Tibor Petzoldt

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• Professor
• Professor (Full) at Technische Universität Dresden

The subjective and objective safety of interactions between vulnerable road users (VRUs), such as cyclists and pedestrians, and automated vehicles (AVs) is essential for the successful integration of AVs into real-world traffic. Laboratory studies have shown that vehicle dynamics are particularly crucial for the experience and behavior of VRUs when...

In recent years, there has been a debate on whether automated vehicles (AVs) should be equipped with novel external human–machine interfaces (eHMIs). Many studies have demonstrated how eHMIs influence pedestrians’ attitudes (e.g., trust in AVs) and behavior when they activate (e.g., encourage crossing by lighting up). However, very little attention...

The proportion of highly automated vehicles in traffic (i.e., the prevalence of AVs) is likely to increase over time. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the prevalence of AVs may influence how pedestrians interact with AVs and with conventional, human-driven vehicles (CVs). A video-based laboratory study was conducted using a two-grou...

Successful and safe management of interactions between cyclists and motorized vehicles often includes implicit communication, such as vehicle motion signals. While the introduction of automated vehicles (AVs) is anticipated to increase safety for cyclists by eliminating human error, it is still unclear how they should communicate implicitly in comp...

Problem: In many countries, a new road user group, e-scooter riders, share the existing cycling infrastructure. The study aimed to investigate if an individual’s status as a cyclist or e-scooter rider affects their social identity and whether it results in ingroup favoritism or outgroup discrimination. Method: An online experiment involving 179 cyc...

Mobility as a Service (MaaS) can potentially create positive impacts for sustainability and social equity: MaaS could steer user choices away from the private car, and increase access to transport options for all social groups. Though MaaS is not an entirely new concept anymore, in terms of user numbers, it remains a niche phenomenon. We aimed to i...

Effects of a frontal brake light (FBL, a potential external human–machine interface for automated vehicles) on participants’ self-reported willingness to cross a vehicle’s path were investigated. In a mixed design online study (vehicles in the experimental group were equipped with FBLs, there were no FBLs in the control group), participants observe...

Download the paper free of charge until November 19th using the following link: https://authors.elsevier.com/a/1hrLT4tTwCukXr Abstract: Several studies have investigated implicit communication, such as driving dynamics, as a way to communicate vehicle or driver intention to pedestrians, indicating that “good” human driving behavior is sufficient...

Over the last years, there has been a lively discussion whether (automated) vehicles should be equipped with novel external human-machine-interfaces (eHMIs) in order to facilitate communication with nearby vulnerable road users. This exploratory study investigated whether the introduction of eHMI-equipped vehicles to public traffic potentially infl...

Objectives Since their introduction in 2019, the use of e-scooters has become widespread in Germany. Concerns about road safety, especially pedestrian safety, have arisen as the popularity of micro-mobility has grown. In light of this context, the present study investigates which types of road infrastructure e-scooter riders use, with a focus on ri...

Crash statistics and hospital data show that injured e-scooter riders arrive at hospitals often at night and on weekends. Subsequently, the crash risk at night is higher compared to the daytime. A possible explanation might be increased rule violations, safety-critical behaviors, and changes in the user group at night compared to daytime. Therefore...

While shared e-scooters are still highly prevalent in many urban areas, we also see an increasing share of privately owned e-scooters on our roads. However, so far, not much is known about the users of such privately owned e-scooters. As there is reason to suspect that those who ride their own e-scooter differ considerably from occasional users of...

Improved safety and traffic efficiency are among the proclaimed benefits of automated driving functions. In many scenarios, traffic safety and efficiency can be somewhat contradictory, especially in the perception of a user. In order for potential users to accept the automated system, it is necessary to find the optimal system configuration. Theref...

Urban intersections are hotspots for crashes because they provide a location for several traffic streams and types of road users to cross. A main cause of crashes is the misinformation of drivers as they fail to sense relevant visual information. We aimed to analyze the gaze behavior of car drivers in a variety of intersection scenarios, bringing t...

Drivers must establish adequate mental models to ensure safe driver-vehicle interaction in combined partial and conditional driving automation. To achieve this, user education is considered crucial. Since gamification has previously shown positive effects on learning motivation and performance, it could serve as a measure to enhance user education...

Current transport systems are not sufficiently sustainable and equitable, making the development of effective interventions indispensable. An intervention's effectiveness increases when tailored to a specific target group. To facilitate this, mobility types available in a population need to be identified. To date, no segmentation study has profiled...

The sale of electric vehicles (EVs) is steadily increasing, leading to a huge demand of electricity, which needs to be produced CO2-neutral to make EVs a green alternative. To address this issue, smart charging shifts the charging process to optimal day/night times when (green) energy is available. Especially when charging in public, smart charging...

On the evening of March 18, 2018, an automated vehicle (AV) struck and killed a 49-year-old pedestrian in Tempe, AZ, as she crossed the road. From about 2 weeks before the crash through April 30, 2018, an online survey, designed to address U.S. public perceptions of AVs among vulnerable road users, was distributed to adult U.S. residents. Survey re...

Introduction To reduce pollution from motorized private cars, a modal shift toward more sustainable modes, such as public transport, is desired. A first step to achieving this is the subscription to a public transport ticket. It was investigated if an extended version of the theory of planned behavior is suited to predict subscription to a public t...

External human–machine-interfaces (eHMIs) might support the interaction between automated vehicles and pedestrians. The messages conveyed by eHMIs need to be understood quickly and correctly by their addressees. If implemented in the future, pedestrians will repeatedly encounter eHMIs in situations that feature different traffic context. So far, li...

Current transport systems are not sufficiently sustainable and equitable, making the development of effective interventions indispensable. An intervention’s effectiveness increases when tailored to a specific target group. To facilitate this, mobility types available in a population need to be identified. To date, no segmentation study has profiled...

Although most people are aware of the harmful CO2 emissions produced by the transport sector threatening life on earth now and in the future, they do not eco-drive. Eco-driving improves the vehicle’s fuel or energy economy and reduces greenhouse gas emissions. We investigated the motivational predictors of eco-driving based on the theory of self-co...

In the future, external-Human-Machine-Interfaces (eHMIs) may facilitate the communication between automated vehicles (AVs) and nearby pedestrians. The aim of this study was to investigate which messages (AVs’ intention to yield or not to yield) and perspective (does the message refer to the behavior of the vehicle or the behavior that is expected o...

Along with the increasing degree of automation of the driving task, calls for user education on automated driving have emerged. Indeed, previous studies could show positive effects of user education, e.g., on driving performance and mental model development. However, recent research has not yet examined the effectiveness of specific elements in tha...

Background The COVID-19 pandemic and the measures taken to combat it led to severe constraints for various areas of life, including mobility. To study the effects of this disruptive situation on the mobility behaviour of entire subgroups, and how they shape their mobility in reaction to the special circumstances, can help to better understand, how...

Ziel der Studie war es, eine Typologie von RadfahrerInnen in Deutschland zu erarbeiten und diese zu beschreiben. Zu diesem Zweck wurde auf Basis einer umfassenden Literaturrecherche eine groß angelegte Online-Befragung durchgeführt und dabei 10.294 auswertbare Datensätze gewonnen. Durch Hauptkomponenten- und Faktorenanalyse wurden neun Faktoren ext...

Despite being a comparatively recent phenomenon, e-scooters enjoy an immense popularity in the cities in which they are available. As a result, their potential impact on road safety has been questioned, as injury crashes and violations of road rules are reported with increasing frequency. It can be suspected that at least to some degree, a lack of...

Automated vehicles are expected to enhance driving safety and comfort. In order to fulfil these expectations, they have to be widely accepted and used. Implementing an acceptable driving style is therefore a must. Previous research on automated vehicle acceptance has largely concentrated on the effects of driving dynamics. This study takes a differ...

Although texting (or, more broadly, visual-manual interaction with a mobile phone) while driving is widely known to compromise road safety, findings from observational studies as well as surveys indicate that this form of driver distraction is more prevalent than ever, and will not disappear anytime soon. Naturally, this results in texting related...

Research has found that mobile phone call engagement while driving negatively affects driving performance. However, no studies exist characterising hand-held mobile phone calls while driving under naturalistic conditions that include aspects such as the duration of mobile phone subtasks and glance behaviour. Identifying the particularly distracting...

Problem: Some evidence exists that drivers choose to engage in secondary tasks when the driving demand is low (e.g., when the car is stopped). While such a behavior might generally be considered as rather safe, it could be argued that the associated diversion of attention away from the road still leads to a reduction of situational awareness, whic...

Objective: A number of studies have already grouped cyclists according to different aspects of their mobility behavior. This could be used e.g., to improve the bicycle infrastructure planning, to detect critical spots and, to reduce obstacles for cycling. This wide, preexisting, range of cyclist typologies usually concentrates on one or two influen...

Objective: Car drivers tend to underestimate the speed of e-bikes and accept smaller gaps for crossing in front of them compared to conventional bicycles. As an explanation, it has been suggested that car drivers rely on their previous experience with conventional bicycles, which tells them that those mostly travel at low speeds. E-bikes, which loo...

It is often suggested that speech-based entry systems for text messages might provide a solution for the safety problems that arise because of handheld texting. However, although such systems have the advantage of allowing drivers to keep their eyes on the road, there is still a considerable portion of cognitive load associated with texting, which...

Due to age-related functional declines and changes in mobility patterns, older drivers struggle with complex traffic situations such as intersections. Innovative driver assistance systems could provide support for this group. One assistance approach addresses older drivers’ tendency to process multiple information successively (serially) rather tha...

Previous studies have shown that time to arrival estimates (TTA) as well as accepted gap size are influenced by vehicle size. Drivers tend to choose smaller gaps and provide longer TTA estimates when confronted with smaller vehicles compared to larger ones. Object size alone, as well as the potential threat ascribed to the approaching vehicle, have...

Texting while driving is more prevalent than ever. Still, at the same time, drivers seem to consciously select and reject certain traffic situations as appropriate for texting. However, it is unclear which situational characteristics drivers consider when making this decision. The aim of this study was to get a better understanding of drivers' reas...

Red light running is one of the most common traffic violations among cyclists. From different surveys, we know that about 40% of all cyclists run a red light at least occasionally. However, specific data on red light running of e-bike riders (pedelec and S-pedelec riders), a population of cyclists that has been growing steadily in the past few year...

Introduction: An argument against mandatory helmet use is based on the idea of risk compensation, which means that cyclists might ride faster when wearing a helmet (Lardelli-Claret et al., 2003). However, questionnaire and experimental studies were unable to find evidence for this assumption (Fyhri et al., 2012; Fyhri & Philipps, 2013). Simultaneou...

Research indicates that drivers use various forms of self-regulatory strategies to accommodate secondary task engagement while driving. There is some evidence that drivers choose situations for secondary task engagement in which the driving task demand is low (e.g., Kidd et al., 2016; Precht, Keinath, & Krems, 2017), such as when the car is moving...

The number of pedestrian casualties in crashes with motorised vehicles is still alarming. Misunderstandings about the other road users’ intentions are certainly one contributory factor. Especially given recent developments in vehicle automation, informing about “vehicle behaviour” and “vehicle intentions” in the absence of any direct interaction be...

INTRODUCTION In recent years, there has been a considerable increase in smartphone use inside the vehicle. More and more drivers are willing to write text messages or even e-mails while driving. At the same time, it is well established that reading and writing text messages while driving (texting) has the potential to increase crash risk, or, more...

E-bikes, which have the potential to reach higher speed levels than conventional bicycles, but look basically the same, are suspected to be at a higher crash risk than such conventional bicycles. Other road users might misjudge the time remaining before the approaching bicycle arrives (time to arrival, TTA) and accept unsafe gaps (e.g. for turning...

Introduction: The engagement in secondary tasks while driving has been found to result in considerable impairments of driving performance. Texting has especially been suspected to be associated with an increased crash risk. At the same time, there is evidence that drivers use various self-regulating strategies to compensate for the increased deman...

In recent years, the number of electric bicycles on European, American and especially Chinese roads has increased substantially. Today, 11% of all bicycles sold in Germany are e-bikes. Given their potential to reach higher maximum speeds, concerns have been raised about a possible increase in crash risk associated with e-bike use. However, as of no...

In Germany, cycling has experienced a considerably increase in popularity in the past few years. The number of e-bikes (mainly pedelec25 and pedelec45) on German roads is growing steadily as well. As a consequence, investigations of safety relevant behaviour of bicyclists and e-bike riders, such as helmet use or violations (e.g. red light running)...

Crashes at railway level crossings are a key problem for railway operations. It has been suggested that a potential explanation for such crashes might lie in a so-called size speed bias, which describes the phenomenon that observers underestimate the speed of larger objects, such as aircraft or trains. While there is some evidence that this size sp...

Download PDF: http://conference2016.humanist-vce.eu/Proceedings/Session-7.pdf The effects of different forms of driver distraction on driving performance have been studied for years and are comparatively well understood. How often drivers actually engage in different distracting activities, however, is less clear. Available methods are either not...

The prevalence of electric bicycles (e-bikes) has increased considerably in the past few years. Because of their potential to reach higher speeds than conventional bicycles, concerns have been raised about a possible increase in traffic conflicts and crashes. The goal of this study was to examine if there are differences between conventional cyclis...

Given their potential to reach higher speed levels than conventional bicycles, the growing market share of e-bikes has been the reason for increased concerns regarding road safety. Previous studies have shown a clear relationship between object approach speed and an observers' judgment of when the object would reach a predefined position (i.e., tim...

Most drivers have come to accept the regular and frequent maintenance and construction activity on motorways as a necessary nuisance, as the strain on this type of infrastructure is considerable, and damage frequent. However, aside of being just inconvenient, it has been repeatedly suggested that such motorway work zones might be associated with an...

To harness the potential of advanced driver assistance systems, drivers must learn how to use them in a safe and appropriate manner. The present study investigates the learning process, as well as the development of trust, acceptance and the mental model for interacting with adaptive cruise control (ACC). Research questions aim to model the learnin...

The study aimed at investigating how drivers use Adaptive Cruise Control and its functions in distinct road environments and to verify if changes occur over time. Fifteen participants were invited to drive a vehicle equipped with a Stop & Go Adaptive Cruise Control system on nine occasions. The course remained the same for each test run and include...

The growing popularity of electric bicycles gives rise to a variety of road safety questions. One of the issues is e-bikes’ potential to achieve a higher speed compared to conventional bicycles. Especially for road users that are unfamiliar with that type of bicycle, underestimations of speed might be suspected which could lead drivers to accept un...

Accident statistics show that cyclists are at considerable risk of being involved in a crash. However, statistics based on police reports are often heavily biased towards on-road, bicycle-motor vehicle crashes. Crashes that do not involve motorised vehicles or that occur on other types of infrastructure are neglected. Naturalistic cycling methodolo...

In Germany, electric bicycles (pedelecs) have become highly popular over the past few years. Reasons for that are their potential to reach higher speeds and the reduction of cycling effort. While these are desirable effects, safety concerns have been raised. Pedelecs are, with regard to their design, hardly distinguishable from conventional bicycle...

The identification of safe gaps between passing cars when crossing a street is a task most of us accomplish successfully on a daily basis. Objectively, how safe a specific gap is, is mainly dependent on how long it would take the approaching vehicle to arrive (time to arrival; TTA). Common sense might suggest that TTA is the basis for pedestrians’...

The popularity of electric bicycles, so called pedelecs, has increased rapidly over the last few years. Their numbers are expected to grow even further in the years to come. Given this increase in prevalence, new challenges for road traffic arise. The effects of potentially higher speeds that might be achieved with electric bikes on road safety are...

The Lane Change Task (LCT) is an established method to assess driver distraction caused by secondary tasks. In the LCT ISO standard, "course following and maneuvering" and "event detection" are mentioned as central task properties. Especially event detection seems to be a reasonable feature, as research suggests that distraction has profound effect...

Objective: We report on four experiments that investigated the critical tracking task's (CTT) potential as a tool to measure distraction. Background: Assessment of the potential of new in-vehicle information systems to be distracting has become an important issue. An easy-to-use method, which might be a candidate to assess this distraction, is t...

Driver distraction is a factor that is heavily involved in traffic crashes. With in-vehicle devices like navigation systems or mobile phones on the rise, the assessment of their potential to distract the driver has become a pressing issue. Several easy-to-use methods have been developed in recent years to allow for such an assessment in the early s...

To reduce the high risk of young, novice drivers being involved in traffic accidents, there have been several attempts to utilize computers for driver education. Previous studies have shown promising results concerning the benefits of using computers for the acquisition of driving-task-related cognitive skills. However, these studies’ findings are...

Deficits in cognitive skills, such as hazard perception, appear to have a tremendous influence on accident involvement of younger drivers. However, conventional forms of driver training have largely failed to build skills that extend beyond the provision of a descriptive knowledge of how to drive. Computer based training (CBT) has the potential to...

This paper presents the study design and first experiences of a Pedelec Naturalistic Cycling study. There are 90 participants: 30 bicylists, 50 Pedelec cyclists and 10 E-bike cyclists. The bicycles are equipped with a data acquisition system that records among others speed data and videos on the traffic situation over a period of four weeks. Questi...

Unterstützung der Fahrausbildung durch Lernsoftware Ziel des Projektes war die empirische Abklärung der Potenziale neuer Lehr-Lerntechnologien für die Optimierung der Fahranfängervorbereitung. Hierfür sollte ein Lernangebot entwickelt und evaluiert werden, dass fahraufgabenrelevante Kompetenzen unterstützt, die eine hohe Unfallrelevanz haben, bei F...