Theo Kloprogge

University of the Philippines Visayas, Miagao, Philippines · Chemistry

Brings together and expands information available on the Mid-infrared spectroscopy of the major rock-forming and ore minerals in one handbook The second in a four-volume set, Handbook of Mineral Spectroscopy, Volume 2: Infrared Spectra, presents a database of Infrared spectra, showing both full spectra and high resolutiondetailed spectral regions...

There are three groups of scientists dominating the search for the origin of life: the organic chemists (the Soup), the molecular biologists (RNA world), and the inorganic chemists (metabolism and transient-state metal ions), all of which have experimental adjuncts. It is time for Clays and the Origin of Life to have its experimental adjunct. The c...

Layered clay systems intercalated with inorganic and organic compounds were analyzed to highlight how XPS can provide information on the different environments surrounding a particular atom as well as provide discernments on the size, coordination, and structural and oxidative transformations of the intercalating/pillaring compounds. XPS data on th...

In nature, numerous minerals are known with the general formula X2M(TO4)2�2(H2O) and an important group is formed by minerals with T¼As. Most of these occur as minor or trace minerals in environments such as hydrothermal alterations of primary sulfides and arsenides. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy have been utilized to stud...

Roselite from the Aghbar Mine, Morocco, [Ca2(Co2+,Mg)(AsO4)2 2H2O], was investigated by X-ray Photoelectron and Raman spectroscopy. X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy revealed a cobalt to magnesium ratio of 3:1. Magnesium, cobalt and calcium showed single bands associated with unique crystallographic positions. The oxygen 1s spectrum displayed two ba...

This paper describes the formation of "sandwich" wulfenite. Banded wulfenite from the Ojuela Mine, Mapimí, Durango, Mexico, have been found since 2017, but an explanation for the band formation has not been provided. X-ray diffraction (XRD) showed the wulfenite to have a tetragonal unit cell of a = 5.4374(1), c = 12.1123(7) Å. The Raman spectrum wa...

Saponite is a trioctahedral 2:1 smectite with the ideal composition MxMg3AlxSi4􀀀xO10(OH,F)2.nH2O (M= interlayer cation). Both the success of the saponite synthesis and the determination of its applications depends on robust knowledge of the structure and composition of saponite. Among the routine characterization techniques, spectroscopic methods a...

Saponite is a trioctahedral 2:1 smectite with the ideal composition MxMg3AlxSi4-xO10(OH,F)2.nH2O (M = interlayer cation). Both the success of the saponite synthesis and the determination of its applications depends on robust knowledge of the structure and composition of saponite. Among the routine characterization techniques spectroscopic methods a...

Clay minerals surfaces potentially play a role in prebiotic synthesis through adsorption of organic monomers that give rise to highly concentrated systems; facilitate condensation and polymerization reactions, protection of early biomolecules from hydrolysis and photolysis, and surface-templating for specific adsorption and synthesis of organic mol...

Clay minerals surfaces potentially played a role in prebiotic synthesis through adsorption of organic monomers that give rise to highly concentrated systems; facilitate condensation and polymerization reactions; protection of early biomolecules from hydrolysis and photolysis; and surface-templating for specific adsorption and synthesis of organic m...

Brings together and expands the limited information available on the X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy of the major rock-forming and ore minerals into one handbook The first in a four-volume set, Handbook of Mineral Spectroscopy, Volume 1: X-ray Photoelectron Spectra, presents a database of X-ray Photoelectron spectra showing both survey (with chemi...

This chapter provides the survey scans and high resolution scans of the minerals belonging to the chemical class of the sulphates, chromates, tungstates and molybdates together with tables of the peak positions and atomic ratios. Minerals covered in this chapter are: barite, celestite, anglesite, anhydrite, gypsum, epsomite, brochantite, alunite, c...

This chapter provides the survey scans and high resolution scans of the minerals belonging to the chemical class of the tectosilicates (three-dimensional silicates) together with tables of the peak positions and atomic ratios. This group contains groups like the feldspars, zeolites, etc. Minerals covered in this chapter are: cristobalite, quartz, o...

This chapter provides the survey scans and high resolution scans of the minerals belonging to the chemical class of the sorosilicates and cyclosilicates (ring silicates) together with tables of the peak positions and atomic ratios. Sorosilicate minerals covered in this chapter are: melilite, hemimorphite, ferro-axinite, lawsonite, clinozoisite, epi...

This chapter provides the survey scans and high resolution scans of the minerals belonging to the chemical class of the inosilicates (chain silicates) together with tables of the peak positions and atomic ratios. This group contains mainly the pyroxene and amphibole groups. Minerals covered in this chapter are: enstatite, diopside, hedenbergite, au...

This chapter provides the survey scans and high resolution scans of the minerals belonging to the chemical class of the halides together with tables of the peak positions and atomic ratios. Minerals covered in this chapter are: halite, sylvite, fluorite, atacamite, and cryolite.

This chapter provides the survey scans and high resolution scans of the minerals belonging to the chemical class of the nesosilicates together with tables of the peak positions and atomic ratios. Minerals covered in this chapter are: willemite, forsterite-fayalite (olivine), pyrope-almandine, spessartine, grossular, uvarovite, zircon, sillimanite,...

This chapter provides the survey scans and high resolution scans of the minerals belonging to the chemical class of the oxides and hydroxides together with tables of the peak positions and atomic ratios. Minerals covered in this chapter are: cuprite, periclase, corundum, hematite, perovskite, ilmenite, rutile, pyrolusite, cassiterite, anatase, broo...

This chapter provides the survey scans and high resolution scans of the minerals belonging to the chemical class of the phyllosilicates (sheet silicates) together with tables of the peak positions and atomic ratios. This group contains mainly the clay minerals and mica groups. Minerals covered in this chapter are: dickite, halloysite, kaolinite, na...

This chapter provides the survey scans and high resolution scans of the minerals belonging to the chemical class of the phosphates, arsenates, and vanadates together with tables of the peak positions and atomic ratios. Minerals covered in this chapter are: monazite-(Ce), autunite, vivianite, erythrite, annabergite, amblygonite, fluorapatite, pyromo...

This chapter provides the survey scans and high resolution scans of the minerals belonging to the chemical class of the sulphides and sulphosalts together with tables of the peak positions and atomic ratios. Minerals covered in this chapter are: acanthite, chalcocite, bornite, galena, pyrrhotite, nickeline, covellite, cinnabar, millerite, sphalerit...

This chapter provides the survey scans and high resolution scans of the minerals belonging to the chemical class of the elements together with tables of the peak positions and atomic ratios. Minerals covered in this chapter are: gold, silver, copper, platinum, arsenic, antimony, bismuth, sulphur, diamond, and graphite

This chapter provides the survey scans and high resolution scans of the minerals belonging to the chemical class of the carbonates and borates together with tables of the peak positions and atomic ratios. Carbonate minerals covered in this chapter are: calcite, magnesite, siderite, rhodochrosite, smithsonite, aragonite, witherite, strontianite, cer...

This chapter presents an overview of the spectroscopic analyses of the effects of thermal, mechanical and chemical treatments on the kaolin group minerals. Thermal treatment and the formation of metakaolinite as an intermediate before the crystallization of mullite has been a matter of discussion for more than 70 years. Infrared, including Infrared...

This chapter gives a general introduction into the different types of spectroscopic methods used to study the kaolin minerals and their modifications. The first group of techniques involve vibrational spectroscopic methods such as Mid- and Near-infrared spectroscopy (MIR and NIR) and Raman spectroscopy. A special technique is Infrared emission spec...

This chapter gives an overview of how spectroscopic methods such as Mid-Infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy and Magic-Angle-Spinning Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy have lead over the decades to a better understanding of the layer structure and the effects of layer stacking i.e. order/disorder and differences between polymorphs. Thoug...

In this chapter, the intercalation of a number of organic molecules in the kaolin group 1:1 clay minerals that are generally anticipated not to swell, will be described together with the effects of these molecules on the clay internal and external surfaces The reactive molecules are inserted between the successive clay layers, thereby breaking the...

In this chapter, the interactions of complex organic molecules with the kaolin group 1:1 clay minerals, will be described in applications such as in the formation of nanocomposites and slow release systems for drugs or pesticides/herbicides, together with the effects of these molecules on the clay internal and external surfaces The reactive molecul...

This chapter gives an overview of how infrared and Raman spectroscopy have helped in gaining a better understanding of the behaviour of hydroxyl groups in the kaolin group minerals kaolinite, dickite, nacrite and halloysite. Since the first infrared spectra were obtained some 70 years ago with very limited distinction of bands the development of in...

This book systematically provides an overview of the use of a wide range of spectroscopic methods (Mid- and Near-Infrared, Infrared Emission, Raman, Solid-State Magic Angle Spinning Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, X-ray Photoelectron, Extended X-ray Adsorption Fine Structure, X-ray Absorption Near Edge, Electron Spin and Mossbauer spectroscopy) to inve...

X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy was used to study a ferroan platinum crystal from the Kondyor Massif, Russian Far East. Prior to the X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopic analyses, the nature of the crystal was confirmed by X-ray diffraction. The survey scan showed mainly the presence of Pt and Fe, with smaller amounts of O and Si. The high resolution...

This paper aims at a full description of the Raman and Infrared spectra of the arsenate mineral tilasite, CaMg(AsO4)F, from Långban, Värmland, Sweden. X-ray diffraction showed the two samples to be phase pure with a monoclinic unit cell of a = 6.683(3) Å, b = 8.950(5) Å, c = 7.572(4) Å, and β = 121.09(2)°. The infrared and Raman spectra were domina...

This paper presents an overview of the chemical analyses of the Clay Mineral Society Source Clays based on X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy. This technique does not require any detailed sample preparation and is therefore easy to perform. In contrast to other common chemical analytical techniques fluorine and chlorine can be analysed together with...

The term pseudomorph in mineralogy was first used in 1801 by Haüy. A good definition of pseudomorphism is, “If a crystal changes chemically or structurally, yet keeps the shape of the original, it is called a pseudomorph or ‘false form’; it looks like a crystal of one species but is composed of another.” Near the Earth surface, mineral replacement...

Several structurally related AsO4 and PO4 minerals, were studied with Raman microscopy and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS). XPS revealed only Fe, As and O for scorodite. The Fe 2p, As 3d, and O 1s indicated one position for Fe2 +, while 2 different environments for O and As were observed. The O 1s at 530.3 eV and the As 3d 5/2 at 43.7 eV bel...

Bayldonite [Cu3Pb(AsO4)2(OH)2], Wheal Carpenter (Cornwall, UK) was studied by X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy and Raman Microscopy. X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy revealed single copper, lead and arsenic positions in the crystal structure. Two oxygen bands with a 1:4 ratio were associated oxygen positions in arsenate- and hydroxyl-groups, exclud...

Clay mineral synthesis has been an important subject to which vibrational spectroscopy has been intimately entwined since the 1960s. In the past two decades, the complexity of synthetic clay mineral systems has increased as clay scientists have gained better understanding of the conditions, chemistries and mechanisms of clay mineral synthesis. Thes...

This chapter introduces the physical basis of infrared and Raman spectroscopies. Starting from standard harmonic lattice dynamics, a special attention is given to the relationship between the atomic-scale vibrational properties of the clay mineral and the spectroscopic quantities actually measured. The expression of the low-frequency dielectric per...

This chapter reviews the application of vibration spectroscopy to the study of pillared interlayer clay minerals, or more commonly, pillared clays. Infrared (IR) and Raman spectroscopies have proven useful in assessing pillared clay structural properties and compositions, and have also proven to be highly complementary to X-ray diffraction and nucl...

Raman spectroscopy of clay minerals has received less attention than infrared (IR) spectroscopy in the past, generally due to the weakness of the Raman scattered signal, laser-induced photo-degradation of the sample, and the occurrence of fluorescence, which often swamps the signal. Progress in instrumentation, however, has improved the quality of...

Other than the naturally occurring halloysite, expansion of the interlayer space of the kaolinite group minerals can only be achieved by intercalation of various molecules (hydrazine, urea, formamide, dimethylsulphoxide and various acetate salts). The structure, mechanisms of formation and thermal stability of these intercalate complexes has been t...

An up-to-date systematic review of spectroscopic theory, methods, and techniques for the study of clay minerals by infrared and Raman spectroscopies - Includes a systematic review of spectroscopic methods - Covers the theory of infrared and Raman spectroscopies and instrumentation - Features a series of chapters, each covering either a particular t...

This book provides a comprehensive overview on the topic of pseudomorphism - in which one mineral is replaced by another but still maintains its original crystal form - a phenomenon that is far more common that currently thought and is extremely important in understanding the geologic history of rocks. There are many examples of pseudomorphs, but t...

This chapter provides an overview of results obtained by a variety of spectroscopic techniques. The most common techniques employed are infrared (IR) and Raman spectroscopy, which enable detailed observation of the behaviour of water and OH-groups and the type of H-bonds formed. The inner-surface OH-groups that normally form H-bonds with adjacent l...

Infrared (IR) and Raman spectroscopy have become mainstream techniques in mineralogy and inorganic chemistry. These vibrational spectroscopic techniques allow the identification of not only different materials based on band positions in the low wavenumber region, but also the anionic groups. Recently these methods have entered the field of gemology...

Ga-substituted boehmites were synthesized using a soft-chemistry route in the presence of poly(ethylene oxide) surfactant under hydrothermal conditions. The effect of Ga-substitution was studied by X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Initial precipitates were amorphous (minor bayerite). After hydrothermal treatment, XRD showed b...

In two papers Cheng et al. (2010) reported in this journal on the mid-infrared, near-infrared and infrared emission spectroscopy of a halloysite from Hunan Xianrenwan, China. This halloysite contains around 8% of quartz (SiO2) and nearly 9% gibbsite (Al(OH)3). In their interpretation of the spectra these impurities were completely ignored. Careful...

A detailed analysis was undertaken of the X-ray photoelectron spectra obtained from microcline, orthoclase and several samples of plagioclase with varying Na/Ca ratio. Comparison of the spectra was made based on the chemical bonding and structural differences in the Al- and Si-coordination within each specimen. The spectra for Si 2p and Al 2p vary...

Photo-electron spectroscopy as an analytical tool has only received limited interest in the field of mineral science. Photo-electron spectroscopy, together with Auger electron spectroscopy, gives information about the positions of the energy levels in atoms or molecules. Application of this technique on solid materials will result in information of...

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.

Abstract Rare earth element geochemistry in carbonate rocks is utilized increasingly for studying both modern oceans and palaeoceanography, with additional applications for investigating water–rock interactions in groundwater and carbonate diagenesis. However, the study of rare earth element geochemistry in ancient rocks requires the preservation o...

Spectroscopy and especially infrared spectroscopy has been a widely used technique in the industry for the structural and compositional analysis of organic, organometallic, metalorganic, inorganic and polymeric materials in addition to quality control of raw materials and commercial products. In general, one can say that spectroscopic techniques ar...

Electronic and vibrational spectra of two different tourmalines: green and pink coloured minerals from Minas Gerais, Brazil have been investigated by UV-visible, NIR, IR and Raman spectroscopy. The behaviour of transition metal ions in their electronic spectra is presented. Both minerals show a strong broad band at 300 nm (33300 cm-1) due to Mn(II)...

Raman and infrared spectroscopy has enabled insights into the molecular structure of the sampleite group of minerals. These minerals are based upon the incorporation of either phosphate or arsenate with chloride anion into the structure and as a consequence the spectra refect the bands attributable to these anions, namely phosphate or arsenate with...

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) in combination with X-ray diffraction (XRD) and high-resolution thermogravimetric analysis (HRTG) has been used to investigate the surfactant distribution within the organoclays prepared at different surfactant concentrations. This study demonstrates that the surfactant distribution within the organoclays depe...

The distribution of Al13 pillars and the process of intercalation in montmorillonite can be enhanced through the application of an ultrasonic treatment. This paper describes the results of ultrasonic treatment in the preparation of Al-pillared montmorillonite with and without prior exchange with Na+. The resulting materials have been characterised...

The near-infrared spectra of hydrothermally synthesized beidellites with increasing layer charge, pyrophyllite and paragonite have been compared and interpreted based on their associated mid-infrared spectra. The 6000-7500 cm-1 region for beidellite is dominated by the first overtone of the adsorbed H2O stretching mode around 6900 cm-1, while the 7...

Studies of kaolinite surfaces are of industrial importance. One useful method for studying the changes in kaolinite surface properties is to apply chemometric analyses to the kaolinite surface infrared spectra. A comparison is made between the mechanochemical activation of Kiralyhegy kaolinites with significant amounts of natural quartz and the mec...

A series of organoclays with monolayer, bilayer, pseudotrilayer, paraffin monolayer and paraffin bilayer were prepared by ion exchange. The microstructural parameters, including BET-N2 surface area, pore volume, pore size, surfactant loading and distribution, were deter-mined by X-ray diffraction (XRD), N2 adsorption-desorption and high-resolution...

A Ni-Co-As ore sample from Cobalt City, Ontario, Canada, was examined with scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray analysis. In addition to cobaltian pararammelsbergite with variable cobalt content, for which Cobalt City is the type locality, and erythrite, one new mineral was observed for this locality. Well-formed crystals of ars...

A photocatalyst useful for fluid purification produced by an inverse opal process from a photoreactive metal semiconductor and a method of producing the photocatalyst. Devices incorporating the photocatalyst are also described.

The thermal stability and thermal decomposition pathways for synthetic iowaite have been determined using thermogravimetry in conjunction with evolved gas mass spectrometry. Chemical analysis showed the formula of the synthesised iowaite to be Mg6.27Fe1.73(Cl)1.07(OH)16(CO3)0.336.1H2O and X-ray diffraction confirms the layered structure. Dehydratio...

Hydrotalcite-like compounds of the formula NixZn6-xAl2(OH)16(SO4).4H2O where x varies from 0 to 6, equivalent to a zinc-substituted carrboydite have been synthesised and characterised by X-ray diffraction , electron microscopy and vibrational spectroscopy. Both the d(003) spacing and the crystallite size are a function of the amount of zinc replace...

The thermal decompositions of hydrotalcites with hexacyanoferrate(II) and hexacyanoferrate(III) in the interlayer have been studied using thermogravimetry combined with mass spectrometry. X-ray diffraction shows the hydrotalcites have a d(003) spacing of 11.1 and 10.9 Å which compares with a d-spacing of 7.9 and 7.98 Å for the hydrotalcite with car...

Hydrotalcites with phosphate in the interlayer were prepared at different pH. At pH >11.0 (PO4)3- was the intercalated ionic species whereas at pH < 11.0 a mixture of (PO4)3- and (HPO4)2- ions was intercalated. Powder X-ray diffraction shows the hydrotalcite formed at pH 9.5 is poorly diffracting with a d-spacing of 11.9; whereas the d(003) spacing...