Teresa Carvalho

University of Aveiro | UA · Department of Social, Political and Territorial Sciences

This paper discusses how the emergence and assumption of the knowledge society as an ideological integration in the European Union (EU) and in the European Research Area (ERA), along with Managerialism and Neoliberalism influences, resulted in precarious and insecure employment relations in the Portuguese scientific system. The knowledge society as...

Doctoral education has grown substantially, resulting in a larger and diverse pool of graduates for research. Simultaneously, gender balance in research has become a growing concern, particularly in Europe. Based on the Portuguese case, this paper discusses whether the increase in the pool of graduate talent, considered to be comprised of doctoral...

To promote gender equality, the European Commission (EC), among other initiatives, has been funding action-research projects aimed at implementing gender equality plans in higher education institutions. This paper presents and reflects on the strategy adopted in a Portuguese university, within the scope of an EC funded project – the CHANGE project...

The geopolitics of the third mission – Dominant discourses in a Southern European Country

This paper puts in perspective the reforms of the Portuguese and Finnish higher education (HE) sectors in the light of the role intergovernmental organisations have—especially the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)—in influencing neoliberal public policies in these countries. On the year that the OECD celebrates its 62nd a...

This paper provides a reflection on the way changes taking place in doctoral education are being perceived and internalized by doctoral students. The Doctoral perceptions are analyzed through Ph.D. candidates’ motivations to enroll in the program and to their levels of satisfaction with the supervision experience. Comparisons between national and i...

Este projeto de investigação surge da emergente necessidade de conhecer e dar a conhecer o contexto internacional e, sobretudo nacional, das Associações Mutualistas e do movimento mutualista. A sua importância relativa tem-se afirmado sobretudo como potencial contributo para afirmar respostas sociais a desafios societais tradicionais e emergentes,...

Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) play a crucial role in knowledge society by providing and disseminating knowledge. In this regard, academics have been encouraged to collaborate with society, leading to the emergence of new modes of knowledge production. Several institutional and individual factors have been identified as determinants of the ac...

Framed by a wide range of factors, doctoral education has undergone a deep transformation, especially in the last two decades. The aim of this systematic literature review was to ascertain the dimensions in which the transformation of doctoral education has been revealed. The ultimate purpose was to understand how this transformation is related to...

Similar trends have been shaping higher education systems in Europe. First, in modern university, the influence of Humboldtian values as the unity of teaching and research framed the organisation of higher education institutions (HEIs). More recently, under the ideological influence of both the knowledge economy/society and neoliberalism, European...

This article builds on the concept of nested hybridity. It emphasizes professional practices and organizational design in studying hybridity of steering and management of professional public service organization. The article compares public sector dynamics in higher education in Finland, Norway, and Sweden. The data consists of surveys and intervie...

Industrialisation in the late nineteenth century gave birth to the modern Humboldtian university in the West that combined scientific research and teaching. Over the past two decades, the emergence of a new knowledge economy and society has given rise to a new model of the ‘entrepreneurial’ university that seeks to re-imagine it as both the economi...

Within the knowledge society framework, higher education has become a driving factor for democratizing and rising equality in societies and consequently stimulating economic development (Panitsidou et al., Procedia Soc & Behav Sci, 46: 548–553, 2012). In Portugal, as elsewhere, higher education institutions (HEI) were expected to play a key role wi...

Portuguese higher education institutions (HEIs) are excellent case-studies of women representation in academia, considering their significant presence and rapid growth in HEIs. Nevertheless, and despite efforts to minimise gender gaps, women are still underrepresented in top management and leading positions, contributing to increment the phenomenon...

This chapter explores institutionalised resistance to gender equality initiatives reported by 15 gender equality change agents (GECAs) in Swedish and Portuguese Higher Education (HE). Drawing on qualitative interviews with the GECAs, the study highlights similarities within the two national HE contexts, but also contextual nuances and variations. F...

Gender differences in research performance are widely acknowledged in the literature, with several studies revealing that men have higher productivity rates in terms of outputs than women. However, concerning citations per publication, gender differences are not so evident and there are even some studies showing that women have higher citation s...

Introduction. Funded under the Horizon 2020 programme, the CHANGE project –Challenging Gender (In)Equality in Science and Research– aims to create and implement tailor-made gender equality plans (GEPs) in research performing organisations (RPOs). To make GEPs more sustainable, efforts are being made to stimulate institutional cultural change toward...

The Knowledge Society and the emergence of new professional groups – A case from Portugal

The European Union’s (EU) decision to become ‘the most competitive and dynamic knowledge-based society in the world’ by 2000 included key policies such as the creation of a European Research Area (ERA) and a European Higher Education Area (EHEA) capable of attracting academics from other countries. Recruiting the best academics, and especially the...

The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development now guides public administrations in conveying all their functions. The 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDG), directly or indirectly, need effective public services and officials for successful implementation. Although working in public entities has been related to ‘a sense of duty and morality’, litera...

This article aims to investigate whether national differences in the institutionalization of the binary divide between universities and Universities of Applied Sciences (UAS) lead to different outcomes in performing Academics’ Societal Engagement (ASE). Two institutional theory-based core differences of European binary higher education (HE) systems...

The era of hybrid governance is here. More and more organizations occupy a position between public and private ownership. And value is created not through business or public interests alone, but through distinct forms of hybrid governance. National governments are looking to transform their administrative systems to become more business driven. Lik...

The chapter demonstrates the relevance of contextual factors in the potential transformation of non-university institutions into ‘technical universities’. The phenomena of professional and academic drift have challenged the pertinence of the existence of binary Higher Education (HE) systems. Portugal and Finland have been facing this problem and th...

The current environment that characterises the software industry is extremely dynamic and somewhat complex demanding high-performance solutions, rapid development, and cost- efficiency. Given this scenario, industry is forced to search for new partners, with the university- industry collaboration representing a fundamental resource in promoting inn...

How can we conceptualize, evaluate and measure the value and performance of hybrid governance and organizations? This book offers a comprehensive overview of how hybrids produce value. It explores the drivers, obstacles and complications for value creation in different hybrid contexts: state-owned enterprises, urban policy-making, universities and...

This concluding chapter revisits the central themes that have emerged throughout the book, framed by the different contributions, by systematising them in a critical way. It stresses the deep structural and institutional transformations occurring in the forms and contents, locus of delivery and recipients of doctoral education, while discussing how...

The traditional model of the research-based doctorate without a taught component and modelled on the traditional master-apprentice relationship seems to be changing in Europe. Although some authors argue that this model still prevails despite recent changes, the when and how it has become the ‘traditional’ model in Europe is less discussed. In this...

The academic profession is challenged by the changing environment. Global trends, such as managerialism and new public management, have been influencing all public organizations, including universities. The academic profession is dynamic by its nature; it reflects any changes in its environment. However, the academic profession is also characterize...

Under the Knowledge Society narratives, the European Innovation Policy has been promoting the collaboration between universities and industry, government, media-based and culture-based public and civil society (Carayannis & Campbell, 2019). In this context, the mission of universities, considered as core knowledge institutions, has been challenged...

This book analyses the structural and institutional transformations undergone by doctoral education, and the extent to which these transformations are in line with social, political and doctoral candidates' expectations. Higher education has gone through profound changes driven by the massification and diversification of the student body, the rise...

KNOW-BEST Parcerias na produção de conhecimento – �Crenças, Estratégias e Tensões

Reforms in higher education (HE) in the last decades have been influenced by global and international trends associated with two parallel processes: questioning of the nation-state and the gradual decomposition of the welfare state (Carvalho and Santiago in Professionalism, Managerialism and Reform in Higher Education and the Health Services: The E...

Using the concept of stealth power and a critical realist perspective, this article identifies leadership practices that obscure the centralisation of power, drawing on data from interviews with 25 academic decision-makers in formal leadership positions in HERIs in Ireland, Italy and Turkey. Its key contribution is the innovative operationalisation...

Changes in the institutional conditions of knowledge production and the academic profession in Portugal

Based in the CHANGE (H2020 funded) project, this paper puts in perspective the reality of a Portuguese university in terms of gender representation in its governance and management bodies. Portuguese higher education institutions (HEI) are excellent case-studies of women representation in academia, considering their significant presence and rapid g...

Based in the CHANGE (H2020 funded) project, this paper puts in perspective the reality of a Portuguese university in terms of gender representation in its governance and management bodies. Portuguese higher education institutions (HEI) are excellent case-studies of women representation in academia, considering their significant presence and rapid g...

Chapter objectives • To discuss the concept of identity in health research • To consider different dimensions of identity – from gender and ethnicity to age and social class • To analyze the use of the concept at the macro, meso and micro levels • To evaluate the balance of quantitative and qualitative approaches to this subject • To draws on group...

The so-called knowledge society and knowledge economy can be interpreted as a meta-narrative or as a governance tool to accomplish European integration. A chronological analysis of the emergence of knowledge society/economy as a governance tool remit us to the Lisbon Council and to the subsequent creation of the European Research Area (ERA) at the...

In this chapter, we will discuss the development of the literature on the sociology of professions. The sociology of professions is a wide research area. Sometimes called the theory of professions, it has a well-known and universally accepted corpus of literature that is often referenced by the scholarly community. Because professions are defined i...

This paper analyses academics’ perceptions about their current working and employment conditions, academic profession’s social prestige and their willingness to change profession. The aim is to discuss the extent to which academics are being affected by changes in higher education institutions and the academic profession as framed by managerialism,...

Carvalho, T. & Diogo S. (2018). Políticas de Ciência e Inovação no Quadro da Sociedade do Conhecimento. Efeitos no Emprego Científico. In XIV Congresso da SPCE. Ciências, culturas e cidadania. Coimbra, Portugal. 11-13 de outubro.

The current environment that characterizes the software industry is extremely dynamic and somewhat complex demanding high-performance solutions, rapid development and cost efficiency. The collaboration relationships with universities represent a key resource of knowledge sharing, mainly the tacit knowledge, to the extent that together more easily c...

During the past three decades, higher education institutions have been changing, moving away from the traditional bureaucratic archetype towards a more managerialist one. Empirical research already demonstrated that organisations tend to be in a hybrid area of archetypal change. Considering the specific case of a government-imposed reform in Portug...

The rising distrust and the surveillance over expert knowledge highlights how the professions and societies maintain a paradoxical relationship: the latter both needs as much as it suspects the former. This tension requires a sociological reading able to clarify the role of ethics and professional commitments. This constitutes the underlying thread...

Carvalho, T. & Diogo, S. (2018). Europeanisation and the Emergence of ‘New’ Knowledge-Based Occupations. In XIX ISA World Congress of Sociology. Metro Convention Center. Toronto, Canadá. 15-21 de julho.

Based on the case of a Portuguese university, we discuss views about what should be a Sustainable University (SU) and the processes to institutionalise it. The discussion is built from a literature review on sustainability in higher education, the analysis of institutional documents, campus observation and interviews with different individuals asso...

Non-tenured academics are those who have a contract with a higher education institution (HEI) without possessing or carrying a guarantee of permanent employment. Non-tenured teachers can be in a tenure track position, if they are in a probationary period leading to a tenured position, or in a non-tenure track without necessarily having a probationa...

This paper examines how two Portuguese women rectors constructed narratives on their path to leadership positions and their performance of leadership roles. The study is based on a qualitative empirical analysis based on life story interviews with two women rectors in Portugal. The results from this research suggest that women rectors tend to devel...

The objective of this research is to explore the experiences of the first generations of Spanish academics that carried out research stays in foreign institutions. The analysis of 30 semi-structured interviews shows the interviewees’ evaluation of their stay abroad, the impact that this had on their academic career and how the return to the home in...

O trabalho buscou analisar como professores de uma universidade federal brasileira percebem o papel que as políticas públicas e organizacionais têm na formação dos academic-managers. Argumenta-se que diante dos papeis-chave que os professores-gestores desempenham nas instituições de ensino superior, entende-se que há necessidade de políticas públic...

Higher education institutions in Portugal, as in many developed countries, have undergone deep transformations affecting their organisational structures and professionals. These reforms framed by new public management are said to induce changes in the traditional jurisdictional field of the academic profession with the administrative power being tr...

By comparing two distinct settings–Portugal and Finland–and based on previous studies revealing similar trends in both countries, this article analyses the relationship between institutional and academic autonomy in the higher education sector. Based on crosschecking of the literature review and 47 interviews with key actors in both the Portuguese...

The Portuguese-speaking countries (PSC) have a population of close to 250 million and occupy an area of about 10.7 million square kilometers across four continents. Most of these countries are rich in biodiversity and at the same time have a human development Index below the global average. This network of countries has a great potential to promote...

The current framework of university governance in Portugal imposed by the RJIES (Legal Regime for Portuguese Higher Education Institutions) assigns responsibility for its institutional and strategic governance to a governing body made up of elected members of the academic community and external members co-opted by the General Council. It was found...

Women’s participation in higher education in Portugal is usually presented as a successful case. Despite this increasing participation by women, horizontal and vertical segregation remains. Women are under-represented in top decision-making positions and only two of the 15 public universities have had, until now, a woman rector. This chapter presen...

Higher Education Institutions in Portugal, as in many other developed countries, are facing several challenges. Important transformations are noticeable in their mission (main roles, namely on teaching, research and services to community) and in the professional roles in the academia. Along with these transformations the organizational structure of...

The literature on higher education tends to assume that changes in higher education institutions promoted a redefinition of boundaries between academic and administrative staff. Academics perceive a decrease in the control over their own work due to the increasing presence of non-academic managers. The presence of new public management and manageri...

The purpose of this chapter is to present a descriptive and interpretative approach on the changing personal (gender, citizenship, parents’ education) and professional characteristics (work performed, employment status), and trajectories of Portuguese academics. This approach is contextualised in the changes that have emerged in the Portuguese high...

The reforms that have been promoted in public organisations in developed countries since the 1970s are said to impose changes in professional bureaucracies by promoting self-governance and institutional autonomy and by challenging professionals’ status and their values and standards. Taking the specific case of Portugal, this paper intends to contr...

The overall purpose of this study is to analyse the transformations that, under the knowledge society and knowledge economy, have emerged in the Portuguese universities non-teaching units. More specifically the focus of attention is the units devoted to knowledge and technology transfer and to the promotion of innovation and entrepreneurialism.

In this book we aim to discuss and reflect on how HEIs are coping with the demands placed on them and how the various dimensions of change are intertwined. In particular, we aim to discuss the following questions: How do governance regimes steer higher education institutions? This part of the book focuses its attention on how higher education and...

Neste início de século vem se construindo um consenso de que as universidades são agentes estratégicos para a promoção da sustentabilidade por diversas razões como: (1) a necessidade de reduzir o impacto ambiental decorrente de suas atividades; (2) o fato de serem instituições promotoras de inovação; (3) o seu papel formador de lideranças, professo...

Institutional theory usually refers to a broad group of perspectives that interpret the relationship between institutions and human behaviour, assuming that not only human actions (i.e. behaviour, perceptions, power, policy preferences, decision-making processes) shape institutions, but these are also influenced by them. More specifically, institut...

This article aims to analyse academics' perceptions on changes in the governance and management of higher education institutions (HEIs) under a generational perspective. It is empirically based on the analysis of national data resulting from the ‘Changing Academic Profession’ international survey. Findings reveal a general tendency for the three di...

The aim of this article is to analyze comparatively how academics, physicians, and nurses positioned themselves in relation to the reconfiguration of power structures and decisional processes, under New Public Management influence, in the hospitals, and higher education institutions. The empirical data are gathered from a survey applied to the thre...

Professions across Europe have faced significant and radical challenges. This book analyses three professional groups involved in the academic and health sectors and how they are affected by different national Welfare State models such as Mediterranean, Scandinavian and Anglo Saxon. The cross-national focus allows an examination of the political, s...

Despite over 60 years of research on leadership, few attempts have been made to ensure that the models of leadership are inclusive of women or other ‘outsiders’. This paper explores variation in the constructions of leadership at a time of institutional change in higher education. Drawing on a purposive sample, including those at presidential/recto...

Despite over 60 years of research on leadership, few attempts have been made to ensure that the models of leadership are inclusive of women or other ‘outsiders’. This paper explores variation in the constructions of leadership at a time of institutional change in higher education. Drawing on a purposive sample, including those at presidential/recto...

Two contradictory tendencies can be found in advanced capitalist societies regarding professionals and professional work. On the one hand, transformations in these societies are said to impose logics that result in the weakening of the traditional power and status of professions and professionalism in society; but, on the other hand, the number and...