Tetsuya IshiiHokkaido University | Hokudai · Office of Health and Safety
Tetsuya Ishii
Ph.D.
About
54
Publications
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Introduction
Bioethicist.
Interest in: biomedicine, biotechnology & society.
Associate Member of Science Council of Japan.
Japan society of bioethics, ESHRE, and ISSCR.
Twitter: @TetsuyaIshii
Mail: tishii@general.hokudai.ac.jp
Additional affiliations
January 2013 - present
January 2008 - March 2011
Publications
Publications (54)
A genome-edited agricultural product that is proven to contain no exogenous DNA is not subject to genetically modified organism (GMO) regulations in some countries. However, whether such proof is definitive is often disputed. We discuss the approaches to substantially proving that a genome-edited organism is not GMO, while considering social aspect...
The 2018 announcement regarding safe childbirths via germline genome-editing (GGE) with parental consent shocked the world. This minireview examines the predictable risks, burdens, and potential harms of human GGE and explores the question of responsibility for using GGE inhuman reproduction. Although there is currently no international consensus o...
The social acceptability of germline genome editing (GGE) depends on its perceived safety, as well as respect for reproductive autonomy. However, it is doubtful that prospective parents sufficiently understand the risks of GGE. In the future, the use of GGE in specific situations seems plausible, as it offers couples potential means to safeguard ge...
UK law permits parents to use mitochondrial replacement (MR) to have genetically-related children without serious mitochondrial disease. However, long-term follow-up is required for each case. Whether this follow-up should be left to physicians, parents, or offspring has not been established. Due to the experimental status of MR, physicians must in...
Recent advances in crop gene-editing technologies allow for efficient site-specific mutagenesis without introducing exogenous DNA, potentially bypassing product-based genetically modified organism (GMO) regulations. Conversely, such plants can be subject to process-based GMO regulations. However, it is important to tailor existing GMO regulations w...
Mitochondrial replacement therapies (MRT) represent the most recent advancement in assisted reproductive technologies, allowing some women with mitochondrial diseases to birth—for the first time—babies without those diseases. MRT, however, are not without controversy: DNA is intentionally changed, and resulting babies have DNA from three people. Ad...
Background
Some persons conceived with donor gametes react negatively when they found their birth via donor conception. They request access to information about and seek to communicate with the donor. However, some countries mandate donor anonymity. Other countries allow donor-conceived persons to access donor information, but they can only use thi...
Contemporary techniques in reproductive medicine, such as in vitro fertilization (IVF) and preimplantation genetic testing (PGT), have enabled fertilization, and the selection and transfer of embryos, without temporal and spatial restrictions. These powerful technologies have been used for both medical and non-medical reasons by couples hoping to b...
Human Germline Genome Modification and the Right to Science - edited by Andrea Boggio January 2020
To regulate the research and industrial uses of genetically modified organisms (GMOs), Japan enacted the Act on the Conservation and Sustainable Use of Biological Diversity through Regulations on the Use of Living Modified Organisms 2003. This law can be regarded as a product-based GMO regulation. To date, Japan has approved 133 GM crop varieties f...
Gene therapy has a complicated history. Some early trials resulted in catastrophes, including subjects’ deaths. In 2003, the world’s first gene therapy product (GTP) was approved in China. More recently, EU and US regulators have successively approved seven GTPs, including chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells for refractory cancers and an adeno-...
Human oocytes have an abundance of mitochondria that have their own genome. Mitochondrial
functions are exerted through evolutionarily-developed interactions between the nucleus and
mitochondria. Since 1996, fertility clinics have practiced various types of germline mitochondrial
DNA (mtDNA) modification that alter the composition of mtDNA copies i...
Genome Editing and Engineering - edited by Krishnarao Appasani August 2018
List of the legal documents regarding egg donation and germline genetic modification for reproduction in 16 selected countries.
Survey results regarding the implementation and advertisement of reproductive medicine involving mitochondrial manipulation.
The clinical uses of cytoplasmic transfer and pronuclear transfer for infertility treatment have raised concerns, leading to restrictive regulatory responses in both the USA and China. In 2015, the UK legalized nuclear transfer from oocytes and zygotes to prevent the onset of serious mitochondrial disease in the children of affected mothers. A rese...
In 2015 the United Kingdom (UK) became the first nation to legalize egg and zygotic nuclear transfer procedures using mitochondrial replacement techniques (MRTs) to prevent the maternal transmission of serious mitochondrial DNA diseases to offspring. These techniques are a form of human germline genetic modification and can happen intentionally if...
Purpose of review:
To review the recent ethical, legal, and social issues surrounding human reproduction involving germline genome editing.
Recent findings:
Genome editing techniques, such as CRISPR/Cas9, have facilitated genetic modification in human embryos. The most likely purpose of germline genome editing is the prevention of serious geneti...
Recent advances in in vitro gametogenesis (IVG), including in humans, have raised ethical concerns regarding the potential misuse and manipulation of 'artificial embryos'. However, basic research on IVG is expected to be of immense scientific and social value provided that the ethical, legal, and social issues are carefully considered.
With the advent of robust genome editing tools, strains of cattle, pigs, sheep, goats, and fowls with no transgenes have been bred.
Food products derived from genome-edited livestock are expected to enter the market soon after the safety is confirmed in a country. However, previous controversy over genetically modified (GM) animals and cloned anim...
Genome editing allows for the versatile genetic modification of somatic cells, germ cells and embryos. In particular, CRISPR/Cas9
is worldwide used in biomedical research. Although the first report on Cas9-mediated gene modification in human embryos focused
on the prevention of a genetic disease in offspring, it raised profound ethical and social c...
Mitochondrial dysfunction in the human germline may be associated with infertility. Moreover, mitochondrial diseases are caused by various mutations in mitochondrial and/or nuclear DNA. This chapter discusses the past, present, and future of mitochondrial manipulation techniques such as ooplasmic transfer, pronuclear transfer, germinal vesicle tran...
The interesting thing about it is that there is no legislation in the United States that regulates what traits can and cannot be selected using PGD. Ultimately, if either gene editing or widespread PGD were to become common—which I talk about in a new book entitled The End of Sex—then I think there would be legislative activity. It would probably b...
Genome editing has facilitated versatile gene modifications in somatic and stem cells. Despite the early stage, therapeutic uses of ZFN and TALEN have already demonstrated promising results in the treatment of HIV and leukemia. Although the medical conditions to which genome editing therapy is applied are being expanded in the clinical trials, it i...
The global agricultural landscape regarding the commercial cultivation of genetically modified (GM) crops is mosaic. Meanwhile, a new plant breeding technique, genome editing is expected to make genetic engineering-mediated crop breeding more socially acceptable because it can be used to develop crop varieties without introducing transgenes, which...
Mitochondrial dysfunction in human germline may be associated with infertility. Moreover, mitochondrial diseases are caused by various mutations in mitochondrial and/or nuclear DNA. This chapter discusses the past, present and future of mitochondrial manipulation techniques such as ooplasmic transfer, pronuclear transfer, germinal vesicle transfer,...
Genome editing based on site-directed nucleases facilitated efficient and versatile genetic modifications in human cells. However, recent reports, demonstrating CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing in human embryos have raised profound concerns worldwide. This commentary explores the clinical justification and feasibility of reproductive medicine us...
One of the major problems regarding consumer acceptance of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) is the possibility that their transgenes could have adverse effects on the environment and/or human health. Genome editing, represented by the CRISPR/Cas9 system, can efficiently achieve transgene-free gene modifications and is anticipated to generate a...
Genome editing, represented by CRISPR/Cas9, facilitates somatic and germline gene modifications in many species, including humans. However, one of key issues, off-target mutation deserves special consideration prior to clinical applications. We herein discuss the importance of risk information on genome editing for obtaining legitimate patient cons...
Genetically modifying eggs, sperm, and zygotes ('germline' modification) can impact on the entire body of the resulting individual and on subsequent generations. With the advent of genome-editing technology, human germline gene modification is no longer theoretical. Owing to increasing concerns about human germline gene modification, a voluntary mo...
Although genome-editing technologies facilitate efficient plant breeding without introducing a transgene, it is creating indistinct boundaries in the regulation of genetically modified organisms (GMOs). Rapid advances in plant breeding by genome-editing require the establishment of a new global policy for the new biotechnology, while filling the ga...
Genome editing technology, including zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs), transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs), and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)/Cas, has enabled far more efficient genetic engineering even in non-human primates. This biotechnology is more likely to develop into medicine for preventi...
Recently, fertile spermatozoa and oocytes were generated from mouse induced pluripotent (iPS) cells using a combined in vitro and in vivo induction system. With regard to germ cell induction from human iPS cells, progress has been made particularly in the male germline, demonstrating in vitro generation of haploid, round spermatids. Although iPS-de...
Since 1928, human fetal tissues and stem cells have been used worldwide to treat various conditions. Although the transplantation of the fetal midbrain substantia nigra and dopaminergic neurons in patients suffering from Parkinson’s disease is particularly noteworthy, the history of other types of grafts, such as those of the fetal liver, thymus, a...
Background:
Based on a case who developed anaphylaxis after mouse bite which occurred at Hokkaido University, we studied on allergic sensitization prevalence for laboratory animals among students and researchers who are exposed to laboratory rodents and rabbit, for the purpose of allergy prevention, particularly anaphylaxis.
Methods:
We carried...
Previous discussions regarding human germline gene modification led to a global consensus that no germline should undergo genetic modification. However, the UK Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority, having conducted at the UK Government's request a scientific review and a wide public consultation, provided advice to the Government on the pro...
Although clinical use of non-invasive prenatal genetic testing (NIPT) to detect fetal aneuploidy may improve reproductive autonomy owing to early testing, its reliability, as well as the ease of obtaining blood samples, NIPT raises clinical, ethical, and social issues. We herein report the implementation of a science cafe regarding NIPT and examine...
Genome-editing technology, although a robust tool for genetic engineering, is creating indistinct regulatory boundaries between naturally occurring and modified organisms. However, researchers must act with caution in research and development to avoid misleading society. Furthermore, appropriate regulations should be proactively discussed and estab...
Derivation of eggs or sperm from pluripotent stem cells or direct reprogramming from somatic cells would have huge effects on assisted reproductive technology. Here we discuss important ethical, legal, and social issues that would be raised by the development of such female or male gametes for clinical use.
The International Stem Cell Initiative analyzed 125 human embryonic stem (ES) cell lines and 11 induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cell lines, from 38 laboratories worldwide, for genetic changes occurring during culture. Most lines were analyzed at an early and late passage. Single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis revealed that they included repr...
The expression of mouse milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) glycoproteins, MFG-E8, butyrophilin, CD36 was analyzed by Northern blot analyses. MFG-E8 and butyrophilin mRNAs were specifically detected in the mammary gland of lactating mice, whereas CD36 mRNA was detected in the heart and lung as well as in the mammary gland of lactating mice. The mRNAs...
A cDNA encoding mouse butyrophilin was obtained by reverse transcriptase-coupled polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) using poly (A)+ RNA from lactating mouse mammary gland as a template and screening a cDNA library with the RT-PCR-amplified fragment as a probe. DNA sequencing and computer analysis revealed that it has a rather long 3'-untranslated s...
Immunoblotting analysis was used for the identification of irradiated chicken egg. Immunoreactivity of egg-white proteins with specific antibodies was decreased by irradiation, but was still detectable even after irradiation at a higher dose (50 kGy). Sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamine gel electrophoresis of irradiated egg white showed that the...