Tim Krieger

University of Freiburg | Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg · Institute of General Economic Research

This chapter explores the complex interaction between (human) migration and terrorism. It proposes a 'terrorism-migration cycle' to investigate systematically this interaction for various stages of the migration process. Importantly, no stage of the migration process is independent of what happened on the previous stage, affecting how terrorism and...

In most OECD countries, pension reform policy has decreased the level of intragenerational redistribution in the first pillar of the pension system over the last three decades, that is, redistribution among members of the same generation with high and low pension entitlements. This trend has occurred despite heterogeneity in life expectancy linked...

Populistische Positionen sind in den vergangenen Jahren in den politischen Debatten der liberalen westlichen Demokratien kontinuierlich prominenter geworden und scheinen bei immer mehr Wählerinnen und Wählern auf fruchtbaren Boden zu fallen. Liberale Gesellschaften haben dem Populismus derzeit wenig entgegenzusetzen; sie bieten sogar gute Vorausset...

Does U.S. military aid make the United States safer? Or does it have unintended consequences for U.S. security? To answer these questions, we estimate the effect of U.S. military aid on anti-American terrorism for a sample of 174 countries between 1968 and 2018. We find that higher levels of aid especially for military financing and education are a...

This seminal Handbook provides a comprehensive overview of contemporary research on economic freedom, using multidisciplinary methods to assess studies of the determinants and consequences of market-oriented institutions and policies. Niclas Berggren brings together world-leading experts in their respective fields to explore the notion of economic...

Populist movements increasingly challenge liberal Western market democracies. Populism can be explained only in part by phenomena like globalization and digitization producing winners and losers in economic terms. Growing feelings of alienation from the market-democratic system and the perceived loss of autonomy within the political system contribu...

Can religiosity sway a society's propensity for violence against outgroups? We first introduce two state-year-level religiosity measures for several pre-Enlightenment European states with the frequencies of (i) religious language in book publications and (ii) Christian names of newborns. To identify causal effects on warfare, we exploit the local v...

Does U.S. military aid make the United States safer? Or does it have unintended consequences for U.S. security? To answer these questions, we estimate the effect of U.S. military aid on anti-American terrorism for a sample of 174 countries between 1968 and 2018. We find that higher levels of aid especially for military financing and education are a...

The economic tradition of ordoliberalism, understood as the theoretical and policy ideas of the Freiburg School, emerged in 1930s and 1940s Germany. In the years thereafter, it was quickly superseded by Keynesianism and other theories imported from the English-speaking world. The crisis in Keynesian economics in the mid-1970s led to what has been d...

This chapter investigates the links between economic freedom and violent conflict. After discussing theoretical arguments that relate economic freedom to various types of violent conflict ranging from small-scale terrorist activity to large-scale civil and interstate wars, we confront theoretical predictions with empirical evidence from various emp...

This book presents a synthesis of key recent advances in political-economy research on the various approaches and strategies used in the process of building nations throughout modern history. It features chapters written by leading scholars who describe the findings of their quantitative analyses of the risks and benefits of different nation-buildi...

Review of Kenneth Dyson's volume "Conservative Liberalism, Ordo-Liberalism, and the State" (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2021).

The economic tradition of ordoliberalism, understood as the theoretical and policy ideas of the Freiburg School, emerged in 1930s and 1940s Germany. In the years thereafter, it was quickly superseded by Keynesianism and other theories imported from the English-speaking world. The crisis in Keynesian economics in the mid-1970s led to what has been d...

The economic tradition of ordoliberalism, understood as the theoretical and policy ideas of the Freiburg School, emerged in 1930s and 1940s Germany. In the years thereafter, it was quickly superseded by Keynesianism and other theories imported from the English-speaking world. The crisis in Keynesian economics in the mid-1970s led to what has been d...

We investigate the role of oil in economic institutions for a sample of 150 countries between 1960 and 2014. We find that higher per capita values of oil production result in weaker economic institutions in the form of lower levels of private property rights protection. This result is robust to alternative instrumental-variable approaches as well a...

Der deutsche Romancier Hermann Kasack hat im Jahr 1949 eine aus der Sicht der wirt-schaftlichen Staatswissenschaft bemerkenswerte Erzählung veröffentlicht. Sie handelt von einem Staatswesen, das zunächst im besten Sinne einen „ehrbaren Staat“ in der Diktion Bernd Raffelhüschens darstellt, ehe es nach und nach in einen raffenden Steuerstaat und büro...

This chapter discusses the role of military interventionism and aid in nation-building. We argue that (1) intervention strategies of foreign actors like the United States often unfavorably interact with local institutional settings , which (2) produces undesired outcomes not only for the target country of foreign intervention but also the interveni...

Does U.S. military aid make the United States safer? Or does it have unintended consequences for U.S. security? By exploiting plausibly exogenous time variation in global levels of U.S. military aid and cross-national time-series variation in the relative importance of the various military aid programs for recipient countries, we provide causal est...

Der Ordoliberalismus ist eine wirtschaftspolitische Denkschule, deren Anfänge bis in die 1930er Jahre zurückreichen. Nach dem Ende des Zweiten Weltkriegs hatte der Ordoliberalismus großen Einfluss auf die Entstehung der Sozialen Marktwirtschaft in Deutschland. Der Beitrag definiert den Begriff Ordoliberalismus, skizziert seine historische Entwicklu...

Small-scale, rain-fed subsistence agriculture and pastoralism represent the major activity for Africa. For Mali, this represents about 80% of the population employed by the agricultural sector and contributes to about 42% of the Gross domestic product (GDP). The overreliance on rainfall, competing for the most valuable lands, the increasing scarcit...

Small-scale, rain-fed subsistence agriculture and pastoralism represent the major activity for Africa. For Mali, this represents about 80% of the population employed by the agricultural sector and contributes to about 42% of the Gross domestic product (GDP). The overreliance on rainfall, competing for the most valuable lands, the increasing scarcit...

In most OECD countries, pension reform policy has decreased the level of intragenerational redistribution over the last three decades, that is, redistribution among members of the same generation with high and low pension entitlements. This trend has occurred despite heterogeneity in life expectancy linked to socioeconomic status having a regressiv...

Using an incentivized online classroom experiment, we assess the effectiveness of deontological vs. consequentialist moral reminders. Participants were told that they are the responsible public servant for acquiring a Covid-19 vaccine, providing them with the opportunity to generate some extra private income by accepting a bribe. Our findings indic...

What is the role of polygyny and gender inequality in explaining violent conflict? Do these variables have distinct effects only or are they also mutually reinforcing? Our paper investigates this controversial question by providing theoretical arguments as well as empirical evidence for direct and combined effects of these two variables on small-sc...

Kenneth Dyson has written a superb book: rich in its historical detail, clear in its analysis, and original in its main thesis. It is also wonderfully ambitious. Parts I and II analyze the German tradition of Ordo-liberalism in a comparative-historical perspective and highlight the pivotal works of, among others, Walter Eucken, Franz Böhm, Alfred M...

Voters in ageing societies expect pension reforms to be both inter-generationally and intra-generationally fair. In this paper, we propose a global measure of intra-generational redistribution in pay-as-you-go pension schemes as a basis for voters’ evaluations of reforms. Our novel index only requires information on contributions by and pension ben...

This chapter provides an overview of the economic (theoretical and empirical) literature on the issues of radicalism and terrorism, putting a special emphasis on the role socio-economic factors may play in determining religiously motivated radicalization and Islamist terrorism. We introduce a simple economic model of radicalism in which individuals...

In most OECD countries, pension reform policy has decreased the level of intragenerational redistribution over the last three decades, that is, redistribution among members of the same generation with high and low pension entitlements. This trend has occurred despite heterogeneity in life expectancy linked to socioeconomic status having a regressiv...

We investigate the role of oil in economic institutions for a sample of 150 countries between 1960 and 2014. We find that higher per capita values of oil production result in weaker economic institutions in the form of lower levels of private property rights protection. This result is robust to alternative instrumental-variable approaches as well a...

The economic tradition of ordoliberalism, understood as the theoretical and policy ideas of the Freiburg School, emerged in 1930s and 1940s Germany. In the years thereafter, it was quickly superseded by Keynesianism and other theories imported from the English-speaking world. The crisis in Keynesian economics in the mid-1970s led to what has been d...

Using an incentivized online classroom experiment, we assess the effectiveness of deontological vs. consequentialist moral reminders. Participants were told that they are the responsible public servant for acquiring a Covid-19 vaccine, providing them with the opportunity to generate some extra private income by accepting a bribe. Our findings indic...

We examine the effect of class cleavages on terrorist activity by anarchist and leftist terrorist groups in 99 American, Asian and European countries over the 1860-1950 period. We find that higher levels of political exclusion of the poor, our main measure of class conflict, were associated with higher levels of social-revolutionary terrorist activ...

This paper proposes three theoretical mechanisms through which polygyny may be related to social unrest. The mechanisms are related to different dimensions of grievance-inducing and, partly, greed-related inequality, which may occur in polygynous societies. These dimensions include (i) economic, reproductive and social inequality resulting in relat...

In the aftermath of the Eurozone crisis, a battle of ideas emerged over whether ordoliberalism is part of the cause or the solution of economic problems in Europe. While German ordoliberals argued that their policy proposals were largely ignored before, during and after the crisis, critics saw too much ordoliberal influence, especially in form of a...

This text is a blog post at "Wirtschaftliche Freiheit". Please find the post here: http://wirtschaftlichefreiheit.de/wordpress/?p=28835

This text is a blog post at "Ökonomenstimme". Please find the post here: https://www.oekonomenstimme.org/artikel/2021/03/ordoliberalismus-ideologie-und-die-eurokrise/

We investigate the role of oil wealth in economic institutions for a sample of 150 countries between 1960 and 2014. We find that higher levels of oil wealth result in weak economic institutions in the form of low levels of private property rights protection. This result is robust to alternative instrumental-variable approaches as well as different...

Does U.S. military aid make the United States safer? To answer this question, we collect data on 173 countries between 1968 and 2014. Exploiting quasi-random variation in the global patterns of U.S. military aid, our paper is the first to provide causal estimates of the effect of U.S. military aid on anti-American terrorism. We find that higher lev...

Does U.S. military aid make the United States safer? To answer this question, we collect data on 173 countries between 1968 and 2014. Exploiting quasi-random variation in the global patterns of U.S. military aid, our paper is the first to provide causal estimates of the effect of U.S. military aid on anti-American terrorism. We find that higher lev...

We empirically examine the impact of oil wealth on property rights protection for a sample of 156 countries between 1960 and 2014. We find that higher levels of oil wealth result in weaker private property rights. This result is robust to different instrumental-variable approaches and operationalizations of oil wealth and economic institutions. We...

This paper proposes three theoretical mechanisms through which polygyny may be related to social unrest. The mechanisms are related to different dimensions of grievance-inducing and, partly, greed-related inequality, which may occur in polygynous societies. These dimensions include (i) economic, reproductive and social inequality resulting in relat...

In this paper, we propose a novel index for measuring intra-generational redistribution in pay-as-you-go pension schemes. Our index solely requires information on contributions and pension benefits of retirees, enabling us to measure intra-generational redistribution isolated from possible inter-generational redistribution. We use contribution reco...

The globalized era is characterized by a high degree of interconnectedness across borders and continents and this includes human migration. Migration flows have led to new governance challenges and, at times, populist political backlashes. A key driver of migration is environmental conflict and this is only likely to increase with the effects of cl...

This chapter explores what drives the decision of an individual to migrate to a particular place (migrant sorting). The authors do so by studying the mechanisms, empirical evidence, and policy implications of migrant sorting in the context of environmental conflict-induced migration. Predicting the sorting outcome of migration processes is very com...

This introductory chapter provides the outline of the book and the analytical framework to explore the interlinkages and dynamics between environmental and resource-related conflicts, migration, and the role of governance in this context. It introduces how and under what conditions environmental and resource-related problems lead to conflicts and h...

The globalized era is characterized by a high degree of interconnectedness across borders and continents and this includes human migration. Migration flows have led to new governance challenges and, at times, populist political backlashes. A key driver of migration is environmental conflict and this is only likely to increase with the effects of cl...

............................................................ Now available open access! ............................................................. https://bristoluniversitypressdigital.com/display/book/9781529202175/9781529202175.xml ............................................................. The current era of globalization is characterized...

In recent years, a number of major terrorist attacks in EU member states has put the fight against homegrown and international terrorism at the top of the agenda of European policy-makers. This paper analyzes the costs of terrorism in the European Union from both a theoretical and empirical perspective in order to evaluate counter-terrorism policie...

We examine the effect of population size on government size for a panel of 130 countries for the period between 1970 and 2014. We show that previous analyses of the nexus between population size and government size are incorrectly specified and fail to consider the influence of cross-sectional dependence, non-stationarity and cointegration. Using a...

In recent years, commentators have noticed that the European liberal order is ‘under attack’. Traditional parties of the center are in decline. Populist movements of the right and the left have won elections or significant shares in parliaments. In the face of this ‘new’ crisis of liberalism, our paper follows the spirit of Walter Lippmann’s The Go...

In this paper, we analyse the role of relocation mobility in tax and subsidy competition. Our primary result is that increasing mobility of firms leads to increasing ‘net’ tax revenues under plausible assumptions. While enhanced relocation mobility intensifies tax competition, it weakens subsidy competition. The resulting fall in government subsidy...

This edited volume takes a broad perspective on the recent debate on the role of German ordoliberalism in shaping European economic policy before and after the Eurozone crisis. It shows how ordoliberal scholars explain the institutional origins of the Eurozone crisis, and presents creative policy proposals for the future of the European economy. O...

This chapter is the introduction to the edited volume "Ordoliberalism and European Economic Policy: Between Realpolitik and Economic Utopia". It sets the scene for the edited volume. It explores and theorizes the nature of ordoliberalism and its inherent tension between realpolitik and economic utopia. The chapter explains the tripartite meta-struc...

This chapter of the edited volume "Ordoliberalism and European Economic Policy: Between Realpolitik and Economic Utopia" ties together some of the book’s key thoughts and provides an outlook on ordoliberalism’s future prospects. The chapter argues that ordoliberals need to escape pure exegesis of their past heroes, rediscover the reforming spirit o...

In the aftermath of the Eurozone crisis, a ‘battle of ideas’ emerged over whether ordoliberalism is part of the cause or the solution of economic problems in Europe. While German ordoliberals argued that their policy proposals were largely ignored before and during the crisis, implying a too small role of ordoliberalism in European economic policy,...

Beitrag von Prof. Tim Krieger über die Arbeit der Wilfried-Guth-Stiftungsprofessur für Ordnungs- und Wettbewerbspolitik an der Universität Freiburg. Erschienen in "Palais Biron" (Nr. 29, Sommer 2019, S. 84-97).

We study the response of income inequality to positive per capita oil and gas revenue shocks in Iran. Using historical data from 1973 to 2016 and vector autoregression (VAR) as well as vector error correction (VECM) model‐based impulse‐response functions, we find a positive and statistically significant response of income inequality to oil booms. W...