targeted learning objectives based on expected mastery of post-graduate year (...

Background Over the past decade, the implementation of simulation education in health care has increased exponentially. Simulation-based education allows learners to practice patient care in a controlled, psychologically safe environment without the risk of harming a patient. Facilitators may identify medical errors during instruction, aiding in de...

Background: There is limited data on the effectiveness of training interventions to improve the delivery of bad news. Methods: This preliminary research included pre-post assessments and an open-ended survey to evaluate the effectiveness and perceived value of training on delivering bad news for 26 first- and second-year fellows from five adult...

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic forced rapid implementation and refinement of distance simulation methodologies in which participants and/or facilitators are not physically colocated. A review of the distance simulation literature showed that heterogeneity in many areas (including nomenclature, methodology, and outcomes) limited the ability to i...

Introduction: The use of simulation to develop clinical reasoning and medical decision-making skills for common events is poorly established. Validated head trauma rules help identify children at low risk for clinically important traumatic brain injury and guide the need for neuroimaging. We predicted that interns trained using a high-fidelity, im...

Most clinical cases involve more than one nurse and one profession in the patient care plan, and so it can be stated that health care is very often a team event. In this article, I describe a two-team training approach that is very effective for maximizing learning and preparing high-performing teams in several team-based courses. This strategy exe...

Background There is little evidence guiding equipment handling during emergency endotracheal intubations (EEI). Available evidence and current practice are either outdated, anecdotal or focused on difficult—not emergency—intubation. In this study, we describe and evaluate our equipment handling unit: the AIR-BOX. Methods This is a proof-of-concept...

Objectives: To design, implement, and evaluate a simulation-based education (SBE) program for caregivers of children with tracheostomy. Methods: Self-reported comfort and confidence in knowledge as well as tracheostomy care skills were assessed before and after a single SBE session for 24 consecutively enrolled caregivers of children with trache...

Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of a competency-based continuing medical education (CME) conference model for physician assistants (PAs) and NPs. Methods: This mixed-method research included a pretest/post-test assessment of knowledge and procedural assessment for six clinical skills, along with an open-ended survey to assess the value...

Rationale Little research has explored in depth the relationship between organizational, individual, and program factors contributing to burnout, and the resident perspective on how best to address burnout. Objective The Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) was administered to residents and focus groups were conducted to explore how organizational, ind...

Clinical opportunities to practice or perform a cricothyrotomy are limited. We developed an evidence-based cricothyrotomy course following the 4-phase lesson plan for simulation that provides pulmonary and critical care medicine fellows with demonstrations, practice, and feedback to increase their confidence and competence. Survey results demonstra...

Interns and newly assigned nurses are expected to assimilate rapidly and begin functioning as members of interprofessional teams. This mixed-method pilot research assessed the impact of a Team Strategies and Tools to Enhance Performance and Patient Safety (TeamSTEPPS®) implementation plan in an urban academic teaching hospital that included a cohor...

Open access article at: http://www.educationforhealth.net/article.asp?issn=1357-6283;year=2018;volume=31;issue=2;spage=87;epage=94;aulast=Clapper;type=0 Background: The Team Strategies and Tools to Enhance Performance and Patient Safety (TeamSTEPPS ®) program provides a situation-monitoring tool that allows health-care professionals to perform an...

Background and Objectives. The code team course is a 3-hour, interactive course that follows a 4-phase brain-based lesson plan for simulation. Interprofessional teams receive instruction and practice in evidence-based teamwork, communication, and individual skills. Methods. This quantitative research included a pre-test and post-test design in an u...

Introduction: Although many organizations have reported successful outcomes as a result of Team Strategies and Tools to Enhance Performance and Patient Safety (TeamSTEPPS), implementation can be challenging, with its share of administrative obstacles and lack of research that shows observable change in practice. Methods: This quantitative, prete...

Background. Game studies offer cross-disciplinary perspectives, but the body of knowledge is not yet in the form of a cohesive game science paradigm. Klabbers (2018a) argues that a comprehensive and coherent view on game science is needed that connects three levels of inquiry: the philosophy of science level, the science level, and the application...

The experience is the most important part of the learning process. For learning to occur, the learner must do something with the information and reflect on the content throughout the process. To maximize the learning experience, we need to provide opportunities for reflection, both in-action, and on-action. As Montessori showed us long ago, the res...

Purpose. The purpose of this article is to propose a solution for conflict resolution in a bioecological system. Background. In 1979, Bronfenbrenner introduced his bioecological theory of human development which suggested that children are immersed in four integrated systems that affect student behavior and success in public schools. More than thir...

Purpose. The purpose of this article is to propose a new debrief checklist for the Team Strategies and Tools to Enhance Performance and Patient Safety (TeamSTEPPS®) curriculum. Background. The current debrief checklist provided in the TeamSTEPPS® curriculum focuses on how the team performed, while leaving out the order of events that transpired dur...

Simulation & Gaming (S&G) remains a valuable source of information for researchers and practitioners throughout the world. Our authors contribute to the literature in numerous ways that show us the value and enjoyment of learning across multiple fields, disciplines, academic settings, and venues.

The fields of simulation and gaming are expanding into innovative and increasingly popular areas, including simulation in healthcare, recreational games for educational purposes, urban planning, military simulation and modeling, and more. This editorial serves as a farewell to a distinguished editor of Simulation & Gaming (S&G) and an introduction...

http://sag.sagepub.com/content/46/2/131.full.pdf+html Simulation is but one learning strategy among many. Likewise, many theories guide simulation-based instruction as a learning tool and the wise facilitator is familiar with the theories that support best practices. This symposium issue of Simulation & Gaming explores a few of those theories of le...

Purpose The purpose of this article is to propose a strategy for ensuing simulation training following the implementation of a thorough Team Strategies and Tools to Enhance Performance and Patient Safety (TeamSTEPPS®) training initiative. The strategies include observing Teams in the workplace to facilitate the construction of organization-wide, fo...

The education reformer, Horace Mann once suggested that trying to teach a learner without creating interest is like hammering cold iron. All too often, health care educators begin an instructional session while the mind of the learner is focused on places other than on the subject to be learned. Regardless of specialization, understanding situation...

In situ simulation refers to a learning activity that takes place in the location or environment where the participants may actually provide patient care. Even as more and more simulation labs, schools, and centers emerge, the need for a mobile simulation plan often arises, including the ability to deliver simulation-based training at a clinical si...

Team Strategies and Tools to Enhance Performance and Patient Safety (TeamSTEPPS) is a patient safety tool developed by the defense industry and based on four competencies: leadership, communication, situational monitoring, and mutual support. Unfortunately, there are barriers that prevent TeamSTEPPS from reaching its full potential, including: (a)...

Objectives: To investigate faculty and residents’ perceptions of whether SimWars can serve as a meaningful instructional format for Emergency Medicine residents and to identify strategies to implement SimWars effectively in a residency training program. Methods: In this descriptive interview study, 5 facilitators, 2 contestants, and 8 observers wer...

Regardless of modest improvements in patient care, more needs to be done, and Wachter’s (2004; 2010) reports are now a renewed call for action and a move away from the often sporadic and incomplete manner in which we are preparing our health care teams. This article will discuss how those involved in patient safety and, specifically, in simulation-...

OBJECTIVES:: To summarize existing knowledge regarding the prevalence of complications associated with temporary percutaneous central venous catheters placed in critically ill children, and to review evolving strategies to minimize the prevalence of these complications. DATA SOURCES:: Literature review was performed: PubMed and EBSCOhost were searc...

Team Strategies and Tools to Enhance Performance and Patient Safety (TeamSTEPPS®), crew resource management, and human factors, or ergonomics principles, have received the attention of many clinicians and administrators in health care today. For those conducting simulation or preparing an education initiative aimed at improving patient safety, thes...

The Broselow tape provides clinical providers with a method of quickly estimating medications and airway adjuncts for pediatric patients. However, since the development of the Broselow tape, there has remained a controversy over the accuracy of the tape for estimating weight to determine pediatric resuscitation needs. Using multiple search engines,...

Online learning is very much recognized as a traditional mode of education. While some institutions are still sorting out whether they will adapt or be left behind, the institutions that have embraced this modality are addressing another issue: retention after the first week.

Metacognition is a term that is not often discussed in academic circles, particularly when discussing achieve-ment consider-ations, but it should be. For learning to occur, learners must be able to re-flect upon what they currently know and consider how the new information is applicable to them or the task they are completing. Most importantly, lea...

Many of those conducting simulation often focus on team-based skills to improve patient safety and the quality of care. Although these skills are important, members of the team must each first be competent in the skills required of their profession and continually reach out for opportunities to improve on or refresh their clinical skills. Deliberat...

Airway management is a critical skill that emergency medicine (EM) residents must develop. Brain-based learning is a form of instruction that creates the best conditions for learning and retention. Used in conjunction with simula-tion-based instruction, the potential exists for reaching more learners. The purpose of this study was to assess the bas...

Clinical educators are continually looking at ways to effectively deliver large amounts of information to their learners. Whether as a part of pre-course work or as a separate phase of training, there are numerous benefits to making information available to learners before conducting sessions that allow the learners to practice the skills. Hybrid c...

This article addresses the concept of transfer in learning and ways in which transfer may be affected. This includes understanding how the random assignment of learning activities and incongruent information can negatively affect learning. As simulation demands grow, so does the need for curriculum development that is useful and effective. This art...

Differentiation of instruction is a student-centered approach to instruction that recognizes the varied and diverse nature of the learners, including the way they learn. In recent years, the United States Army Cadet Command has completely adopted differentiation of instruction for its Junior Reserve Officers Training Corps (JROTC) curriculum. A key...

If we are going to optimize interaction among our learners, which can have tremendous effects on learning, all learners must feel that they can safely take those risks that are part of exploration and constructivism. While many articles center on safe learning environments that are physically safe, and certainly this is extremely important, this ar...

This article describes how simulation and role play can be important learning strategies that will create long-lasting understanding. Simulation involves participating in a very real learning experience that closely resembles an actual setting. These actual settings may be replicated by either employing models or mannequins or in the case of role p...

One only has to reflect on what it took them to learn and master an activity and a few things may cometo mind. Perhaps the activity was learning Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR), and if so, theprocess for learning the task, really learning it, involved making many associations with the task. In linewith constructivism, the instructor likely bega...

One only has to close their eyes and reflect on being in a typical classroom and depending on past experiences; two images might come to mind. The first image might include a teacher in the front of the room with chalk or book in hand, asking students to read along with them. Perhaps the teacher is writing on the board and asking the students close...